Jinan

Jinan ( Chinese 濟南市 / 济南市 , Pinyin Jǐnán Shì , outdated transcription: Tsinan Shih ) or outdated also: Jinan Fu ( Chinese 濟南府 / 济南府 , Pinyin Jǐnán Fǔ , outdated transcription: Tsinan Fu , with "府 / Fǔ" for "Seat of government or office"), is the capital of the Chinese province of Shandong and one of the country's 15 sub-provincial cities .

Jinan is located on the Yellow River in central Shandong Province. Jinan is a transportation hub, it is located at the intersection of the Shanghai - Beijing and Jinan - Qingdao railroad lines .

The actual urban settlement area of Jinan is home to 3.53 million people (2010 census).

Jinan is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Jinan . The mother church of the archbishopric is the Sacred Heart Cathedral, which was built from 1901 to 1905.

geography

Jinan satellite image

Jinan is located in the center of Shandong Province on the south bank of the Yellow River . To the south of Jinan lies the Tai Shan Mountains , to the west are plains and to the east are hill country. The terrain surface of Jinan slopes from south to north and consists of the bank area of the yellow river in the north, a plain in the middle and the northern foothills of the Tai Shan in the south. Alongside the Yellow River, the Xiaoqing He and Hai He are the most important rivers in the region; the Daming Hu and the Baiyun Hu are the main lakes.

climate

Jinan City has a temperate climate with four seasons. The annual average temperature is 13.9 ° C; Depending on the location, it can be 1.4 ° C warmer or colder on average. Zhangqiu has the warmest climate of any place on Jinan Territory. The coldest month is January with an average of 0.1 ° C and the warmest month is July with an average of 28 ° C. The extremes of 2017 were −12.7 ° C and 39.2 ° C. In winter there is often wind and temperatures are usually below 0 degrees. In summer it is hot and it rains a lot.

The average annual rainfall in Jinan is around 620 millimeters per year. Depending on the exact location, they vary between 448 and 677 millimeters. The amount of precipitation in summer makes up more than 70% of the total annual precipitation. The city receives an average of 2400 hours of sunshine annually, with location-dependent values ranging from 2209 to 2503 hours. Most hours of sunshine occur in the spring and winter months.

Monthly average temperatures and rainfall for Jinan

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Max. Temperature ( ° C )	3.4	6.1	13.1	21.1	27.7	32.1	32.1	30.7	26.9	21.2	12.8	5.7	O	19.5
Min. Temperature (° C)	-5.4	-3.1	2.8	10.0	16.4	21.0	23.2	22.3	17.1	11.1	3.8	-2.8	O	9.8

Precipitation ( mm )	6th	10	16	36	37	74	214	148	61	33	29	8th	Σ	672

Hours of sunshine ( h / d )	6.4	6.8	7.3	8.3	9.2	9.7	8.2	7.8	7.8	7.5	6.2	6.1	O	7.6

Rainy days ( d )	2	2	3	4th	3	5	10	11	4th	2	2	3	Σ	51

Humidity ( % )	54	53	49	47	49	55	73	75	65	59	58	56	O	57.8

Source: wetterkontor.de

Name and history of the city

The name Jinan has been known since the Han Dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD). At the end of the Han period, Cao Cao (155–220 AD), the king of Wei ( Chin.魏 Wèi) at the time of the Three Kingdoms , was the chief administrator and head of Jinan.

The name of the city means "place in the south of the Ji River". Ji ( Chinese濟 / 济 Jǐ, alternatively: 濟 / 済 Jǐ) was the name of the river that once ran there, Nan ( Chinese南 Nán) means south. The Ji River was - next to the Yellow River (Huang He), the Yangtze River and the Huai He - one of the four largest rivers in China. In 1855, the Yellow River changed course due to a flood in Henan Province . Since then, the Ji River has been part of the Yellow River. The river runs outside the core city in the north. Although the river that gave it its name no longer exists, many place names next to Jinan, such as Jiyang , Jiyuan and others, still refer to it.

population

As of the end of 2018, a resident population of 7.46 million and a registered population of 6.56 million were estimated. Both values increased by around 1.9% compared to the previous year. 14.6 children were born per thousand inhabitants and there were almost 7 deaths; the resulting natural population growth was just under 0.76%. The 2000 population census showed a total population of 5,921,891 people in 1,684,786 households. Of the total population, 3,002,142 were men and 2,919,749 women. The same population census found 1,061,869 people under the age of 14, 4,377,824 people between the ages of 15 and 64, and 482,198 people over the age of 65 lived in Jinan.

In addition to the Han Chinese , representatives of all national minorities live in the urban area of Jinan; however, none of them are of any size.

Administrative structure

The city of Jinan has consisted of ten districts and two counties since 2019 . These are:

Municipalities Shizhong , Lixia , Huaiyin , Tianqiao , Licheng , Changqing , Zhangqiu , Jiyang , Laiwu and Gangcheng
Circles Pingyin and Shanghe

The above-mentioned administrative units are composed of 119 street districts and 42 large municipalities at the municipal level .

On December 26, 2018, the State Council approved the Shandong Provincial Government's proposal to dissolve the prefecture -level city of Laiwu and integrate it into Jinan City. This decision was made in 2019, bringing the two districts of Laiwu and Gangcheng under the administration of Jinan.

Attractions

Baotu source

In addition to the Mountain of the Thousand Buddhas ( 千佛山 , Qianfo Shan ), Jinan is best known for its over 90 springs.

Baotu source:

Due to its more than 3500-year history, the Baotu spring ( 趵突泉 , Bàotū Quán ) in the city center of Jinan has become a regional and national celebrity.
It has always been considered a source of inspiration in China, which is why many Chinese writers have settled around the source in the past, such as the poet Li Qingzhao .

economy

According to a study from 2014, Jinan has a gross domestic product of 136.8 billion US dollars in purchasing power parity . In the ranking of the economically strongest metropolitan regions worldwide, the city took 98th place. The GDP per capita is $ 19,488 (PPP). The city employed 3.4 million people. At 9.2% annually in the period from 2009 to 2014, GDP per capita grew rapidly.

traffic

The road network of Jinan was 12,638 kilometers long in 2017, 488 kilometers of which were motorways. 2.3 million vehicles were registered. In the same year, 386 public bus routes with a total length of almost 7,400 kilometers were operated and carried 770 million passengers.

The Schantung Railway to Qingdao was opened as early as 1904 . This was followed about 100 years later by two double-track , electrified high-speed lines in the same relation, including the high-speed line from Qingdao to Taiyuan . On December 26, 2018, the Qingdao – Jinan railway line (3) was opened as the third high-speed line in this relation .

The first line of the Jinan Subway started operating in 2019. In the long term, nine lines with a total length of 331 kilometers and 155 stations are targeted. Six of these lines are to run in the urban area and three in the suburbs.

The Jinan Airport manufactured from 2017 127.000 flights and had 16.6 million passengers.

science and education

The Shandong Experimental High School ( Chinese 山東省實驗中學 / 山东省实验中学 , Pinyin Shāndōng Shěng Shíyàn Zhōngxué ) is the largest and most important high school in the city. Schoolchildren from all continents visit it, in total it comprises almost 5100 pupils and over 500 teachers. The school has a partnership with the Holbein-Gymnasium Augsburg , which received exchange students from Jinan four times between 2005 and 2011 and sent exchange students to Jinan for the first time in 2008.

In August 2015 the XXII. International Historians' Day.

The Shandong University and the Educational Shandong University are also located in Jinan.