Cao Cao
Cáo Cāo ( Chinese 曹操 , Pinyin Cáo Cāo , IPA ( standard Chinese) [ ʦʰɑo̯˧˥ ʦʰɑo˥ ], W.-G. Ts'ao Ts'ao , Jyutping Cou 4 Cou 1 , majority name (Zi) Mèngdé 孟德 , IPA ( Mandarin Chinese) [ mʌŋ˥˩ tɤ˧˥ ], * 155 ; † March 15, 220 in Luoyang ) was a Chinese general, strategist, politician, poet and warlord during the late Han dynasty . He gained control over all of China north of the Yangtze , exerted great influence on the emperor and laid the foundation for the Wei dynasty , which was founded by his son Cao Pi after his death . From this he was honored with the posthumous title of Emperor Wu von Wei ( 魏武帝 ) and the temple name Taizu ( 太祖 ).
In the tradition, Cao Cao is portrayed as a cruel and merciless despot, but also as a conscientious ruler and military genius. At least he succeeded in eliminating many of his adversaries: in 194 AD the provincial governor Tao Qian , 197 the city commander Zhang Xiu , 198 the warlord Lü Bu , 200 ( Battle of Guandu ) to 202 the warlord Yuan Shao and 205 his sons . It was not until the Battle of Chibi that his campaign of conquest came to an end and cemented the division of China ( Period of the Three Kingdoms ), which lasted more than fifty years. Domestically, too, there was no one who endangered his position. For example, the officer Kong Rong , who had served him since 196 and tried to oust Cao Cao, had 208 executed.
Cao Cao was considered a talented poet and also wrote writings on martial arts and crafts.
Life
Early career
Cao Cao was born in Qiao District ( 譙 , now Yongcheng , Henan ) under the rule of Emperor Huan of Han . His father Cao Song was the adopted son of the eunuch Cao Teng , who enjoyed the emperor's favor. The Biography of Cao Man (part of the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms ) reports that his father's name originally Xiahou have gelautet. Cao Cao traced his ancestry to Cao Can , a follower of the first Han emperor, Han Gaozu . In 2012, scientists examined the chromosomes of offspring of the two and found differences that prove that Cao Can and Cao Cao were not related. Numerous traditions from Cao Cao's childhood deal with his ambitions, skills and friendship with Yuan Shao . Except for the latter, however, little of it is historically tenable.
At the age of twenty, Cao Cao was appointed district captain of the capital Luoyang . His strict administration did not stop at distinguished personalities. The eunuch faction around Emperor Ling was concerned, and their chief Jian Shuo was looking for a way to get rid of Cao Cao comfortably: When he caught the eunuch's uncle in the street after curfew and flogged him as a punishment, Jian Shuo took the incident as an occasion To promote Cao Cao to a post outside the capital region.
When the Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out in 184 , Cao Cao was recalled to the capital and promoted to captain of the cavalry ( 騎都尉 ). He was assigned to put down the riots in Yingchuan. His success there earned him the post of governor of the Dong Headquarters.
Alliance against Dong Zhuo
After the death of Emperor Ling in the summer of 189 open fighting broke out between the eunuch faction (whose most powerful ally was the Empress Mother Dong , Emperor Ling's mother) and the party of the Empress Dowager He , whose brother He Jin was the commander-in-chief of the imperial army. He and his confidante Yuan Shao conspired against the eunuchs and summoned the honorable General Dong Zhuo to the capital to put pressure on the empress mother.
Before Dong Zhuo arrived, however, the eunuchs had murdered He Jin and escaped with heirs to the throne Liu Bian and Liu Xie . Their escape ended on the Yangtze River when the battle-hardened troops of Dong Zhuo caught up with them. The eunuchs threw themselves into the river, and Dong Zhuo returned with the heirs to the throne to the capital, where he rose to be the guardian of Emperor Liu Bian.
