Wind power in Rhineland-Palatinate

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Wind turbines at the Wörrstadt energy park

The expansion of wind power in Rhineland-Palatinate is a central project of the Rhineland-Palatinate state government . As part of the energy transition, it should make a significant contribution to producing all electricity consumed in Rhineland-Palatinate from renewable energy sources by 2030 . In order to accelerate the generation of energy through wind power , an amendment to the existing planning regulations was made in 2013. This partial update of the State Development Program IV (LEP IV) led nature conservation associations , regional authorities , associations , initiatives , etc. to different, predominantly critical statements in which it was pointed out that nature and landscape protection were not given enough consideration when expanding wind energy . As a result, this criticism was also articulated in various protests by associations and citizens' groups.

Wind power in Rhineland-Palatinate

Targets of the red-green state government

Wind turbine Enercon E-126 : total height 198 m; Rotor diameter 126 m; Hub height 135 m; Power 6000 kW

The Rhineland-Palatinate state government , which has been supported by a coalition of the SPD and Bündnis90 / Die Grünen since 2011, has set itself the goal of generating all of the electricity consumed in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate from renewable energy sources by 2030 as part of the energy transition. In addition to other renewable energy sources, wind energy in particular is assigned an important role, and its contribution is expected to increase fivefold by 2020. At the end of 2011, the country's electricity generation was 16.4 TWh, with renewable energies supplying around 29% of electricity with 4.8 TWh. With 2.2 TWh, wind energy produced almost half of the green electricity or a good 13% of the electricity generated in Rhineland-Palatinate.

It is planned to increase the 1243 wind turbines with 1923 megawatts (MW) output, which were in operation until the end of 2012, to around 2650 wind turbines with 7500 MW nominal output. In order to achieve this goal, in addition to the construction of more efficient systems ( repowering ), more space in particular is to be allocated for wind turbines. According to the state government, around 6 percent of the state's area is potentially available for this purpose. The "state planning principle" stipulated that at least 2 percent of the area should be used, with forests also being included with 2 percent of their area. The State Development Program IV (LEP IV) from 2008 found out about this in Chapter 5.2.1. "Renewable Energies" several changes. This “partial update” of LEP IV and the corresponding state ordinance were approved by the Council of Ministers on April 16, 2013; it came into force on May 11, 2013 , the day after it was announced in the Law and Ordinance Gazette of the State of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Wind conditions

In July 2013 the state government published a "wind atlas" prepared by TÜV SÜD , which contains information on the prevailing wind conditions in addition to the basic conditions for the use of wind energy. Methodologically, this atlas is based on a 3-dimensional grid model, with which the wind speeds in the individual regions were extrapolated. If available, operating results from existing wind turbines were also incorporated. It should be noted that in spite of the high-resolution data used, the results are extrapolations, which are primarily intended to determine potential and priority areas. However, since small-scale influences, especially in complex terrain, cannot be adequately recorded, the wind atlas is not able to make a reliable statement about the local wind speed and is therefore unsuitable for assessing the profitability of individual projects . A major limitation for the Palatinate Forest area results from the fact that neither input nor validation data were available. Specific data of individual on wind speeds locations are exclusively based on actual wind measurements wind assessment to obtain, whereby in addition to the average wind speed, the frequency distribution of the wind speed, the power curve and other plant-specific characteristics (strong winds or weak wind turbine, the hub height, investment costs), location-specific characteristics are much more considered have to. Since the wind speed increases with increasing altitude, the wind speed at hub height is decisive, in modern inland systems it is usually around 140 m.

For the wind atlas, Rhineland-Palatinate was divided into 7 individual regions, for which different (rough) statements are made. Basically, it is true that high altitudes show significantly better wind conditions than valley locations, while the effective wind speed in forest locations is around 0.2-0.3 m / s lower than in comparable open-air locations. Unless otherwise stated, the wind speeds refer to a hub height of 140 m. It should be noted that these are annual averages. The energy content of the wind increases cubically, i.e. H. if the wind speed doubles, the energy content increases eightfold.

