Monte Brione
| Monte Brione | ||
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 Monte Brione seen from the southwest |
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| height | 376 m slm | |
| location | Trentino , Italy | |
| Mountains | Garda mountains | |
| Coordinates | 45 ° 53 '17 " N , 10 ° 52' 25" E | |
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| rock | Sedimentary rocks | |
| particularities | Lowest mountain in Trentino, partially nature reserve | |
The Monte Brione is a 376 m slm high mountain in the Lake Garda mountains in Trentino . Its southern flank drops directly into Lake Garda . From a geological point of view, it is the youngest mountain in Trentino and at the same time its lowest.
Despite its low absolute height, you have an excellent all-round view of the surrounding places such as Riva del Garda and Nago-Torbole , the surrounding mountains and the northern end of Lake Garda from its summit . The mountain has a steeply sloping eastern flank with a rock wall several hundred meters high. There is a transmission mast on the summit. Parts of Monte Brione have been declared a biotope since 1992 and form the FFH area Monte Brione .
geography
Location and surroundings
The exposed location in the alluvial plain on the north shore of Lake Garda and the crescent-shaped massive shape allow the Monte Brione to be recognized from afar. The southern end of the mountain, which is around 3 km long and a maximum of 1 km wide, extends directly to the lakeshore, so that the new connecting road between Riva del Garda and Nago-Torbole ( Gardesana Orientale ) built in the 1930s through a tunnel through the mountain Runs along the bank.
geology
Monte Brione represents the eastern edge of a synclinal fold , the western edge of which was largely eroded by glaciers. The trough of the syncline was filled by deposits of sediments from the Sarca, which still flowed into Lake Garda in the Pleistocene on the west side of the Brione and formed an estuary delta with the Varone and other smaller rivers . In addition, Lake Garda, which in the Riß / Würm interglacial had a water level about 50 m higher, so that the Brione was completely enclosed by the lake and protruded like an island, contributed to the formation of the sedimentary basin , which resulted in today's alluvial plain in which the The west flank of the Brione seems to dip. On the steeply sloping east side, the thickness of the flank falling below the alluvial plain was reconstructed to be around 300 m.
The Brione consists of several layers of different sedimentary rocks , differentiated over time , most of which sink at an inclination angle of 20º in a north-westerly direction. In the district of Sant'Alessandro there is a change in the direction of the stratification, so that there they drop off much more steeply with an inclination angle of 40º to 60º.
The oldest rock layers are marl layers from the middle Eocene and formed about 43 to 37 million years ago. Several limestone layers with a thickness of about 200 m, which were formed in the Oligocene , lie above the marl . Above it lie the layers of clay and marl that formed in the Miocene 26 to 7 million years ago .
In the clay layers of the Chattian and the Merkel layers of the Upper Miocene there are numerous fossils such as chlamys , nautilids and foraminifera such as nummulites .
Paleogeography
Also conclusions for the result from the geological structure Paleogeography of Mount Brione, which from the interaction of the Tethys and Paratethys taken place sedimentation and tectonic events in the form of the Alpine orogeny emerged and in the cold periods by fluvioglaziale influences of the Adige glacier 's, Lake Garda and the Sarca Owes its origin and shape. The last sedimentation took place during the Riss / Würm interglacial between 126,000 and 115,000 years ago.
The Italian geologist Arturo Cozzaglio put forward another thesis in the first half of the 20th century, according to which Monte Brione was created as a result of a postglacial landslide , as was the case, for example, with the Marocche di Dro, which is only a few kilometers up the valley .
A thesis that was also taken up by others, because the Adige Glacier, which carved out the lake basin of Lake Garda, should have also eroded the Brione in their opinion. According to Cozzaglio, the Brione slipped from the flank of Monte Creino, but there are several facts that speak against it, such as a missing break point or the shape of the syncline to which the Brione belongs and which excludes a different location from the outset, so that this thesis is now considered is rejected.