Since the Yellow Turban Revolt, the provincial governors and imperial generals had been given great powers that had made them more or less autonomous from the central government in Luoyang (later moved from Dong Zhuo to Chang'an ). Dong Zhuo, who now controlled the emperor, laid claim to rule over all of China. Not only did the governors refuse to surrender their power, but also in the area controlled by Dong Zhuo, the mood among the population and court officials was against him.
After Dong Zhuo deposed the young Emperor Liu Bian in 189 in favor of the younger Liu Xie (Emperor Xian) and murdered him the following year, Yuan Shao decided to open war against the usurper. He was able to get many regional warlords on his side. Among them was Cao Cao, who succeeded his superior Zhang Miao , the governor of Chenliu. During the civil war, the capital Luoyang was ravaged and Dong Zhuo moved with the government to Chang'an . There the usurper came to an end in 192.
Rise to Warlord
After several campaigns against Dong Zhuo's scattered troops, Cao Cao had fought for the core of his territory. His cousins Cao Hong and Cao Ren and the generals Xiahou Dun , Xiahou Yuan , Yu Jin and Yue Jin served him as subordinates. In 193, Cao Cao and his force attacked Yanzhou Province, which was ruled by Governor Tao Qian . The old governor could not withstand the invasion, and his generals Zhang Liao and Chen Gong handed the province over to the neighboring warlord Lü Bu .
So Cao Cao turned against Lü Bu. The notorious general and warrior had settled on the Yangtze River after the murder of his adoptive father Dong Zhuo. Cao Cao did not let the initiative be stolen from him and attacked Lü Bu in Puyang, the capital . After a hundred days of siege, hunger forced Lu Bu to give up his position. He fled to Xiapi , where he expelled the governor Liu Bei and came to an understanding with the warlord Yuan Shu . This alliance later broke and Lü Bu sought the vicinity of Cao Cao. However, he was busy with ideologically underpinning his rule by taking in the emperor.
Since Dong Zhuo's death, the young Emperor Xian has been in the hands of his successors, Generals Li Jue and Guo Si . They wore each other down in power struggles and in 195 had to allow the emperor and his entourage to leave Chang'an and head for the ruined Luoyang. Once there, the emperor and his entourage had no provisions and were defenselessly exposed to enemy attacks. When Cao Cao found out, he went to Luoyang and won the trust of Imperial Generals Dong Cheng and Yang Feng . He agreed with them to direct the emperor together. But after they reached Cao Cao's headquarters in Xuchang , he gave them minor degrees and ousted them. Yang Feng was dissatisfied and stood up against Cao Cao, but was beaten and then had to flee to Yuan Shu; his sub-commander Xu Huang joined Cao Cao. Dong Cheng then withdrew and gave Cao Cao a free hand. From then on, he issued edicts in the name of Emperor Xian.
Union of the North
In 197 Cao Cao had made a minor warlord of the south subservient, Zhang Xiu . When Cao Cao visited him at Wan Castle, he took his host's widowed sister-in-law as a concubine . Zhang Xiu was angry and called to arms to kill Cao Cao. His son Cao Ang , his nephew Cao Anmin and his bodyguard Dian Wei were killed in the fighting and Cao Cao was able to escape. Later, Zhang Xiu finally submitted to Cao Cao and secured the city of Wancheng, which guarded the most important pass to the south ( Sichuan ).
Lü Bu lost to Cao Cao in 198 and was executed. His general Zhang Liao defected to Cao Cao. Now there were only two major power factors in northern China (north of the Yangtze River): Cao Cao and Yuan Shao, who had been the governor of Jizhou in Han Fu's place since 191 and who had crushed his rival Gongsun Zan in 199 . He controlled a wealthy and populous area and had capable generals and advisers. At least since Cao Cao controlled the emperor, the two were rivals. Yuan Shao had also planned in 195 to take the emperor to his headquarters in Ye ; however, on the advice of his adviser Chunyu Qiong , he refrained from doing so and missed a unique opportunity to legitimize his rule in northern China.
