Physical association

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Physical association
Physikalischer Verein Logo.png
purpose Promotion of education, science and research in the physically oriented and related natural sciences including astronomy and technology
President: Dorothée Weber-Bruls
Establishment date: October 24, 1824
Number of members: approx. 2000
Seat : Frankfurt am Main
Website: www.physikalischer-verein.de

The Physikalische Verein - Society for Education and Science - is a scientific association founded on October 24, 1824 in Frankfurt am Main , which traces its founding back to a suggestion by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . Until 1834, visits to the collection of scientific apparatus were offered in addition to lectures under the name Physikalisches Museum . In the course of the 19th century, the association developed into a kind of technical monitoring association for Frankfurt and a natural science academy .

When the Foundation University Frankfurt was founded in 1914, he was one of the founders and brought in his scientific institutes and buildings.

Broad academic education, which was another goal from the start, has been the focus of activities since the university was founded.

Until 2005 the physics department of the university was housed in the building of the association, since 2010 it has been owned by the Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung . The building was renovated between December 2013 and June 2017 and has been called Arthur-von-Weinberg-Haus since then. It has been available to the association again since 2017, the observatory should reopen in 2019, there is not yet a new date for the reopening.

The scientific offer includes lectures, seminars and astronomical observations. The association also organizes the largest science slams in Germany and operates the Hans Ludwig Neumann observatory on the Kleiner Feldberg .

history

Foundation and first years

In 1814 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe had demanded:

"Would it be possible to bring in a capable physicist [to Frankfurt] who would unite with the chemist and bring forward what many other chapters of physics about which the chemist makes no claims, contains and suggests; if they were also able to acquire the instruments necessary for the sensualization of the phenomenon, then in a large city a nobler direction would be given for important, secretly ever-nourished needs and some pernicious use of time and forces. "

- Johann Wolfgang Goethe : On the Rhine, Main and Neckar . In: Autobiographical Writings . tape III , p. 297 .

“One inquires what influence the universities in Berlin, Breslau and Leipzig have on the practical life of the citizens; one can see how in London and Paris, the most dynamic and active places, the chemist and physicist just finds his true element; and Frankfurt certainly has the right, according to its condition, its situation, to join in its efforts for such laudable purposes. "

- Johann Wolfgang Goethe : On the Rhine, Main and Neckar . In: Autobiographical Writings . tape III , p. 299 .

Because of this suggestion, eleven Frankfurt citizens founded the Physikalisches Museum on October 24, 1824, under the leadership of Christian Ernst Neeff and Johann Valentin Albert . Further founders were Johann Jacob Casimir Buch , Joseph Aschbach , Johann Michael Mappes and Johann Georg Neuburg . Some of them had helped to set up the Senckenberg Natural Research Society , which did not deal with physics and chemistry as desired. Albert owned an extensive collection of scientific equipment, which he made available along with the premises in Schäfergasse. From October 29th the museum was open to the public. Lectures were held for members. The philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer praised the "physical cabinet" and praised it as one of the advantages over cities like Berlin and Mannheim.

On November 24 of the same year, Neeff gave the opening speech at the first meeting of the founders and other visitors. At this meeting the first statutes were adopted. According to § 1 of the statutes, the aim was "[...] to teach each other in order to disseminate knowledge in physics and chemistry more generally, and to promote and enrich these sciences as much as possible [...]"

Public lectures began irregularly in December. The first of these lectures was given on December 10th by the son of the co-founder Johann Valentin Albert on the installation and use of the Woltmann hydrodynamic blade or flow meter . The museum received special attention when the Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors visited the museum as part of its fourth meeting in 1825 . In 1826 one of the guest speakers was the well-known scientist Ernst Chladni . The house on Schäfergasse quickly ran out of space for visitors and equipment. Albert sold his private house and with the proceeds he bought a house in Töngesgasse , into which the museum moved.