Westerwald : In the river valleys low wind speeds in the range of 5 m / s, in higher altitudes at 140 m over 5.8 m / s with up to 6.9 m / s in the Bad Marienberg area

Eifel : Due to the exposed low mountain range, there is a high wind potential of over 7 m / s in the area of ​​the Schneifel mountain range , sloping towards the east, but also there over up to 7 m / s on exposed locations. In the West Eifel over 6 m / s over a large area, in the East Eifel more than 5.8 m / s

Trier and Moselle valley : In the valleys wind speeds from 5 m / s, in the high altitudes up to 7 m / s

Hunsrück : With the exception of the valley areas, wind speeds over 6 m / s over a large area, along the main ridge at a hub height of 100 meters, wind speeds over 7 m / s (no information was given in the verbal description for 140 meters, the map section shows wind speeds of well over 7 m / s recognizable)

Pfalz / Nahe : Very heterogeneous picture, in high areas in the Donnersbergkreis up to about 7.5 m / s at 140 meters, in exposed locations up to 7.9 m / s; significantly lower speeds in the valleys; in the western area of ​​the Saar-Nahe mountainous region, speeds of up to 7 m / s in exposed locations; in the plain west of Kaiserslautern, wind speeds of 5.4 m / s to just over 6 m / s; in the southwestern Palatinate on hilltops up to 6.5 m / s, in valleys below 5 m / s

Palatinate Forest : In hilltops up to 7 m / s, on slopes and valleys below 5 m / s (otherwise no information is given in the verbal description; the map section shows that only for the highest hilltops (> 600 m above sea level) above all der Haardt can be calculated up to 7 m / s; the extrapolated values ​​for locations between 500 and 600 m above sea level are around 6.0 to 6.6 m / s, for medium and low mountain locations from around 300 to 500 m above sea level .LL over a large area at about 5 to 6 m / s.)

Rheinhessen and Rhein-Neckar : In the lee shadow of the Palatinate Forest from 5.2 m / s to 6 m / s (rising to the east), with increasing altitude in the northern Upper Rhine lowlands, the wind speed rises and over a large area over 6 m / s; in the Middle Rhine area also reduced wind speed due to leeward location, on elevations up to 6.7 m / s

economics

Since the profitability of wind energy use depends on many factors, the criteria can only be sketched out. It is generally assumed that from approx. 5.5 to 5.75 m / s average wind speed at hub height, profitable operation of wind power plants is possible. Locations with a wind speed of over 5.8 to 6.0 m / s at 100 meters above the ground are designated as "strong winds" in the LEP IV. However, it must be taken into account here that, in addition to the wind conditions, the hub height of the wind power plant used and, in particular, the plant configuration are important factors, while the wind speed alone is usually not a sufficient criterion for a given or not given profitability. Basically, a distinction is made between wind power plants for better wind conditions and low wind plants, whereby the plants for better locations are again differentiated into high wind plants (for example the Enercon E-126 ) and medium wind plants. Apart from individual locations with particularly strong winds, such as the Ellern wind farm or the Schneebergerhof wind farm , in Rhineland-Palatinate mainly medium and low wind systems of various types are used.

While in the past wind turbines were mainly built for stronger wind conditions and accordingly generated significantly lower yields in low-wind regions, it was only since the late 2000s that special low-wind systems have been manufactured that are designed exclusively for inland locations with little wind. The basic characteristics of these systems are hub heights in the region of 140 m and significantly larger rotors with the same nominal output. Even if the electricity production costs of good locations are not quite achieved, high electricity yields can be achieved or a comparably high utilization can be achieved even in comparatively weak locations. Other factors influencing profitability are the topography or the site conditions, the grid connection, the transport costs of the system, etc., which cannot be discussed further here, as they vary depending on the location.