In order to defeat Cao Cao, who had good generals and advisers and powerful troops, Yuan Shao formed an alliance with the neighboring Wuhuan tribes. Then he and his troops advanced on the Yellow River to meet Cao Cao near Liyang (now Xun County Township ). After a few small skirmishes, the Battle of Guandu took place in the spring of 200 , in which Yuan Shao was defeated by Cao Cao despite his superior strength. His general Zhang He defected to Cao Cao, and Yuan Shao fled across the Yellow River. After another defeat at Cangting in 202, Cangting died, leaving the remains of his empire and army to his eldest son, Yuan Tan . However, he quarreled with his youngest brother Yuan Shang over the inheritance. Cao Cao took advantage of the argument between the two and defeated Yuan Tan in 205, while Yuan Shang fled to the northern part of the Korean peninsula to meet the warlord Gongsun Kang . He came to an understanding with Cao Cao, murdered the refugee in 207 and nominally submitted to the suzerainty of Cao Cao.
On June 9, 208, Cao Cao was appointed chancellor by the emperor. This post was the highest at court after the emperor himself and was last accepted by the usurper Dong Zhuo. This, too, was the first time a chancellor had been appointed since the collapse of the Western Han Dynasty .
At the beginning of the 3rd century a dispute arose over the northwestern province of Liangzhou. The formerly allied warlords Ma Teng and Han Sui fought bitterly for supremacy. Cao Cao managed to reconcile and subdue them. He appointed Ma Teng as governor to Ye, while he installed Han Sui and Ma Teng's son Ma Chao as governor in Liangzhou.
Battle of Chibi and other campaigns
Cao Cao had consolidated his rule in northern China and was now making preparations to subdue the rest of the Han Empire as well. In 207 the following warlords remained in southern China:
- Zhang Lu , a minor warlord, controlled the strategically important city of Hanzhong .
- Liu Zhang , the governor of Yi Province, ruled over much of what is now Sichuan .
- Liu Biao , the governor of Jing Province, ruled his province autonomously during the civil war, but made no attempt to expand his sphere of influence. This made him an easy target for Cao Cao, who beat him in 207.
- Sun Quan succeeded his older brother Sun Ce as warlord in southeastern China after his death and controlled the present-day provinces of Anhui , Jiangxi and Zhejiang . He was the most powerful of the four warlords.
Cao Cao drove the last of his defeated rivals dispersed from the north, including Liu Bei, who had served Yuan Shao. The general suffered a defeat by Cao Cao in the Battle of Changban (summer 208), but was able to escape south with the help of his allies Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun . There he sought an alliance with Sun Quan, who was preparing for Cao Cao's attack. Details of Cao Cao's troops vary; about 220,000 are assumed, against which about 50,000 men competed on the side of Sun Quan and Liu Beis.
The three camps were on the opposite banks of the Yangtze, in a place known as Chibi (Red Rock). Cao Cao's superior force was encamped on the north bank of the river, Liu Bei's army and Sun Quan's navy on the south. Since Cao Cao's soldiers were not used to fighting on the water, unlike Sun Quan's soldiers, Cao Cao tried to compensate for this disadvantage. He took the advice of a supposed defector from Liu Bei's camp, Pang Tong , to moor his ships. This should reduce the rocking on the crossing. This measure also made Cao Cao's fleet incapable of maneuvering, so that Sun Quan's general Huang Gai was able to set it on fire and completely burn it down using the south wind. With this ruse Cao Cao's superiority in the Battle of Chibi was wiped out and he suffered a severe defeat. The division of China was thus sealed for the next few decades. Sun Quan granted Liu Bei Jingzhou Province so that he could conquer a power base from there.
After this setback, Cao Cao concentrated on campaigns to secure his empire in the north. There the governors Han Sui and Ma Chao dared to revolt in 211 and shook off his supremacy. Cao Cao executed Ma Teng, the father of Ma Chaos, in Ye and began a great campaign to subdue the rebels that the Qiang tribes had joined. From March to September 211, Ma Chao Cao Cao's troops held out until he lost the battle at Tong Gate and fled to Zhang Lu, the governor of Hanzhong.