First full-time teacher

The association had rooms in the middle part of the building complex

In 1828 and 1829 Beat Friedrich von Tscharner gave two successful series of lectures in Frankfurt. These lectures increased the interest in physics and natural sciences in Frankfurt. The association then organized lectures on similar topics and set up its own list of lectures for the winter semester 1828/29. Regular events such as Tscharner's did not take place, however, because the work of the speakers was free of charge. It stayed with the occasional lectures that were announced in the Frankfurter Intellektivenblatt. After the general assembly in 1833 the chairman Johann Karl Passavant appointed Karl Werner Maximilian Wiebel as permanent teacher for physics and chemistry. Since then, a regular lecture program has finally been organized. Passavant caused the association to split from Albert in 1834. Since the Dr. Senckenbergische Stiftung was made available free of charge premises, one no longer had to fall back on its rooms and financial resources.

Since 1826, the association has been collecting weather data in Frankfurt and other Hessian cities and handed them over to the Senate of the Free City of Frankfurt . Goethe had the regularly compiled weather report sent to Weimar . It was also posted publicly and published in magazines. When the Senate was approached in 1835, they hoped for financial support that was needed to pay the teachers. Wiebel left the club in 1835, and was succeeded by Rudolf Christian Böttger . In return for the financial support, the association was obliged to hold lectures on physics and chemistry especially for the students of the higher education institutions . In addition, appraisals should be prepared at the request of the city authorities. In the following years, Böttger and Johann Philipp Wagner worked out expert opinions on patent applications from Frankfurt citizens.

On February 25, 1837, Wagner presented his invention of an electric hammer , an electromechanical breaker contact , to the association. In 1838 an observatory was set up in the tower of Paulskirche , which was commissioned by the Senate to ensure that the public tower clocks were precisely timed . Astronomical observations were also possible.

In 1851 Johann Philipp Reis joined the association. On October 26, 1861, he presented his telephone at a public lecture. Another public lecture followed on November 16. The demonstration caused incomprehension among some members, but also enthusiasm among others. There was no economic breakthrough for his invention. Reis, who had hoped that the board would actively market his telephone, resigned from his membership in 1867. He died in Friedrichsdorf in 1874. After the first telephone network in Germany went into operation , the Physikalische Verein had an obelisk erected on his grave in 1878.

Further lecturers until 1864 included Friedrich Eisenlohr , Ernst Abbe and Friedrich Kohlrausch .

First new construction of the club building

After the annexation of Frankfurt by Prussia in 1866, the financial and political position of the association was no longer secure. The Senate of the Free City of Frankfurt was the client. In addition, the pen house was demolished in the same year. No other teacher should be hired. But there were still lectures by honorary teachers and professors, such as by Karl Zöppritz . It was not until 1868 that the position of lecturer in physics was filled again by Wilhelm August Nippoldt and then Georg Krebs. After Böttger's death in 1881, Bernhard Lepsius took up his teaching position for chemistry. In 1885 the teachers developed a test device for lightning rods that received widespread attention.

On October 19, 1887, a new building was opened at Stiftsstrasse 32. The property belonged to Dr. Senckenberg Foundation and was handed over to the association on a long lease . The building had a lecture hall for 200 people, a chemical laboratory for 24 people, a physical cabinet, an observatory for meteorological observations and a number of other rooms. The chairman Theodor Petersen and the treasurer Heinrich Roessler contributed financially to the construction.

X-ray photograph of a boy's hand with a finger injury from January 1896

Financed by donations, an electrotechnical teaching and research institute was opened in 1888 . It was soon divided into the Electrotechnical Institute and the Electrotechnical Research Institute . Both later went to the Institute for Applied Physics at Frankfurt University. At the International Electrotechnical Exhibition in Frankfurt in 1891 , the association exhibited the original telephone and telegraph as well as the busts of Reis and Soemmerring . 1896 built Walter King and other members of the association an X-ray machine , the X-rays could produce sufficient strength in order to X people. This device was one of the first of its kind. X-rays had only been discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen . A few years later the equipment was brought to the Bürgerhospital .

The other lecturers until 1908 included Hermann Theodor Simon , his assistant Max Reich , and Martin Freund . One of the numerous assistants was James Franck .