Flora and fauna
In relation to its size, Monte Brione has a rich flora and fauna. The biodiversity is due to the special climatic conditions, as Monte Brione is a kind of sub-Mediterranean oasis in a pre-alpine environment. This is the reason why both species from the pre-alpine environment and species that are otherwise native to further south occur on Monte Brione.
The various habitats that can be found here, ranging from evergreen forest areas to rocky areas , also have a positive effect on biodiversity . This also includes anthropogenic cultural landscapes such as olive groves or dry grassland , and even the war tunnels from the First World War . Until the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, the Brione was one of the most important thermophilic habitats in Tyrol , while this is still true today within the Trentino. A fact why the flora in particular aroused the scientific interest of many botanists from German-speaking countries.
One of the first to scientifically examine the Brione was Kaspar Maria von Sternberg , who carried out the first geological surveys in 1804. In 1825 it was Franz von Fleischer who also explored the Brione botanically. Other botanists who devoted themselves to the flora on Monte Brione in the first half of the 19th century were Ludwig Heufler von Hohenbühel , the two Trentino residents Francesco Facchini and Francesco Ambrosi, and above all Friedrich Leybold . In the second half of the 19th century and at the turn of the century it was among others Carl Sonklar and Wilhelm Pfaff . After 1918 it was in particular the Italian Augusto Béguinot who devoted himself to Brione and from the 1950s onwards German-speaking botanists who undertook botanical excursions to Monte Brione under the leadership of the Bavarian Botanical Society , the Universities of Göttingen , Ulm and Bochum . About 80 scientific writings deal with Monte Brione, about a third of which were written in the 19th century.
North and east flanks
West flank
South and southeast flanks
Clearly recognizable stratification on the east side
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Habitats
About a third of the more than 2,400 native plant species in Trentino can be found on the Brione, including species that are otherwise not found in Trentino. Of particular importance is the extraordinarily high variety of more than 20 different orchid plants , some of which in Trentino are only native to Monte Brione. Certain species of birds that prefer warm, dry habitats can only be found on the Brione in Trentino, including: the velvet warbler , the blue roe and the red chalk .
Woods
The forest on Monte Brione is limited in particular to the upper areas around the summit and consists mainly of manna ash , European hop beech and holm oak . These are for the most part to Niederwald , which in undergrowth termophile and xerothermophilous shrubs such as rock pears , Kronwicken or boxwood has. It is habitat for the garden honeysuckle , the Japanese honeysuckle , the butcher's broom or the box finial as well as some orchid plants such as the brown-red , broad-leaved or Müller's stendelwort . Numerous insects find their habitat here, such as the manna cicada , the privet hawk or the rhinoceros beetle , but also rodents such as the tiny Etruscan shrew or hive and garden dormouse can be found. Among the birds in the forests of Monte Brione are the blackcap , the graycatcher and the nightingale, among others .
Edge of the forest and hedges
This habitat is an ecotone with characteristics such as those found in both the forest and the meadow, which explains the biodiversity of this habitat. The turpentine pistachio and the awl broom are characteristic of this area of the Monte Brione . In addition, the blood-red cranesbill and the diptame , but also orchids such as the long-leaved forest bird, occur here. Mesophilic species such as the black-violet columbine can only be found on the northern edge of the Brione . Numerous animals also find their habitat here. Leaves and fruits of the bushes and hedges are the basis of food for many insects. The latter in turn attract predators such as the red backed killer and the velvet warbler, which also nest here. Hedges, on the other hand, serve reptiles such as the yellow-green angry snake and the Aesculapian snake as escape and retreat zones.
Dry grass
The dry grasslands on Monte Brione are of particular botanical importance, as they are home to many mostly rare xerothermophilic and thermophilic species. Between 40 and 50 different species can be found on an area of 25 m². In the past they were used as grazing land for goats and sheep. However, due to the abandonment of grazing animals and the associated overgrowth, this habitat has been reduced. The dry meadows are habitat for the panicle of grass lily , the Nice milkweed , the roof houseleek or the orchid and many insects such as the European praying mantis . But they are also the nesting place for the nocturnal goat milker .