Cao Cao's General Xiahou Yuan fought Han Sui for four years before he beat him and ended the uprising. In 215, after the final pacification of Liangzhou, Cao Cao launched an attack on Hanzhong. Zhang Lu hardly resisted and submitted to Cao Cao after a few weeks. Ma Chao fled south to join Liu Bei.
In 217, Cao Cao's general Zhang Liao repelled Sun Quan's invasion of Hefei city . According to the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms , Zhang Liao had only 30,000 men, compared to 100,000 on Sun Quan's side. The victory therefore earned the general great fame. In the same year, Hanzhong was attacked by Liu Bei. However, he could not break through because Xiahou Yuan stopped him at Yangping Pass. It was not until 219, after his victory in the Battle of Mount Dingjun , that Liu Bei succeeded in taking over Hanzhong. Xiahou Yuan fell in battle.
Cao Cao had become vulnerable in the southwest of his empire and was looking for an alliance with Sun Quan, who reclaimed the Jingzhou province from Liu Bei. There the famous general Guan Yu was appointed governor, who was based in Fancheng. The armies of Cao Cao and Sun Quan carried out two coordinated attacks on the headquarters, and in the double battle of Fancheng , Cao Cao initially lost to Guan Yu, who was then defeated and executed by Sun Quan's general Lü Meng . Liu Bei's loss of Jingzhou Province and his break with Sun Quan gave Cao Cao a sense of security.
Domestic politics
Cao Cao's domestic political measures were shaped by long-term strategic considerations: in order to be able to hold and possibly enlarge his territory, he needed a numerous and able-bodied population in order to be able to raise powerful troops. Under the impression of a famine in 194, he carried out agricultural reforms in his sphere of influence. He forcibly settled the smallholders and tenants who had fled their homeland during the civil war in newly created fortified farmers' colonies. Their task was national defense, and any excess production had to be delivered.
In order to optimize the administration of his empire, Cao Cao also tackled reforms of the official system. However, he did not succeed in restricting the positions of important officials to such an extent that a seizure of power was excluded. His grandson Cao Rui was supposed to be the last emperor of the Wei Dynasty, who ruled himself and was not directed by officials and dignitaries.
Cao Cao's religious policy was tolerant. In addition to the state religion, Confucianism , he also tolerated the scattered Buddhist communities that went back to the Han prince Liu Ying , and the Daoist heavenly master movement from Hanzhong, which developed into one of the most important Daoist currents in the following centuries.
Preparing to take power
Cao Cao's control over the emperor was complete. In 213 he was appointed the gong of Wei ( 魏公 , wèi gōng - "about: Duke of Wei") and awarded the nine decorations, a sign of the impending takeover of the throne. He punished assassins and their relatives mercilessly, sometimes wrongly. In the year 200 he executed the conspirators Dong Cheng, Zhong Ji and Wang Ju, including their families, including the imperial concubine Dong. When Empress Fu Shou complained about Cao Cao's cruelty in a letter to her father and Cao Cao found out about it, he had the Empress deposed and executed her two sons. The next year he forced the emperor to raise his concubine Cao Jie (a daughter of Cao Cao) to empress.
Cao Cao never dared usurp the imperial throne. However, he tied to imperial privileges in that he was awarded the title Wang von Wei ( 魏王 , wèi wáng - "for example: Prince / Prince of Wei") by the emperor in 216 . Since the title was hereditary, it had also established his family's status as a leading force in the empire. He died on March 15, 220 in the capital Luoyang, which he had rebuilt and fortified after defeating Yuan Shao. His son Cao Pi inherited posts and titles and forced the emperor to abdicate in his favor that same year. This made him the first emperor of the Wei dynasty .