Second new building

Planned new building
Franz von Hoven, Physikalischer Verein (draft 01) .jpg
Designed by Franz von Hoven
Richard Dielmann, Physikalischer Verein, draft.png
Designed by Richard Dielmann

In 1897 the board again considered a change of location. However, the plans by Franz von Hoven and Richard Dielmann, according to which the new building should be built on the corner plot between Bleichstrasse and Brönnerstrasse, were not implemented. Franz von Hoven had previously submitted plans to expand the existing building in Stiftstrasse, which would have doubled the existing space. The plans were discarded when it became known that a tram was to be run through Stiftstrasse, which would have disrupted the physical equipment. In 1899 the Dr. Senckenbergische Stiftung and the association agree to erect new buildings outside the city center. Viktoria-Allee (today Senckenberganlage ) was chosen as the new location . After the contract signed in 1906, the association received a severance payment from Dr. Senckenberg Foundation for the existing building on Stiftsstrasse. The site for the new building was again given to the association on a long lease.

During the construction of the building in 1906 there were hindrances, as it turned out that the old bed of the Kettenhofbach was under the planned building. For this reason, the foundation stone could not be laid, instead a keystone was set in the attic on May 13, 1906. The building was financed mainly through donations, the construction costs amounted to more than 1.5 million marks . The driving forces behind the new construction of the building were Eugen Hartmann and Leo Gans , who were both board members and donated considerable amounts of money themselves.

The building was already occupied in 1907, but the inauguration ceremony did not take place until 1908. In addition to various representatives from the surrounding universities and academic academies, the guests also included Friedrich Kohlrausch as the association's oldest living former lecturer. Even Ferdinand von Zeppelin , since 1907 honorary member, took part in the celebration.

The neo-baroque building with a central and two corner projections was almost 100 meters long and had four (today five) floors. In addition to a large lecture hall, there were two smaller ones with 140 and 160 seats respectively. A fourth lecture hall with 180 seats was intended for lectures on electrical engineering. Staff apartments for caretakers, glass blowers, laboratory technicians and assistants were located in the attic. An elevator connected the floors, the observatory could only be reached by stairs. Small weather balloons could be launched from the platform on the roof , and antennas for wireless telegraphy were located there .

In the left western wing of the building was the chemical institute with laboratories, workshops, and a collection of equipment and chemicals. The Physico-Chemical Institute worked on the second floor. The right wing housed the electrotechnical, physical and meteorological institutes as well as the observatory. In addition to measuring and machine rooms for the Electrotechnical Institute, there were also collected physical apparatus, training rooms and a weather station. The observatory on the eastern risalit had a ten-inch equatorial from Carl Zeiss .

In a pavilion in the garden there were other devices, including one for weather monitoring. In Palm Garden Frankfurt and on the Kleiner Feldberg is meteorological observation stations were located. In Offenbach the association owned a warehouse for balloons.

  • Building of the physical association

  • Elevation

  • Central Risalit

  • The large lecture hall in the middle section

  • cross-section

  • Floor plans

The lecturers until 1914 included Richard Wachsmuth , Kurt Wegener and Franz Linke . Left was the last lecturer who was directly employed by the Physikalischer Verein, all other lecturers were appointed by Frankfurt University.

Foundation of the university

Share certificate from the Physikalischer Verein dated July 8, 1911 to finance the Feldberg Observatory

At the beginning of the 20th century, there was increasing discussion in Frankfurt newspapers as to whether or not a university in Frankfurt was desirable. There was a desire for a foundation university . The founders, to whom the association belonged, envisaged a private university based on the American model. Resistance to another Hessian university came from Marburg, among others. On June 10, 1914, Wilhelm II approved the establishment of a university on the condition that no additional state funding was required.

The physical association made its institutes for physics, chemistry, electrical engineering, physical chemistry and astronomy in the association building available to the university for shared use. The facilities for meteorology and geophysics in the Taunus Observatory , which was founded in 1913 on the Kleiner Feldberg , were also made available .