State Development Program IV (LEP IV): partial update

General specifications

Planning and development carried out in Rhineland-Palatinate on three levels : On the state level binding objectives and principles laid down by the regional planning, central instrument is the Regional Development Program (LEP), which is developed by the Ministry of Economy, Climate Protection, Energy and Regional Planning. An implementation and specification of these requirements then takes place at the regional level in “Regional Spatial Planning Plans” (ROP) . Responsible here are the regional planning communities , for the area “Palatinate” the “Planning community West Palatinate” and the transnational “Verband Region Rhein Neckar” . This predetermined by the state and the planning authorities ordering and design framework eventually flows to the local level in the regulations of the local overall planning or land use planning , in land use plans , the type of land use and development plans are defined design principles for the planning rules.

Wind turbines in the forest area of ​​the Hunsrück , directly on the heavily frequented federal highway 327 ( Hunsrückhöhenstraße )
Concentration areas for wind energy use: Schneebergerhof wind farm as seen from Donnersberg

The partial update of the currently valid LEP IV, which came into force on May 11, 2013, defines binding framework conditions for regional and urban land use planning in order to expand the use of wind energy in Rhineland-Palatinate in an orderly manner. In summary, it contains the following regulations:

* Calling the municipalities to create suitable climate protection concepts.

  • Use of two percent state and at least two percent forest area for wind energy (see section Wind power in Rhineland-Palatinate: targets set by the state government)
  • Establishment of binding criteria by the state government in order to define exclusion areas for wind power use (see section Regulations for exclusion areas and other protected areas).
  • Designation of priority areas for the use of wind power in the ROPs by the respective regional planning communities. The decisive selection criterion is the wind strength (" wind speed ") of the area in question, whereby the state government believes that only annual wind speeds of 5.8 to 6.0 m / sec at 100 meters above the ground can usually guarantee the economic operation of the plant.
  • Definition of concentration areas for wind energy use on all other areas. This means that much larger areas are available for urban development planning at the municipal level than before; For the individual municipalities there are thus considerably greater design options, so that a change in the respective land use plans is necessary.
  • Bundling of the network infrastructure by identifying priority areas and concentration areas. Individual systems may only be approved if " other systems are possible in close proximity."

In a joint circular ( “Circular Wind Energy” of May 28, 2013) from 4 ministries, specific information for “assessing the permissibility of the construction of wind turbines in Rhineland-Palatinate” was specified. According to the state government, this means that regional and municipal planning agencies now receive systematic and comparable criteria when planning the location of wind turbines. The Rhineland-Palatinate Wind Atlas , which was developed by TÜV SÜD and published on July 17, 2013, is intended to help identify areas in Rhineland-Palatinate with weak and strong winds (for more details, see the section on wind conditions ). This information forms an important basis for decision-making when determining regions in which wind power plants can be operated economically.

Regulations for exclusion areas and other protected areas

Core area of ​​the Upper Middle Rhine Valley : View of Katz Castle , the Loreley in the background

In its partial update of the LEP IV, the state government has put together the following criteria, which can be used to determine exclusion areas for the use of wind energy in Rhineland-Palatinate:

* existing and planned nature reserves

No other types of protected areas are provided as a basis for defining exclusion areas. This means a considerable restriction of regional planning control options, since the planning communities have so far been able to determine additional exclusion areas at their own discretion, weighing various interests and legal requirements.
Protected area types such as Natura 2000 areas ( FFH areas and bird protection areas ) only prevent the designation of wind energy locations if "the use of wind energy leads to a significant impairment of the respective protection purpose and an exception cannot be granted." The same regulation also applies to core zones of nature parks and quiet zones of the Palatinate Forest. When assessing whether the respective protective purpose is impaired, the expert opinion of the State Bird Conservation Center and the State Office for the Environment are used . In order to identify wind power plants (WKA) in the framework areas of the world heritage areas "Upper Middle Rhine Valley" and "Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes", a separate review is required in coordination with UNESCO. For other protected areas, the review is carried out on the basis of legal requirements.