Tomb
At the end of December 2009, it was announced that a 740-square-meter underground burial site was discovered in the village of Gaoxixue in Anyang County, Henan Province near the ancient Wei capital, Anyang. According to an inscription on a stone tablet, it was the grave of "King's Wu of Wei" is what Cao Cao's official title was. The grave, which can be reached through a 20-meter-deep and 40-meter-long tunnel - according to the excavation manager Pan Weibin "a complicated structure" - houses hundreds of archaeological finds as well as the remains of three corpses - those of an approx. 60 year old Man and that of two women between the ages of around 50 and between 20 and 25. According to the accompanying inscriptions on stone tablets that speak of “King ( Wang ) Wu of Wei” ( 魏武帝 ), it is The man is Cao Cao. The female corpses are said to be the wife and concubine of Cao Cao. According to historical reports, Cao Cao's wife is said to have died between the ages of 70 and 80, but this is not related to the find situation matches.
It is believed that Cao Cao decreed during his lifetime that he should only be buried in an inconspicuous, modest grave in order not to attract grave robbers. However, his son Cao Pi did not adhere to this decree, but instead built a huge underground tomb with an above-ground temple. However, he later had concerns and had the above-ground part of the grave complex removed and the rubble cleared away in order to respect his father's wishes. This would explain why only the hidden underground part of the tomb is still there.
A total of around 250 artefacts were found, including gold, silver, ceramics, paintings, a sword and scabbard and 59 stone tablets with information on the individual grave goods.
Literary work
poetry
As a poet, Cao Cao achieved fame primarily through coining the Jian'an style , which his sons Cao Pi and Cao Zhi also adopted. Jian'an was the emperor's era name at the time when Cao Cao ruled him (196–220). The calm, world-weary style of the poems of this time is characteristic of the end of the Han dynasty. They often deal with the finite and the brevity of life and represent a link between the early folksongs and the erudite poetry. One of the most famous poems of Cao Cao is the octosyllable Although the turtle longevity has ( 龜雖壽 ) it in wrote the autumn years of his life.
|
神龜 雖 壽 猶有 竟 時 |
If the turtle lives long by magic, its days are numbered. |
Military theoretical writings
In addition, Cao Cao wrote a number of short treatises on various topics of martial arts and crafts, of which hardly anything has survived today. His commentary on Sunzi's classic work The Art of War is remarkable .
Offspring
- Concubines:
Later adaptation
Chinese opera
Contrary to Cao Cao's ambiguous historical representation, he is consistently presented in Chinese opera as a sinister and devious figure. The figure's white theater mask (in more modern pieces) emphasizes this character.
The story of the three kingdoms
The Story of the Three Kingdoms is a 14th-century novel written by Luo Guanzhong . It is one of the four classic novels of Chinese literature and is stillvery populartoday, especially in China, Japan, South Korea and the USA. Numerous adaptations as mangas , cartoons, television series and video games take this into account.
As a key figure of his era, Cao Cao greatly inspired the author's imagination. Even from its controversial origin, the author forges a close relationship with Generals Xiahou Dun and Xiahou Yuan . When conspirators at his court join forces against him and prepare a meeting to discuss Cao Cao's murder, Cao Cao also appears at the meeting. This is where the Chinese proverb comes from: “If you speak of Cao Cao, you come Cao Cao” ( 說 曹操 曹操 就 到 , shuō cáo cāo cáo cāo jiù dào ). The German proverb "If you speak of the devil, he is not far" reads in a similar way.
In the following, the most important fictional or poetically decorated passages in the novel will be described.
Assassination attempt on Dong Zhuo
He stayed at the imperial court even after Emperor Ling's death and Dong Zhuo's arrival. At the request of Minister Wang Yun , Cao Cao accepts the sword of the seven gems ( 七星劍 ) in order to murder Dong Zhuo. The next day he complains to Dong Zhuo's bodyguard and foster son Lü Bu about his slow horse and lets him pick out a faster one. Meanwhile, he goes to the throne room and is received unsuspectingly by Dong Zhuo. When suspicion grows and Lü Bu appears, Cao Cao has to give up his plan and kneels down to give the sword to Dong Zhuo. Then he runs away under the pretext of wanting to ride his new horse.