The First World War and the German inflation from 1914 to 1923 caused great financial difficulties for both the university and the Physikalischer Verein. Although the university has not had any salaries for lecturers since it was founded, the association had undertaken to pay the assistants' salaries and to maintain the building. It was not until 1923 that the university paid for these costs. In addition to the financial worries, there was a large decline in membership. Of the 1,100 members before the First World War, around 400 left in 1925.

Extension of the institutes

After 1914, physical research was the responsibility of the university. The association only held lectures that contributed to general further education. In addition to topics of physics, questions of astronomy were discussed. From 1836, lectures for students took place without interruption, which were retained.

Memorial plaque to the Stern-Gerlach experiment

In 1922 the physicists Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach undertook the important Stern-Gerlach experiment on quantum physics , which was new at the time, in the institute building of the association. Atomic clocks and lasers are based on the results of the experiment to quantify the direction of angular momentum in atoms . Today, a plaque attached to the southern entrance of the building with a graphic representation of the experimental set-up reminds of these scientific achievements.

In 1926 the association acquired the villa of August Albert, the grandson of the co-founder Johann Valentin Albert, in Feldbergstrasse. This investment was financed through loans. The Meteorological Institute with its regional weather service took over the building. The Institute for General Chemistry had its own building from the Prussian state between 1913 and 1919, but physical chemistry was still housed in the main building. In the vicinity of the building an extension was built for the Institute for Physical Chemistry. The inauguration of the new building took place on May 11, 1931. Fritz Haber gave the opening speech . The Kettenhofweg at the height of the building had meanwhile been renamed Robert-Mayer- Strasse at the suggestion of the association after its honorary member .

End of the Weimar Republic and the time of National Socialism

The large lecture hall was made available in 1932 for the series of films about the situation in the eastern German provinces carried out by the director of studies, Hofmann . From 1933 onwards, lectures by various government offices took place in the association's building. From 1939 onwards, the NS community, Kraft durch Freude , occasionally organized astronomical observations and lectures in the observatory.

Since the university had a “Jewish-Marxist” reputation, it was threatened with liquidation. In the event of its dissolution, the association wanted to make it its task to "raise funds so that it can continue to fulfill its original statutory task of serving as a research institute for the dissemination of scientific knowledge in all circles of the Frankfurt population [...]" .

In January 1939 a connection to the main office for technology in the NSDAP was under discussion. However, they rejected affiliation and regulation by the office, on the grounds that "[...] that the lectures of the physical association are scientific, but not technical lectures that are not subject to the competence of the office for technology."

The ordinances to the Reich Citizenship Act of 1935 were implemented from 1939. Members of “ non-Aryan ” descent were removed from the list of members, about 50 people were affected. A marble plaque that was placed in the building and that contained the names of all permanent members should also be removed at the request of the city administration. The board of the association found "that the wallpapering fulfills the intended purpose and that there is currently no need to have the boards removed." The boards are still in the entrance area of ​​the building today.

During the Second World War , the association was able to hold lectures undisturbed, but general meetings were banned in 1943. The Electrotechnical Institute had to leave the building on Robert-Mayer-Straße in order to create more space for the Institute for Applied Physics, which carried out “war-related research”.

During the air raids on March 18 and March 22, 1944 , several incendiary bombs hit the building. The undamaged telescope of the observatory was then brought to safety. On the night of September 12th to 13th, an aerial mine detonated in Robert-Mayer-Straße directly in front of the entrance to the club building. The rooms on the first floor were damaged, and the Institute of Physical Chemistry was completely destroyed by an explosive bomb that same night. On March 5, 1945, a bomb hit a steel girder in the ceiling of the large lecture hall and caused great damage there. The two small lecture halls on the second floor burned down in September 1944, all that remained was the small lecture hall of the Institute for Applied Physics on the ground floor.