Wooded summit area
Olive groves
Limestone rock habitat
Holm oak forest
Edge of the forest and dry grass
Olive groves
The cultivation of olives on Monte Brione is practiced extensively and characterizes the Brione like no other cultural landscape. The groves are repeatedly interrupted by meadows, gardens, dry stone walls and gravel roads and thus form their own ecosystem . In particular, the or at the edge of the olive groves encountered calcareous grasslands provide habitat for many orchid plants. The by Grünspecht invested in the olive trunks nests in turn by other bird species such as the treecreeper , the turncoat , the Hoopoe and some owls like the scops owl and the owl as a breeding cave utilized.
Limestone rocks
This habitat includes the rock faces and ledges of Monte Brione. It is a barren, dry habitat in which water and nutrients are scarce and which is characterized by significant temperature fluctuations. Soil can usually only collect in rock crevices. These factors are responsible for the fact that only a few plants such as the limestone cinquefoil or the carnic bellflower thrive here. Termophilic and xerotermophilic species such as the common coniferous herb can be found on ledges , but some of them also offer enough space for holm oaks. The limestone cliffs of the Brione are especially habitats for birds such as the black kite , the kestrel , the peregrine falcon , the eagle owl , the rock tern or the blue owl that nest there . The tunnels carved into the rock from the First World War, which serve as sleeping places and retreat areas for bats such as the great horseshoe bat, are of particular importance as a habitat .
history
The western, gently sloping foot of Monte Brione was already in the Middle Neolithic in the 5th millennium BC. Settled. After a grave from the Stone Age was discovered in 1956, excavations in the 2000s uncovered the remains of an entire Stone Age settlement of the Vasi-a-bocca-quadrata culture on an area of 10,000 m². The settlement was on the shores of Lake Garda, which at that time had a higher water level.
In the Copper Age, stones were broken at the Brione from which the statue menhirs from the 3rd millennium BC were broken . BC, which were found in Arco during excavations. The quarry on the outskirts of the Sant'Alessandro district was used until the 20th century.
The alluvial plain around Sant'Alessandro on the western edge of Monte Brione was also inhabited in Roman times. Several villa-like buildings were erected along a Roman road leading from Riva del Garda to Arco . In late Roman times, a necropolis was built at the foot of the Brione .
The Brione was first mentioned in a document in 1175 when the Counts of Arco Federico and Odorico d'Arco gave a castle named after him, the Castello di Brione , as a fief to one of their vassals from Nago. No traces of the castle have survived, and even the exact location is not known.
In the 19th century, Monte Brione gained military importance, especially after the Second Italian War of Independence and the loss of the Lombardy Crown Land, the mountain played an essential role in the defense plans of the Austrian army . The Battery San Nicolo was built between 1860 and 1862 at the south-western foot of Monte Brione. After the loss of the crown land of Veneto as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence in 1866, its importance increased. Thus, in chronological order between 1880 and 1900, the north battery, also known as the S. Alessandro plant, the south battery and finally the central battery Monte Brione were created. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Garda plant was the last to be completed. Nevertheless, the Monte Brione blocking group , which was part of the so-called Riva Fortress from 1910 , did not play an essential role in the First World War . During the Second World War it was partially used by the Wehrmacht and in the last days of the war at the end of April 1945 it was used as a target by the Allied air forces. In the 2010s, the ruins of the central battery and the Garda factory were restored and made accessible to visitors again.
Statue menhirs of Arco in the Museo Alto Garda
Center battery - throat side
Memorial stone of the Austro-Hungarian fortress artillery battalion No. 4
Medium battery - battery pack
Garda plant - throat side
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Alpinism
Both a road and a hiking trail lead to the summit ridge. The road is paved in the lower area, gravel further up and closed to private motor traffic. With the mountain bike you can easily get to the summit area in this way.