Regulations for the German part of the "Pfälzerwald-Vosges du Nord" biosphere reserve

State ordinance 2007

and display information about the image
Palatinate Forest nature reserve biosphere reserve as the largest, uncut forest area in Germany: View from the Luitpold tower on the Weißenberg to the east

The Palatinate Forest Nature Park was recognized by UNESCO as a biosphere reserve in 1992 , and in 1998 it became part of Germany's first cross-border biosphere reserve, namely the Palatinate Forest-Vosges du Nord biosphere reserve. It has a total area of ​​310,500 hectares, its German part covers 179,800 hectares.
In 2007, the state of Rhineland-Palatinate issued a legal ordinance with which the UNESCO guidelines for the design of biosphere reserves ( MAB program ) are to be implemented specifically for the Palatinate Forest Nature Park. Here, as one of its protective purposes in § 4 (1) "the preservation of the scenic uniqueness and beauty of the Palatinate Forest with its extensive, uncut, undisturbed spaces, forest areas, mountains, meadow and stream valleys, its rocky regions, the Wasgau , the Haardt mountain range with the upstream hill country and the vineyards, with its biotope and species diversity and its natural character and its components of traditional cultural landscapes ” .

View from the Luitpold Tower over the Middle Palatinate Forest to the northeast

The protection purposes mentioned in § 4 are specified in a zoning concept that provides for three zones with different goals and protective functions:

  • Core zones (16 core zones; 2.3% of the total area): There, a “largely unaffected course of natural processes” , i.e. complete protection of typical ecosystems , should be guaranteed.
  • Maintenance zones (area: 28% of the total area): In maintenance zones, the focus is on “nature-friendly farming methods” that maintain the character of the landscape. They should complement and network the core zones.
  • Development zones (area: 69.7% of the total area): The main focus is on the promotion of “model projects for sustainability ” . B. can include the further development of concepts of a soft tourism or the environmentally friendly production of regional products.

The quiet zones also named in the law are intended to guarantee “relaxation in silence”, but are not part of the UNESCO guidelines for biosphere reserves. Rather, the concept comes from the old protected area ordinance for the Palatinate Forest Nature Park (1984) and therefore overlaps with the three other zones.

State Development Program IV 2013

Core zone "source area of ​​the Wieslauter": View from Weißenberg to the southwest
Care and development zones between Weißenberg and Taubensuhl

According to the state government, the Palatinate Forest is protected “as prescribed by international and national conventions. In particular, the position paper of the MAB National Committee on the use of wind power and biomass in biosphere reserves is taken into account. ” In this position paper, core and maintenance zones of biosphere reserves are declared as exclusion areas for wind energy use. In development zones - as long as "they are not excluded from wind energy use by legal protection - wind energy use is possible provided high standards are maintained." For this purpose, the MAB committee formulated 9 criteria that place considerable demands on the construction of wind energy plants in biosphere reserves. According to the current status (June 2013), however, the MAB committee goes beyond these restrictions especially for the Palatinate Forest; The evaluation of biosphere reserves, which takes place every ten years, was carried out again for the Palatinate Forest biosphere reserve in May 2013. As a result, the national MAB committee recommends - a final report is expected in September 2013 - that all forest areas of the biosphere reserve, including its development zones, should continue to be kept free from the use of wind power, since otherwise the "largely unspared nature of the forest area" , the unique selling point of the Palatinate Forest biosphere reserve. Vosges du Nord, is at risk. Exceptions can be suitable open land areas or areas where the landscape, for example in the area of ​​motorways (cf. A 6 ), is already severely cut up anyway.