Development since 1945

The association held its first general meeting after the Second World War on June 10, 1946. On July 9, 1946, he was licensed by the Ministry of Culture and the military government of the American zone of occupation . He could go back to work. The building had been partially repaired by the 125th anniversary in 1949. Regular lectures were held again in the undamaged small lecture hall on the first floor. The university's institutes were also able to work again from 1949. However, the number of visitors to the student lectures and other public lectures of the association fell sharply compared to the pre-war period.

Club building raised by one floor

The topping-out ceremony for the reconstruction was celebrated on October 28, 1951. Another floor was added to the building, which was kept simple in the taste of the time and for cost reasons. This eliminated the platform on the roof and its facilities. At the end of 1954, the association's financial resources were exhausted. Construction work did not continue until the spring of 1955, after a further loan had been approved. The large lecture hall celebrated its inauguration on May 28, 1956. The observatory, which had burned out completely in March 1945, was not ready for use until 1960.

In July 1998, another observatory was built on the area of ​​the Taunus Observatory on the Kleiner Feldberg. The Hans-Ludwig-Neumann-Observatory got its name after the former chairman and honorary member Hans-Ludwig Neumann . The technical equipment of the observatory is suitable for scientific amateur astronomical research. Astronomy and astrophysics students are also trained here.

Until 1996 the Institute for Meteorology was housed in the building on Feldbergstrasse. After the institute moved to the Riedberg campus , the building was given up.

Current

modification

The three buildings under renovation

The building on Robert-Mayer-Straße was renovated by the Senckenberg Society for Nature Research between December 2013 and June 2017. The move back to the building took place in June 2017. The architect responsible was Peter Kulka . In addition to the building of the physical association, the Senckenberg Museum and the Jügelhaus were rebuilt at the same time . Before it was destroyed, a clock tower on the Jügelhaus formed a symmetrical counterpart to the observatory on the roof of the club building. Due to their uniform appearance, the buildings form an ensemble: Architectural structures in red Main sandstone contrast with lightly painted plaster , the roofs are covered with slate , the three free-standing buildings are connected to each other by two arcades on the Senckenberg plant .

The aim of the renovation was to functionally better network the three buildings with one another. According to Peter Kulka , the buildings made a uniform impression from the outside, "but inside [they were] never brought together in a logically rational way". Transparent bridges were built between the buildings for better connections. All three structures are connected to one another by a central axis. The building complex is shaped like an "H". The building of the physical association and the Jügelhaus each embody one side of the complex. The new bridges together with the Senckenberg Museum form the central beam. Kulka believes that the buildings with long corridors and many windows are not suitable for research. This problem should be addressed without detracting from the historical feel of the buildings. Rooms such as the auditorium in the Jügelbau retained their historical shape. However, the lecture hall of the Physikalischer Verein was converted into a modern lecture hall. In terms of energy efficiency, the new roofs were covered with aluminum sheet .

The rotating dome of the observatory was not modified during the renovation. The renovation work is still going on here, which is why the observatory is not yet accessible. The turning and opening mechanism have to be overhauled, the dismantled telescopes of the observatory are to be modernized. The main telescope is to receive a new lens. The platform on the roof has already been expanded to provide space for additional mobile telescopes.

The plans for the newly designed aluminum roof were particularly criticized.

As part of the renovation, the building was renamed Arthur-von-Weinberg-Haus after the sponsor of the Physikalischer Verein and the Senckenberg Society .

activities

Observatory in 2012

The weekly astronomy lecture series takes place on Friday , which is only interrupted during the Hessian summer and winter holidays. This series of lectures covers topics from astronomy and astrophysics . In the lecture series Nature Science and Technology, lectures are held by scientists and engineers who present their research results and developments. The student lectures that have been offered since 1836 are currently not offered due to the renovation. The Physikalische Verein also offers seminars on practical astronomy and teacher training. Until it moved, the association regularly took part in the Night of the Museums in Frankfurt.

The physical association has been organizing science slams in Frankfurt since 2010 . Today these are the largest events of their kind in Germany with up to 1300 visitors. The main prize of the Frankfurt Slam is the Bembel of Wisdom . Thomas Ranft has previously been a moderator at various slams.