Hikers are recommended to take the “Sentiero della Pace” ( Peace Path ). It begins in the south directly on the lake shore right at the Battery San Nicolò and leads over the ridge of the mountain along the steep east side of the former Garda barrage and the central battery, mostly through a nature reserve to the summit. The path can also be reached from the district of Sant'Alessando at the northwest end of the mountain.
The overgrown rock bands and the partly brittle rock of Monte Brione limit the rock faces suitable for climbing . Some climbing routes opened in the 1980s in the IV. To VI. Difficulty levels can be found on the east side. Perhaps the best-known climbing route, which leads through an overhang about 12 m wide and visible from afar , is located at the northwest end of the mountain and was first climbed in 1990.
literature
- Fausto Camerini: Prealpi Bresciane. Guida dei Monti d'Italia . Club Alpino Italiano / Touring Club Italiano , Milan 2004. ISBN 88-365-30389 .
- Cristina Bassi, Alessandro Bezzi, Lucca Bezzi: Riva del Garda, Loc. S. Alessandro, Via Ten. Miorelli . In: Franco Nicolis (Ed.): AdA: Archeologia delle Alpi 2017 - 2019 . Provincia autonoma di Trento. Ufficio beni archeologici, Trient 2019 pp. 128–136.
- Mario Cadrobbi: Guida geologica del Basso Sarca: Arco, Riva e dintorni . Museo Civico Rovereto, Rovereto 1961.
- Vincenzo Ceschini: Il monte Brione: aspetti geologici , Museo Civico, Riva del Garda 1987.
- Nicola Fontana: La regione fortezza. Il sistema fortificato del Tirolo: pianificazione, cantieri e militarizzazione del territorio da Francesco I alla Grande Guerra. Museo Storico Italiano della Guerra , Rovereto 2016.
- Herbert Hagn : Geological and paleontological investigations in the Tertiary of Monte Brione and its surroundings (Lake Garda, Upper Italy) . In: Palaeontographica A 107, 1956, pp. 67-210.
- Elmar Moser: Bike Guide , Volume 11 Gardasee 1 , Route 5, Delius Klasing, Bielefeld 2010, ISBN 3-7688-1002-X .
- Elisabetta Mottes: Il neolitico dell'Alto Garda: aspetti culturali e dinamiche insediative nel quadro della preistoria del territorio sudalpino centro-orientale . In: Gian Pietro Borgoglio (ed.): APSAT 3. Paesaggi storici del Sommolago . SAP Società Archeologica, Mantua 2013, ISBN 978-88-87115-78-9 .
- Elisabetta Mottes, Nicola Degasperi: Riva del Garda Via Brione. Abitato neolitico della cultura dei vasi a bocca quadrata . In: Franco Nicolis (Ed.): AdA: Archeologia delle Alpi 2014 . Provincia autonoma di Trento. Ufficio beni archeologici, Trient 2014 pp. 207–210.
- Filippo Prosser: Flora del Monte Brione di Riva del Garda (Provincia di Trento) . In: Accademia degli Agiati (ed.): Atti della Accademia roveretana degli Agiati. B, Classe di scienze matematiche, fisiche e naturali . VIII. Series II. Volume, Accademia degli Agiati, Rovereto 2002 pp. 211-312 PDF
- Antonio Sarzo: Monte Brione . In: Società degli Alpinisti Tridentini (ed.): Naturalmente Trentino: I paesaggi, la natura, i luoghi . Curcu & Genovese, Trient 2012, ISBN 978-88-96737-55-2 .
- Sandro Zanghellini, Claudio Torboli, Alessandro Marsilli: Wonderful Monte Brione: Flora and fauna of the Garda Guard , Albatros, Trient 2004.
