Elected to the United States Senate in 1796 and 1797
The election to the Senate of the United States in 1796 and 1797 to the 5th Congress of the United States took place at different times. The election took place parallel to the presidential election in 1796 , in which John Adams was elected. Prior to the adoption of the 17th Amendment , the senators were not elected directly, but were appointed by the state parliaments.
The ten seats of the Senators of Class I , which had been elected for a term of six years in 1790 and 1791, stood for election. Tennessee was admitted as a state into the Union in 1796 and elected two senators, one of whom was also Class I. In addition, there were ten by-elections before the regular election in Connecticut (both seats, Class I and III), Georgia (Class III), Maryland (Class I), Massachusetts (both seats, Class I and II), New Jersey (Class II) , New York (Class III), South Carolina (Class II), and Vermont (Class I). In Georgia, where the governor had appointed a federalist for an outcast Republican (now commonly called Democratic Republicans or Jeffersonian Republicans ), the Republicans were able to win back that seat. The seat in Vermont went from the Republicans to the federalists, otherwise the by-elections resulted in no changes in the party-political composition of the Senate. The majority of federalists at the end of the 4th Congress was 21 to 11.
Nine of the Class I senators were re-elected, including the four recently elected by-elections. Only one of them was a Republican, eight federalists. The federalists won the seat in New York, but the Republicans temporarily lost another seat because the Tennessee Parliament failed to elect a Class I Senator in time. The majority of federalists rose briefly to 22 to 9. After the start of the 5th Congress, five more by-elections were held in Maryland, Rhode Island , Tennessee (both seats) and Vermont, with the Republicans being able to take back the vacant seat, otherwise party politics changed Nothing. At the end of 1797 there were again 10 Republicans in the Senate.
Results
Elections during the 4th Congress
The winners of these elections were accepted into the Senate before March 4, 1797, during the 4th Congress .
Country | Acting Senator | Political party | By-election | date | Result | New senator |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Connecticut | Oliver Ellsworth | federalist | Class I. | May 12, 1796 | held by federalists | James Hillhouse |
Connecticut | Jonathan Trumbull | federalist | Class III | October 13, 1796 | held by federalists | Uriah Tracy |
Georgia | George Walton , appointed | federalist | Class III | February 20, 1796 | Gain Republicans | Josiah Tattnall |
Maryland | Richard Potts | federalist | Class I. | November 28, 1796 | held by federalists | John Eager Howard |
Massachusetts | George Cabot | federalist | Class I. | June 16, 1796 | held by federalists | Benjamin Goodhue |
Massachusetts | Caleb Strong | federalist | Class II | June 16, 1796 | held by federalists | Theodore Sedgwick |
New Jersey | Frederick Frelinghuysen | federalist | Class II | November 12, 1796 | held by federalists | Richard Stockton |
new York | Rufus King | federalist | Class III | November 9, 1796 | held by federalists | John Laurance |
South carolina | Pierce Butler | republican | Class II | December 8, 1796 | held by Republicans | John Hunter |
Tennessee | new state | Class I. | August 2, 1796 | Gain Republicans | William Cocke | |
Tennessee | new state | Class II | August 2, 1796 | Gain Republicans | William Blount | |
Vermont | Moses Robinson | republican | Class I. | October 18, 1796 | Federalists gain | Isaac Tichenor |
- Appointed: Senator was appointed by the governor to replace a retired Senator, by-election required
Elections to the 5th Congress
The winners of these elections were accepted into the Senate on March 4, 1797, when the 5th Congress met . All seats of the Senators belong to class I .
Country | Acting Senator | Political party | date | Result | New senator |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Connecticut | James Hillhouse | federalist | 1797 | re-elected | James Hillhouse |
Delaware | Henry Latimer | federalist | January 6, 1797 | re-elected | Henry Latimer |
Maryland | John Eager Howard | federalist | December 9, 1796 | re-elected | John Eager Howard |
Massachusetts | Benjamin Goodhue | federalist | June 15, 1797 | re-elected | Benjamin Goodhue |
New Jersey | John Rutherfurd | federalist | 1796 | re-elected | John Rutherfurd |
new York | Aaron Burr | republican | January 24, 1797 | Federalists gain | Philip Schuyler |
Pennsylvania | James Ross | federalist | February 16, 1797 | re-elected | James Ross |
Rhode Island | Theodore Foster | federalist | 1797 | re-elected | Theodore Foster |
Tennessee | William Cocke | republican | lost by Republicans | vacant | |
Vermont | Isaac Tichenor | federalist | October 18, 1796 | re-elected | Isaac Tichenor |
Virginia | Stevens Mason | republican | November 29, 1796 | re-elected | Stevens Mason |
- re-elected: an elected incumbent was re-elected
Elections during the 5th Congress
The winners of these elections were accepted into the Senate after March 4, 1797, during the 5th Congress .