After the renovation has been completed, the public observatory will , as before, be made available to the public for astronomical observation. There is a telescope with a diameter of 21 cm and a focal length of 310 cm. The telescope's historic glass lens was made by the optician Max Pauly . In addition, there is an additional special refractor that is suitable for solar observation.

The association offers solar observations in the Palmengarten Frankfurt during the Hessian summer vacation. In addition, monthly observations can be made at the Hans-Ludwig-Neumann-Observatory. The association offers further observation possibilities, for example at events in cooperation with the Keltenwelt am Glauberg , the Goethe University and other institutions.

Erwin Schwab , Rainer Kling , Ute Zimmer and Stefan Karge discovered more than 150 asteroids at the Hans Ludwig Neumann observatory operated by the association , including (204852) Frankfurt and (207687) Senckenberg . Other projects at the observatory include observing quasars and observing exoplanets .

Sponsorship awards

The Physikalische Verein awards a total of four prizes. These prizes are awarded for various scientific disciplines.

Philipp Siedler Science Prize

The Philipp Siedler Science Prize is intended to commemorate the chairman from 1956 to 1964, who made a significant contribution to the reconstruction of the association and the observatory after the Second World War. This prize is awarded for outstanding theses in the physics departments of the Goethe University. The supervising university professor must propose the work for participation. Up to three prizes are awarded annually. The prize was awarded for the first time in 1996.

Eugen Hartmann Didactics Prize

The Eugen Hartmann Didactics Prize has been awarded to state examination theses from the Institute for Didactics of Physics at Goethe University since 1998. Up to three prizes are awarded each year. For this award too, the supervising university professor must propose work for participation.

Christian Ernst Neeff Environment Prize

The Christian Ernst Neeff Environment Prize is awarded for work with an interdisciplinary character on environmental protection and environmental technology. This prize has been awarded since 1996. Up to three works can be awarded annually. Applicants do not have to be suggested, but can submit work on their own initiative. The award is aimed at amateur researchers, especially high school students.

Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring Astronomy Prize

The Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring Astronomy Prize is awarded annually to a maximum of three amateur astronomers, primarily from the Rhine-Main region. The work can be submitted on your own initiative. The prize, first awarded in 1996, honors Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring, who was himself an amateur astronomer.

membership

Membership in the association is regulated in the statutes. In principle, any natural or legal person can become a member.

Since 1838 the membership numbers have been published in the annual reports. In 1898, at the suggestion of the board of directors, it was also possible for women to join the association. Between 1898 and 1899 two women took advantage of this opportunity. Today the association has around 2000 members.

Development of the number of members

The number of members rose continuously until 1911 and shortly after the opening of the new club building reached a high of 1084 members. The number of members fell during the First World War, but rose again in 1918. Due to the inflation from 1919 and the world economic crisis, the number of members decreased drastically. In 1940 it reached its low of 249 members. In 1945 the association had around 300 members. It was not until 1975 that the number of members rose again to a greater extent.

The graphic shows the number of members depending on the year. The data was taken from the respective annual reports. No published data are available for the years 1920 and 1950; instead, the number of members in the next year was given.

Eternal membership

According to the statutes, perpetual membership can be acquired by any member who has to pay contributions. For this, a one-off amount must be paid that must be at least one hundred times the normal contribution. With a current annual fee of € 60, this means € 6000. The names of the permanent members are engraved on the historical marble plaques in the entrance area of ​​the club building.

Honorary membership

Award certificate of honorary membership to Albert Einstein from March 1929

Honorary membership is awarded by the Board of Directors on the proposal of the Presidium. Honorary membership has the same rights as normal membership, but no membership fee has to be paid. The physical association has appointed more than 300 honorary members since it was founded. Most of the honorary members such as Albert Einstein or Otto Hahn are characterized by outstanding achievements in the natural sciences. Other honorary members such as Harald Lesch are committed to teaching the natural sciences. Honorary members such as Hans-Ludwig Neumann promoted the development of the association. On March 28, 2014, Johanna Stachel became the first woman to receive honorary membership. The latest honorary member is Gisela Eckhardt , who has since passed away .