Bloodbath in his friend's house
He goes to his home country and seeks shelter with an old friend. There he heard two servants talking about a slaughter in the next room and said that the friend had betrayed him and wanted to murder him. Cao Cao causes a bloodbath in the house of his host and only learns afterwards that the slaughter of a pig was meant.
Fearing discovery, Cao Cao flees, but meets his host. When he is asked why he is leaving in a hurry, he pretends to be followed. When the host is about to go home, Cao Cao kills him and explains to his shaken entourage: If the friend had returned home and seen the bloodbath, he would have gone straight to the station and reported Cao Cao. Then he raises his sword and says the famous sentence: "It is better for me to lose myself in the world than for the world to die for me" ( 寧 教 我 負 天下 人 ， 休 教 天下 人 負 我 , Ningjiao wo fu tianxia ren, xiujiao tianxia ren fu wo ).
Escape through the Huarong Gorge
After his devastating defeat in the Battle of Chibi (Red Rock), Cao Cao gathers the remaining soldiers around him and flees in the direction of Jiangling, using the Huarong Gorge as a shortcut. He ignores the smoke that rises from the narrow passage as a trick of the enemy to divert him from the right path. But that is exactly what Zhuge Liang, who anticipated Cao Cao's mindset, had intended with the trap.
The enemy general Guan Yu is waiting in the gorge with 500 soldiers. When Cao Cao is harassed and surrounded by him, he asks for leniency in view of the services he once rendered to Guan Yu. Guan Yu then lets Cao Cao go away, breaking his word with his oath brother Liu Bei. However, he forgives him at Zhuge Liang's instigation.
Cao Cao's death
Cao Cao's cause of death is not specified in historical sources, but it is believed to have been some kind of illness. This gave rise to a wide variety of re-poems, of which Luo Guanzhongs is the only one to include the famous doctor Hua Tuo (around 145-208).
Cao Cao complained of a raging headache shortly before his death. His servants recommend him the doctor Hua Tuo, who diagnosed Cao Cao's disease as a form of cranial rheumatism. He gives him hashish as a sedative and uses a sharp ax to open the patient's skull to remove the pus. However, Cao Cao is overly suspicious of many assassinations and has also been almost murdered by a traitorous doctor once. As soon as he feels the blade on his scalp, he has Hua Tuo thrown into prison, where the doctor dies a few days later. Cao Cao himself dies soon after of the illness from which Hua Tuo tried to cure him.
Movie and TV
Based on the model of the story of the Three Kingdoms , a manga series entitled Yokoyama Mitsuteru Sanguokushi was published from 1971 to 1986 , which was also published as an anime from 1991 to 1992. The speaker Daiki Nakamura gave Cao Cao the voice. Since the 1980s, numerous video games have been produced that deal with the time of the Three Kingdoms and Cao Cao's rise and that are mostly set in the action or strategy genre.
There was also a live-action version of the novel, produced by China Central Television in 1995 as a series in 84 episodes. It ranged from the oath in the fig garden (184 AD) to the unification of the empire by Jin (280). The role of Cao Cao, who appears as a devious warlord, was played by Bao Guo'an. Shao Feng portrays Cao Cao in Chen Kaige's short film Lü Bu and Diao Chan .
A Chinese film titled Red Cliff ( 赤壁 ) by director John Woo , which was released in two parts in 2008/2009, has a crucial place in Cao Cao's career on the subject. The strategist is portrayed by Zhang Fengyi (* 1956), although Ken Watanabe was initially intended for the role . In contrast to previous adaptations, a more nuanced picture of Cao Cao was intended than in previous adaptations.
In a remake of the 1995 television series, which aired in 95 episodes in 2010, Cao Cao is played by Chen Jianbin .
Computer games
- The era from the fall of the Han to the emergence of the three kingdoms is themed in the PC strategy game Total War: Three Kingdoms , with Cao Cao being one of the playable faction leaders.
- In the mobile game Rise of Kingdoms he is an unlockable commander.
Chinese proverb
Cao Cao is considered cruel and devious in China. The proverb: "If you speak of Cao Cao, then Cao Cao comes." Has the same meaning in China as: "If you speak of the devil, he will come too."