According to the update of LEP IV, the following regulations apply to the various protection zones in the Palatinate Forest:

  • Core and maintenance zones are “not considered” as wind energy locations. Taken together, these exclusion areas make up 30.03% of the total area of ​​the biosphere reserve.
  • The Haardtrand as a historical cultural landscape is also excluded from the use of wind power. This also applies to a "corridor with a maximum depth of six kilometers in the mountain ranges of the Palatinate Forest adjoining the Haardtrand to the west" . Depending on the spatial definition, this strip covers an area of ​​approximately 200 to 300 km², which corresponds to approximately 10% to 17% of the total area.
Development zones in the southern Palatinate Forest: View from Hohenburg over Wasgau to the north
Beech and pine mixed stands below the otter rocks in the area of ​​the Weißenberg with a high proportion of dead wood, heterogeneous age structure and natural regeneration
  • In the other areas, the construction of wind turbines is permitted under certain conditions. The use of wind energy in development zones is permitted if it does not “lead to a significant impairment of the respective protective purpose and an exception can be granted”. In quiet zones, wind power plants can only be built in “certain, pre-loaded areas” . Development and quiet zones therefore require a more detailed examination, whereby in addition to their "windiness", aspects of landscape and species protection must also be taken into account. Pre-loaded areas can e.g. His example: " infrastructure corridors , highways , main roads , noise-important state roads , others structurally related systems, noise-hazard areas, border areas, biased and not worth protecting conversion areas , power lines ." Here, a license will be granted. An exemption can also be granted if “the areas are not suitable for recreation because the actual usage situation is contrary” ; this applies to " windfall areas , coniferous forests and cut down mature coniferous stands." . On the other hand, areas with "larger, contiguous, old deciduous forest stands (from 120 years), particularly structurally rich deadwood and biotope tree-rich larger deciduous forest complexes ... as well as natural forest reserves may not be used."

Before the revised LEP IV came into force in 2013, 100% of the total area of ​​the biosphere reserve was an exclusion zone for wind turbines. In contrast, the new legal situation leads to a considerable reduction in the exclusion areas to around 40% of the total area, since those areas that are in principle open to wind power use now take up an area of ​​around 60% of the total area of ​​the biosphere reserve.

Arguments and criticism

First draft

In order to improve the framework conditions for the use of wind power, towards the end of 2011 the Ministry for Economic Affairs, Climate Protection, Energy and State Planning presented a first draft of the partial update of LEP IV, which was "approved in principle" by the Council of Ministers on January 24th and released for consultation was approved by the nature conservation associations . They said they welcomed the expansion plans with regard to the use of wind energy and stated that this was "a central component of the energy transition that is not available for ecological zero". However, they demanded that nature conservation and wind energy use must be in harmony. The expansion of wind power in Rhineland-Palatinate should not take place haphazardly, should not question the achievements of nature and landscape protection and "undermine" the legal basis.

Nice view: Protest graphic of the “Initiative Pro Pfälzerwald” against the construction of wind turbines in the Palatinate Forest

Nevertheless, the 10 recognized nature conservation associations in Rhineland-Palatinate rejected the draft. For the first time since the founding of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, they formed an alliance which, in talks with the state government, attempted to change the draft of the LEP IV. These discussions were broken off in August 2012 by the nature conservation associations. They rejected the draft in a joint statement in the consultation and participation process that followed. because, in their opinion, central aspects were not taken into account. One of the criticisms was the extensive shift in planning competencies from regional planning to municipal land-use planning, so that supra-regional control and coordination of wind power expansion was hardly possible. Exclusion areas for wind power are only nature reserves, the core zones of the UNESCO World Heritage Areas Upper Middle Rhine Valley and Upper Germanic-Raetian Limes as well as the core zones of the Palatinate Forest Biosphere Reserve and some small areas, which make up around 4 percent of the total area of ​​the Palatinate Forest. Areas of great importance for birds and bats do not have protection status; the same applies to NATURA 2000 areas and core zones of the nature parks. In addition, the use of forest areas would result in significant fragmentation effects through clearing, paths and pipelines.