Organs of the association

The legal form is an old law association . Its legal capacity as a legal person is based on a royal cabinet order of the Prussian Crown from June 1876. With the entry into force of the statutes, which have been valid since 2008, the board of the association was renamed the Presidium. The Presidium consists of four to seven members elected by the Board of Directors, as well as the Honorary President, who has been Gerd Sandstede since 2007 . The Presidium is responsible for managing all business. The presidium elects the president, the vice-president, the treasurer and secretary as well as a scientific director from among its ranks .

Twelve to twenty people elected by the general assembly for three years sit on the board of directors. In addition, there is the president of the association, the president of Goethe University and the managing directors of the university's physical institutes. The Board of Directors appoints perpetual members, honorary members and the honorary chairman.

List of presidents (selection)

Since the 2008 statutes, the first chairman has been referred to as the president.

  1. ↑ a b There are only annual reports from 1838 onwards, it is likely that Passavant and Christian Ernst Neeff took turns as president between 1824 and 1838.
  2. ↑ a b Hartmann died in 1915, after which Gans became president.

literature

Wikisource: Physikalischer Verein  - Sources and full texts
  • Literature from and about the Physikalischer Verein in the catalog of the German National Library
  • Statutes of the physical association. Fft. a. M. 1836 ( digitized version )
  • Physikalischer Verein (Ed.): The new building of the Physikalischer Verein and its opening ceremony on January 11, 1908 . 1st edition. Frankfurt 1908.
  • Untitled: The new building of the scientific institutes of the Senckenberg Foundation on Viktoria-Allee and the Jügelhaus on Jordan-Straße in Frankfurt am Main. In: Deutsche Bauzeitung , 42nd year 1908,
    • No. 86 (of October 24, 1908), pp. 585-589,
    • No. 87 (of October 28, 1908), pp. 593–597,
    • No. 90 (dated November 7, 1908), pp. 613, pp. 616-620.
  • Physikalischer Verein (Ed.): Festschrift for the centenary of the Physikalischer Verein presented by the lecturers of its institutes . 1st edition. Frankfurt 1924.
  • Heinz Fricke (Hrsg.): 150 years of the Physikalischer Verein Frankfurt a. M . 1st edition. Physikalischer Verein, Frankfurt 1974, DNB  750868783 .
  • Ludwig Heilbronn: The foundation of the University of Frankfurt a. M . Josef Baer & Co., Frankfurt am Main June 1915 ( online in the Internet archive archive.org [accessed on September 2, 2015] Overview of the founders of the Goethe University with a historical overview of the Physikalischer Verein).
  • Panagiotis Kitmeridis: Popularization of the natural sciences using the example of the Frankfurt Physical Society . State and University Library Hamburg, Hamburg 2015, DNB  1080721185 , urn : nbn: de: gbv: 18-76587 .