Country | Acting Senator | Political party | By-election | date | Result | New senator |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maryland | John Henry | federalist | Class III | December 8, 1797 | held by federalists | James Lloyd |
Rhode Island | William Bradford | federalist | Class II | November 13, 1797 | held by federalists | Ray Greene |
Tennessee | William Cocke , appointed | republican | Class I. | September 26, 1797 | held by Republicans | Andrew Jackson |
Tennessee | William Blount | republican | Class II | September 26, 1797 | held by Republicans | Joseph Anderson |
Vermont | Isaac Tichenor | federalist | Class I. | October 17, 1797 | held by federalists | Nathaniel Chipman |
- Appointed: Senator was appointed by the governor to replace a retired Senator, by-election required
Individual states
In all states, senators were elected by parliaments, as provided by the United States Constitution, prior to the passage of the 17th Amendment . The electoral process was determined by the states themselves and therefore differed from state to state. In some cases, the sources only reveal who was elected, but not how.
There were no parties in the modern sense, but most politicians in the young United States can be classified in the First Party system of the Federalist Party , which President Adams supported, or the Republican Party , which is usually called the Grand Old Party, which was founded in 1854 Democratic Republican Party or Jeffersonian Republicans is called.
Connecticut
Oliver Ellsworth , Senator for Connecticut since 1789 , resigned March 8, 1796 to become Chief Justice of the United States . James Hillhouse was elected as his successor for the remainder of the term on May 18, 1796 . In 1797 he was re-elected for a full six-year term. Jonathan Trumbull , a Class III Senator for Connecticut since 1795, resigned June 10, 1796 to become assistant governor of the state. On October 13, 1796, Uriah Tracy was elected to succeed him.
Delaware
Henry Latimer , Senator for Delaware since 1795 , was re-elected January 6, 1797. In the joint session of the Senate and the House of Representatives, consisting of seven Senators and 15 MPs, he received 16 votes, six votes went to David Hall , the future governor of Delaware.
Georgia
James Jackson , Senator for Georgia since 1793 , had resigned October 31, 1795. George Walton was appointed as his successor on November 16, unlike Jackson a federalist. Josiah Tattnall , a Republican, was elected for the remainder of the term on February 20, 1796, and took office on April 12.
Maryland
Richard Potts , Senator for Maryland since 1793 , resigned October 24, 1796 to serve as judge. On November 28, John Eager Howard was elected as his successor for the remainder of the term by a large majority. On December 9, 1796, he was then re-elected for a new six-year term.
John Henry , who had been Class II Senator for Maryland since 1789 , resigned on July 10, 1797 to become governor of the state. James Lloyd was elected as his successor on December 8th . He had only a one-vote majority, with four MPs who were believed to have preferred his opponent, absent from the vote.
Massachusetts
Caleb Strong , Class II Senator for Massachusetts since 1789 , resigned June 1, 1796. His Class I colleague George Cabot , a senator since 1790, also resigned on June 9th. Theodore Sedgwick was elected to succeed Strong in early June . In the second ballot, he received 21 votes in the Senate and 86 votes in the House of Representatives. Edward Robbins , the Speaker of Parliament , received 5 votes in the Senate and 38 in the House of Representatives despite withdrawing his candidacy. Individual votes went to Levi Lincoln (2), Nathaniel Dane (1) and Thomson J. Skinner (1).
Benjamin Goodhue was elected on June 11 for the remaining nine months of Cabot's tenure . In the first ballot on June 10, Edward Robbins received a majority in the House of Representatives, but Goodhue received a majority in the Senate, so a second ballot was necessary the following day, in which Goodhue also received a majority in the House. The election for the full term of office beginning on March 4, 1797 followed on June 15. In the first two rounds of voting again Robbins received a majority in the House of Representatives, Goodhue a majority in the Senate, so that a third ballot was required in which Goodhue was elected.
New Jersey
Frederick Frelinghuysen , Class II Senator for New Jersey since 1793 , resigned in November 1796. On November 12, Richard Stockton was elected unanimously to succeed him for the remainder of the term. John Rutherfurd , Senator since 1791, was re-elected in 1796.
new York
Rufus King , Class III Senator for New York since 1789 , resigned on May 23, 1796 to become Ambassador to Great Britain. On November 9th, John Laurance was elected almost unanimously to succeed him for the remainder of the term, with a single vote in the House of Representatives going to Zephaniah Platt . Aaron Burr , Republican Senator since 1791 and later Vice President of the United States, ran unsuccessfully for re-election. On January 24, 1797, the federalist Philip Schuyler , who had represented New York in the Senate from 1789 to 1791, was elected to succeed him. Schuyler was elected almost unanimously, with one vote going to James Kent , a well-known lawyer.
Pennsylvania
James Ross , Senator for Pennsylvania since 1794 , was re-elected on February 16, 1797. He received 41 votes in the State House of Representatives , 15 in the Senate , his Republican opponent William Irvine , a former member of the US House of Representatives, received 30 votes in the House of Representatives and 8 in the Senate. Seven MPs and one senator abstained.