The Palatinate Forest Association argued in a similar way in a resolution of March 19, 2012. Since the Palatinate Forest is the largest contiguous forest area in Germany, there would be particularly high fragmentation effects here; According to the previous regulations, the Palatinate Forest would have been a complete exclusion area for wind power, but according to the state government's new plans, 80 percent of the biosphere reserve has been opened.
The statement by the Palatinate Forest Nature Park sponsoring association of March 28, 2012 also went in the same direction , referring to the general protective purpose of the 2007 state ordinance (see section 2007 state ordinance ). In addition, the construction of wind turbines in the cross-border biosphere reserve Palatinate Forest-Northern Vosges would have to be carried out in coordination with France.
Regional authorities such as the "Planning Community West Palatinate" spoke out against the new draft. The Rhineland-Palatinate Tourism and Spas Association (THV) , among others, referred to the risk of possible negative consequences for tourism . and the DEHOGA regional association Rhineland-Palatinate

Second draft and final version

After more than 1000 comments with criticism from local authorities, municipalities and associations had been received on this draft, the Ministry of Energy prepared a second draft for the partial update of the LEP IV in the summer of 2012, which was again included in the now shortened hearing on 25 September 2012 - and participation process went. According to the state government, there were “many good tips and suggestions” for the first draft, which were incorporated into the new text. The nature conservation associations have been met. In the Palatinate Forest, for example, the maintenance zones and a 6 kilometer wide corridor on the edge of Haardtrand would be exclusion areas for wind turbines; Furthermore, the bird protection station and the State Environment Agency had drawn up an expert report with the help of which improved site planning would be possible. The main shift in planning competencies to municipal land-use planning would be necessary, as this would only guarantee that two percent of the country's area would be available for wind power; in addition, it is more democratic if the respective decisions are made at the community level. On the spot, the residents are more likely to know which plans make sense. Every region has to make its contribution and cannot simply pass on possible burdens to other areas. In order to prevent the landscape from becoming “sparse”, the network infrastructure should be bundled by designating priority areas and concentration areas.

The nature conservation associations contradicted this assessment: In discussions with the state government there was no approximation on essential points, the energy policy of the state government was "haphazard and discouraged", the second draft of the partial update of the LEP IV must also be rejected. In several statements they criticized the fact that the relocation of the location decision to the municipal level would not have been reversed; "The door and gate" are still open to an "uncoordinated wild growth" of systems. In addition, larger exclusion areas would have to be defined. Various regulations in the newly updated LEP IV and in the “Wind Power Decree” would be too imprecise, a lot is a matter of interpretation and weighing up, so that future conflicts would be inevitable.
The requirements of the state government could also be met without using the Palatinate Forest. Building wind turbines would cost him his identity. The state government argues that no region should be preferred to any other region, including the Palatinate Forest. In contrast, nature conservation is “a question of evaluation. It doesn't have to be the same everywhere. ”
The planning community West Palatinate also took a comparable position, which also rejected the second draft of the partial update of LEP IV.

In the second half of 2012 and in the first months of 2013, this problem situation led to violent clashes between supporters and opponents of the country's wind power policy. Proponents argued that wind power is a clean, renewable energy that would be required as part of the energy transition and that it would serve to protect the climate . It can be generated decentrally, so it makes large pipeline routes unnecessary and enables the communities concerned to generate additional financial value.
Critics emphasized that there is no alternative to the expansion of renewable energies for them either, but the energy transition can only succeed if economic aspects and concerns of nature and Landscape protection are in a balanced relationship to one another. The Palatinate Forest in the south-east of the country in particular is located in a region with relatively little wind, so that it would not be worth building wind farms there. In addition, a decline in the number of guests and the associated financial losses are to be expected in the tourism sector.