Web links

Commons : Physikalischer Verein  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Building of the physical association  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Statutes of the Physical Association Society for Education and Science. (PDF; 49 kB) In: Website of the Physikalischer Verein. Physikalischer Verein, 2008, accessed June 18, 2015 .
  2. ^ A b Kathrin Rosendorff: The first female president in 200 years. In: fr.de. January 26, 2020, accessed January 31, 2020 .
  3. ↑ a b c Frankfurter Neue Presse: More space for scientists: Senckenberg Society for Natural Research moves into Arthur-von-Weinberg-Haus in July. In: fnp.de. May 31, 2017, accessed December 23, 2017 .
  4. ^ Public observations. In: physical- club.de. Retrieved December 23, 2017 .
  5. ↑ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Complete Works . Autobiographical writings. tape III . Insel Verlag, Leipzig 1909, p. 297 ( online in the Internet archive archive.org ).
  6. ↑ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Complete Works . Autobiographical writings. tape III . Insel Verlag, Leipzig 1909, p. 299 ( online in the internet archive archive.org ).
  7. ↑ a b c d e Harald Kieffer, Thomas Bauer, Joachim Platz: 250 years of Dr. Senckenberg Foundation Anniversary Publication Frankfurt am Main, August 2013 . Peter-Kühne-Verlag, Dreieich 2013, We convey nothing but culture, p. 27-28 .
  8. ^ A b State calendar of the Free City of Frankfurt . Varrentrapp & Wenner, Frankfurt 1827, VII. Schools and Studies, p.  94 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  9. ^ Paul Kluke: The Foundation University Frankfurt am Main 1914-1932 . Waldemar Kramer, Frankfurt am Main 1972, ISBN 3-7829-0128-2 , The foundation of the University of Frankfurt - To the prehistory. previous academic institutions and university plans.
  10. ^ Scientific associations and societies - physical association. (No longer available online.) In: Inventory overview of the “Collections” department of the Institute for Urban History Frankfurt am Main. Institute for Urban History Frankfurt am Main, archived from the original on September 24, 2015 ; Retrieved June 18, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.stadtgeschichte-ffm.de
  11. ↑ Jürgen Steen: "Frankfurt looks great there ...!" City and science in the 19th century . In: Research Frankfurt . Special Volume on the History of the University, No. 3 , 2000, ISSN  0175-0992 , p. 16 .
  12. ↑ Gerd Sandstede, Ulrich Thimm: The physical association: forerunner and companion of the university . In: Research Frankfurt Science magazine of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt . No. 1 , 1994, p. 4 .
  13. ^ Wilhelm Stricker:  Neeff, Christian Ernst . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 23, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1886, p. 363.
  14. ↑ Heinz Fricke (Ed.): 150 Years of the Physikalischer Verein Frankfurt a. M . 1st edition. Physikalischer Verein, Frankfurt 1974, DNB  750868783 , The founders of the association, p. 13 .
  15. ↑ Horst Kant: A "powerfully stimulating circle" - the beginnings of the Physical Society in Berlin. (PDF) In: Website of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science. Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, 2002, accessed on June 18, 2015 .
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  22. ^ Robert Knott:  Boettger, Rudolph Christian . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 47, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1903, p. 143 f.
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  40. ↑ a b Theodor Petersen : Annual report of the Physical Society at Frankfurt am Main for the financial year 1898-1899 . Ed .: Physikalischer Verein. C. Naumann's printing works, Frankfurt am Main 1900, p.  13 ( online in the internet archive archive.org ).
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  56. ^ Archives: Frankfurt Associations and Association Archives . Inventory: Physical Association. Document: Board meeting of the Physikalischer Verein on February 7, 1934, p. 129 f .. Minutes book: Minutes of the board meetings and the meetings of the board of directors. Institute for Urban History (Frankfurt am Main) . 1927-1952. Signature: V 17/11.
  57. ^ A b Archive material: Frankfurt associations and club archives. Inventory: Physical Association. Document: Board meeting of the Physikalischer Verein on January 10, 1939, pp. 209 ff. Minutes book: Minutes of the board meetings and the meetings of the board of directors. Institute for Urban History (Frankfurt am Main) . 1927-1952. Signature: V 17/11.
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  61. ↑ a b c d Rainer Schulze: "A wet dream for preservationists". In: FAZ.net . January 27, 2014, accessed August 31, 2015 .
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  63. ↑ Article: Senckenberg - Final spurt for the reconstruction of the research institute. In: bild.de. May 13, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2017 .
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  77. ↑ Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring Prize of the Physikalischer Verein für Astronomische Arbeuten. In: Website of the Physikalischer Verein. Physikalischer Verein, accessed on July 18, 2015 .
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  83. ↑ Honorary Members. In: Website of the Physikalischer Verein. Retrieved March 25, 2020 .
  84. ↑ Properties of the asteroid (241136) Sandstede in the JPL Small-Body Database. Retrieved June 12, 2015 .


Coordinates: 50 ° 7 ′ 1 ″  N , 8 ° 39 ′ 5 ″  E

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on September 28, 2015 .