Source studies
The most important source for the life of Cao Cao are the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms of Chen Shou (233-297), who served as an officer of the Shu Han until 263 and later under the Jin Dynasty as a historian his views and experiences about the time of the three Rich put down in writing. The work was later edited by Pei Songzhi (372–451) using documents from the Imperial Archives.
In the 11th century, the historian Sima Guang created an extensive history work for the time from 403 BC with his summarized Zeitspiegel to aid the government . Chr. To 959 AD. For the time of the three kingdoms he made particular use of the chronicles of Chen Shou.
literature
- Étienne Balázs : La Crise sociale et la philosophie politique à la fin des Han. In: T'oung Pao. Vol. 39, No. 1/3, 1950, pp. 83-131, JSTOR 4527274 .
- Rafe de Crespigny : Man from the Margin. Cao Cao and the Three Kingdoms (= The George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology. 51). Australian National University, Canberra 1990, ISBN 0-7315-1128-X .
- Rafe de Crespigny: To Establish Peace. Being the Chronicle of the Later Han dynasty for the years 189 to 220 AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang (= Australian National University. Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs. New Series 21). Faculty of Asian Studies - Australian National University, Canberra et al. 1996, ISBN 0-7315-2526-4 .
- Rafe de Crespigny: Imperial warlord. A biography of Cao Cao, 155–220 AD (= Sinica Leidensia. 99). Brill, Leiden et al. 2010, ISBN 978-90-04-18522-7 .
Web links
- Literature about Cao Cao in the catalog of the German National Library
- Family Trees Cao and Xiahou (English)
Individual evidence
- ↑ C. Wang et al. a .: Present Y chromosomes reveal the ancestry of Emperor CAO Cao of 1800 years ago, in: Journal of Human Genetics 57, 2012, p. 216ff.
- ^ Karl W. Eikenberry: The campaigns of Cao Cao. In: Military Review. Vol. 74, No. 8, 1994, ISSN 0026-4148 , pp. 56-64.
- ^ Rafe de Crespigny: To Estabish Peace 2 . ch. 67, 2041.
- ↑ Herbert Franke , Rolf wedding slip : The Chinese Empire (= Fischer world history . 19). 13th edition. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-596-60019-7 , pp. 119-120.
- ↑ Herbert Franke, Rolf wedding slip: The Chinese Empire (= Fischer world history. 19). 13th edition. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-596-60019-7 , p. 120.
- ^ Mark Edward Lewis: The Early Chinese Empires, Cambridge 2007, p. 28.
- ↑ a b c Phoebe Weston: Body of fearsome Chinese warlord Cao Cao is finally found in a 1,800-year-old Han Dynasty tomb despite ancient efforts to hide the site. Daily Mail Online, March 28, 2018, accessed March 28, 2018 .
- ↑ Andreas Lorenz: Poet with blood on his hands . In: Der Spiegel . No. 5 , 2010 ( online ).
- ↑ Cao Cao's tomb found , Bejing Rundschau, notification dated December 28, 2009
- ↑ Archaeologists find tomb of legendary warlord at Spiegel Online , December 28, 2009 (accessed December 29, 2009)
- ↑ Tomb of the legendary Cao Cao discovered . sueddeutsche.de, December 28, 2009
- ↑ April Holloway: Cao Cao Could Not Hide Forever: Remains Finally Confirmed As Chinese Warlord. Ancient Origins, March 27, 2018, accessed March 28, 2018 .
- ↑ Hans-Christoph Raab: Chinese - speaking, reading, writing. Language and writing exercise book 1st 3rd edition. Groos, Tübingen 2003, ISBN 3-87276-860-3 .
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Cao, Cao |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | A-Man; Cao, Mengde; Emperor Wu of Wei; Taizu |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Chinese warlord and pioneer of the Wei dynasty |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 155 |
| DATE OF DEATH | March 15, 220 |
| Place of death | Luoyang |