Citizen Protests

Against wind power in the Palatinate Forest-Vosges du Nord biosphere reserve: Demonstration on the Hermersbergerhof during a snow storm
Here we are at home : SWR 4 discussion event on the subject of wind power in the Palatinate Forest

In this context, in addition to criticism from the CDU and FDP, there were increased public protests that focused on the Vulkaneifel , the Soonwald and the Palatinate Forest. Among other things, the Pro Pfälzerwald (IPP) initiative was founded in October 2011 , which advocates the expansion of renewable energies, but at the same time wants to keep the entire Palatinate Forest-Vosges du Nord biosphere reserve free from wind power plants. In her opinion, there shouldn't be a “technical” Palatinate Forest, this “greatest and most impressive red sandstone landscape in Germany” must be preserved in its uniqueness for future generations. The initiative tries to convince the public of its position in the form of various protest actions. Otherwise she sees a destruction of the Palatinate Forest in its previous form. The protest against wind turbines finally culminated in several demonstrations that were carried out by the IPP together with other associations and nature conservation associations such as the Luitpold Tower Association and the Palatinate Forest Association during the winter half-year 2012/13 in the Palatinate Forest. A supra-regional networking of various protest groups took place on March 9, 2013 in Simmern / Hunsrück , where 14 citizens' initiatives with over 6,000 members came together to form the energy transition for people and nature in Rhineland-Palatinate . A final constitution of the alliance, which now includes 35 citizens' initiatives from Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland, was again carried out on September 14th in Simmern.

During the second phase of the consultation from October to December 2012, the IPP endeavored to change the draft law through several signature actions. According to the state government, a total of 3600 statements were received after the end of the second hearing - 3000 from private individuals, the rest from regional authorities, institutions and associations - which were then evaluated. In this context, critics complained that important demands of nature conservation associations and citizens' initiatives had not been taken into account in the final version of the partial update of LEP IV.

See also

Portal: Rhineland-Palatinate  - Overview of Wikipedia content on Rhineland-Palatinate