- Sandro Zanghellini, Michele Caldonazzi, Sonia Cian, Stefano Cavagna: Guida al biotopo Monte Brione . Provincia Autonoma di Trento - Comune di Riva del Garda, Trento 2005.
Web links
See also
Individual evidence
- ^ Antonio Sarzo: Monte Brione p. 79
- ↑ a b Entry in the portal of the nature reserves of Italy (ital.)
- ↑ Vincenzo Ceschini: Il monte Brione: aspetti geologici pp. 10-15
- ↑ Vincenzo Ceschini: Il monte Brione: aspetti geologici p. 10
- ↑ Sandro Zanghellini, Claudio Torboli, Alessandro Marsilli: Beautiful Monte Brione: Flora and Fauna of the Lake Garda Guard p. 10
- ↑ Vincenzo Ceschini: Il monte Brione: aspetti geologici pp. 23-26
- ↑ Vincenzo Ceschini: Il monte Brione: aspetti geologici pp. 16-23
- ↑ Mario Cadrobbi: Guida Geologica del Basso Sarca: Arco, Riva & Surroundings p.52
- ↑ Mario Cadrobbi: Guida geologica del Basso Sarca: Arco, Riva e dintorni pp. 53-54
- ↑ Sandro Zanghellini, Michele Caldonazzi, Sonia Cian, Stefano Cavagna: Guida al biotopo Monte Brione p. 24
- ↑ Filippo Prosser: Flora del Monte Brione di Riva del Garda (Provincia di Trento) pp. 212-216
- ↑ Sandro Zanghellini, Claudio Torboli, Alessandro Marsilli: Beautiful Monte Brione: Flora and Fauna of the Garda Guard p. 14
- ↑ Flora and fauna on Monte Brione in Italian , accessed on August 17, 2017.
- ↑ Sandro Zanghellini, Claudio Torboli, Alessandro Marsilli: Beautiful Monte Brione: Flora and Fauna of the Gardaseewache pp. 19–49
- ↑ Sandro Zanghellini, Claudio Torboli, Alessandro Marsilli: Beautiful Monte Brione: Flora and Fauna of the Gardasewache p. 51–63
- ↑ Sandro Zanghellini, Claudio Torboli, Alessandro Marsilli: Beautiful Monte Brione: Flora and Fauna of the Garda Guard p. 69
- ↑ Sandro Zanghellini, Claudio Torboli, Alessandro Marsilli: Beautiful Monte Brione: Flora and Fauna of the Garda Guard p. 87
- ↑ Sandro Zanghellini, Claudio Torboli, Alessandro Marsilli: Beautiful Monte Brione: Flora and Fauna of the Garda Guard, pp. 105–117
- ↑ Elisabetta Mottes, Nicola Degasperi: Riva del Garda Via Brione. Abitato neolitico della cultura dei vasi a bocca quadrata pp. 207-208
- ↑ Michele Bassetti, Nicola Cappellozza, Marcello Cariboni, Nicola Degasperi: Modificazioni geomorfologiche e aspetti geoarcheologici del territorio del Sommolago. Elementi per la ricostruzione del paesaggio pp. 28-29
- ↑ Cristina Bassi, Alessandro Bezzi, Lucca Bezzi: Riva del Garda, Loc. S. Alessandro, Via Ten. Miorelli pp. 128-130
- ↑ In on Filanda riaffiora una necropolis. In: giornaletrentino.it. September 22, 2011, accessed July 8, 2020 (Italian).
- ↑ Sandro Zanghellini, Claudio Torboli, Alessandro Marsilli: Beautiful Monte Brione: Flora and Fauna of the Garda Guard p. 11
- ^ Fausto Camerini: Prealpi Bresciane. Guida dei Monti d'Italia . Pp. 426-427
- ↑ Paolo Calzà: Monte Brione, Arco: la via Giopia. In: planetmountain.com. October 23, 2014, accessed July 8, 2020 (Italian).