Rhode Island
Theodore Foster , one of the first two Senators for Rhode Island since 1790 , was re-elected in 1797. His Class II colleague William Bradford , a senator since 1793, resigned in October 1797. Ray Greene was elected for the remainder of his term on November 13th .
South carolina
Pierce Butler , a Class II Senator for South Carolina since 1789 , resigned October 25, 1796. John Hunter was elected as his successor for the remainder of the term on December 8th . He received 72 votes, his opponent John Chestnut 66.
Tennessee
Tennessee became the 16th state to join the United States on June 1, 1796. The Republicans William Cocke and William Blount , who took office on August 2, 1796, were elected as the first senators . Cocke received the Class I seat, his term of office ending March 3, 1797, Blount the Class II seat, which ended March 3, 1799. The Parliament of Tennessee failed to elect the class in time for the 5th Congress -I seat to be held so that it was briefly vacant. On April 22, 1797, Cocke was appointed by the governor as his own successor.
On July 8, Blount was relieved of his office because he had planned to enable a British conquest of West Florida with Indian help , since after Spain's defeat by France it was feared that free access to the Mississippi for American traders could be restricted if that Territory fell to France. On September 26, the Tennessee Parliament voted on both Senate seats. Only Joseph Anderson applied for the class II seat , who was unanimously elected for the remaining year and a half. Cocke ran again for his Senate seat but received only 13 votes. The future President Andrew Jackson was elected with 20 votes .
Vermont
Moses Robinson , senator since Vermont joined the Union in 1791 , resigned on October 15, 1796. Isaac Tichenor was elected as his successor for the remainder of the term and for the term of office beginning March 4, 1797 . He resigned a year later on October 17, 1797 to become governor of the state. On November 13, 1797, Nathaniel Chipman was elected to succeed him.
Virginia
Republican Stevens Mason , Senator for Virginia since 1794 , was re-elected on November 29, 1796. He received 114 votes, his federalist rival James Breckinridge received 60 votes.
Individual evidence
- ↑ ELLSWORTH, Oliver, (1745-1807) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ HILLHOUSE, James, (1754-1832) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ TRUMBULL, Jonathan, Jr., (1740 - 1809) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ↑ TRACY, Uriah, (1755 - 1807) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ↑ LATIMER, Henry, (1752-1819) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, Delaware 1797 U.S. Senate , January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ JACKSON, James, (1757 - 1806) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ↑ WALTON, George, (ca. 1749-1804) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ↑ Tattnall, Josiah, (1762 - 1803) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ^ POTTS, Richard, (1753-1808) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, Maryland 1796 U.S. Senate, Special , January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ HOWARD, John Eager, (1752-1827) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ HENRY, John, (1750-1798) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ LLOYD, James, (1756-1830) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, Maryland 1797 U.S. Senate, Special , January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ STRONG, Caleb, (1745-1819) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ CABOT, George, (1752 - 1823) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ↑ Sedgwick, Theodore (1746 - 1813) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, Massachusetts 1796 U.S. Senate, Special, Ballot 2 , January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ GOODHUE, Benjamin, (1748-1814) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, Massachusetts 1796 U.S. Senate, Special , January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, Massachusetts 1796 U.S. Senate, Special, Ballot 2 , January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, Massachusetts 1796 US Senate , January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, Massachusetts 1796 US Senate, Ballot 2 , January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, Massachusetts 1796 US Senate, Ballot 3 , January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ Frelinghuysen, Frederick, (1753 - 1804) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ↑ STOCKTON, Richard, (1764 - 1828) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, New Jersey 1796 Senate , January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ Rutherfurd, John, (1760 - 1840) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ^ KING, Rufus, (1755-1827) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ LAURANCE, John, (1750-1810) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, New York 1796 U.S. Senate, Special , January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ BURR, Aaron, (1756 - 1836) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ↑ SCHUYLER, Philip John, (1733-1804) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, New York 1797 US Senate , January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ ROSS, James, (1762-1847) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, Pennsylvania 1797 U.S. Senate , January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ FOSTER, Theodore (1752 - 1828) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ↑ BRADFORD, William, (1729 - 1808) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ↑ GREENE, Ray (1765 - 1849) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ^ BUTLER, Pierce, (1744-1822) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ HUNTER, John, (ca. 1752-1802) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, South Carolina 1796 U.S. Senate, Special , January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ Cocke, William, (1748 - 1828) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ↑ BLOUNT, William, (1749 - 1800) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ↑ ANDERSON, Joseph Inslee, (1757 - 1837) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress called, December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, Tennessee 1797 U.S. Senate (Class II), January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, Tennessee 1797 U.S. Senate (Class I), January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ JACKSON, Andrew, (1767--1845) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ ROBINSON, Moses, (1741-1813) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ TICHENOR, Isaac, (1754-1838) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ↑ CHIPMAN, Nathaniel, (1752-1843) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ MASON, Stevens Thomson, (1760-1803) , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, accessed December 1, 2019
- ^ A New Nation Votes, Virginia 1796 Senate , January 11, 2012, accessed December 1, 2019