Web links

Commons : Wind power in Rhineland-Palatinate  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The article illuminates the tension between the expansion of wind turbines and regulations for nature and landscape protection, whereby the landscape of the Palatinate Forest is given special consideration. This low mountain range is the only biosphere reserve in Rhineland-Palatinate and is therefore subject to special protection regulations. In addition, a particularly broad protest movement against the country's wind power policy developed there.
  2. ^ Ministry of Economics, Climate Protection, Energy and State Planning : Climate Protection, Energy ( Memento from June 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  3. ^ Ministry of Economics, Climate Protection, Energy and State Planning: Wind Energy ( Memento from December 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Accessed June 17, 2013.
  4. ↑ The share of green electricity in Rhineland-Palatinate rises to a record level . In: Rhein-Zeitung . December 21, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2013.
  5. ↑ a b c d Ministry for Economic Affairs, Climate Protection, Energy and State Planning: Circular Wind Energy ( Memento of September 30, 2015 in the Internet Archive ). Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  6. ↑ a b c d e First state ordinance amending the state ordinance on the state development program of April 26, 2013, excerpt from GVBl No. 6/2013 of May 10, 2013: State ordinance update LEP IV . Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  7. ↑ a b Ministry for Economic Affairs, Climate Protection, Energy and State Planning: Partial update of LEP IV: Chapter 5.2.1. Renewable energies ( Memento from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Retrieved June 17, 2013.
  8. ^ Ministry of Economics, Climate Protection, Energy and State Planning: Road Map to the energy transition in Rhineland-Palatinate . Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  9. ↑ Wind Atlas Rhineland-Palatinate . Ministry of Economy, Climate Protection, Energy and State Planning. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  10. ↑ For the accuracy and informative value of the wind atlas cf. P. 17, for the yield estimate p. 23ff.
  11. ↑ In the following, the results are presented in a very condensed manner; for any limitations and uncertainties in the statements see Windatlas, pp. 27–34, for the maps see pp. 35–41.
  12. ↑ The Rhineland-Palatinate Wind Atlas does not provide any specific information on this, but the State Institute for the Environment, Measurements and Nature Conservation in Baden-Württemberg assumes that economic operation is unlikely below 5.5 m / s. The information service for agriculture in Baden-Württemberg also states 5.5 m / s, while the Hessian Ministry of Economics estimates the minimum wind speed for profitable operation at 5.75 m / s. LUMN Baden-Württemberg ( Memento from March 18, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), Information Service Agriculture Baden-Württemberg (PDF; 26 kB), Gießen Regional Council , accessed on July 23, 2013.
  13. ↑ For the electricity generation costs, see electricity generation costs of renewable energies (PDF; 6.9 MB). Fraunhofer ISE . Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  14. ↑ Low wind sites - Special report . In: Windpower Monthly . June 26, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  15. ↑ WTs for low winds keep the onshore market going . In: Energy and Technology . December 3, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
  16. ^ Hans-Jürgen Seimetz: The Palatinate as a planning area. In: Michael Geiger (ed.): Geography of the Palatinate . Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau / Pfalz 2010, pp. 269–276.
  17. ↑ "Ministry of Economy, Climate Protection, Energy and State Planning", "Ministry of Finance" , "Ministry of Environment, Agriculture, Food, Viticulture and Forests" and "Ministry of the Interior, Sport and Infrastructure" Rhineland-Palatinate
  18. ↑ Ministry of Economics, Climate Protection, Energy and State Planning (ed.): Windatlas Rhineland-Palatinate . Retrieved July 17, 2013.
  19. ↑ Palatinate Forest Nature Park e. V. (Ed.): Care and development plan . Lambrecht 2002 ( Memento from October 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF file; 818 kB). Retrieved June 22, 2013.
  20. ↑ a b Ministry for the Environment, Forests and Consumer Protection of the State of Rhineland-Palatinate: State Ordinance on the "Palatinate Forest Nature Park" as the German part of the Palatinate Forest-Northern Vosges Biosphere Reserve of January 22, 2007 . Retrieved June 22, 2013.
  21. ↑ Ministry for Economic Affairs, Climate Protection, Energy and State Planning: Questions and Answers (FAQ) to the partial update LEP IV. (PDF) Retrieved on August 15, 2020 . .
  22. ↑ Position paper of the MAB National Committee on the Use of Wind Power and Biomass in Biosphere Reserves , Blieskastel, September 5, 2012, p. 3.
  23. ↑ Position paper of the MAB National Committee on the Use of Wind Power and Biomass in Biosphere Reserves, Blieskastel , September 5, 2012, pp. 3–4.
  24. ↑ The MAB Committee writes on page 3 of the position paper: “The primary goal of the development zone is to promote sustainable use for the protection, maintenance and development of the cultural landscape as well as the typical natural and cultural landscape…. Therefore, the construction of High demands are placed on wind turbines in the development zone ” .
  25. ↑ How taboo is taboo? In: The Rhine Palatinate. 13th June 2013.
  26. ↑ This is a great treasure. In: The Rhine Palatinate. June 25, 2013. (Interview with Martin Waldhausen, Chairman of the MAB Committee Germany)
  27. ↑ Ministry of the Environment, Agriculture, Food, Viticulture and Forestry: Minister Höfken: Seize the opportunity to reorganize ( Memento from November 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Retrieved October 30, 2013.
  28. ↑ Circular Wind Energy 2013, p. 32.
  29. ↑ Lep IV, Z 163 d
  30. ↑ LEP IV, Z 163 d
  31. ↑ Circular Wind Energy, p. 32 f.
  32. ↑ Circular Wind Energy, p. 34.
  33. ↑ cf. the regional spatial planning plans West Palatinate IV (2012, p. 58) and Rheinpfalz (2007)
  34. ↑ The north-south extension of the Haardtrand corridor is about 50 kilometers, its width is limited to max. 6 kilometers, so that its area amounts to about 300 km². Partly the corridor also contains maintenance zones e.g. B. Parts of the Dürkheim Forest and the Mundat Forest that have already been considered as exclusion areas. Their area must therefore be subtracted from the area of ​​the hairline corridor. Using the nature park map with entered zoning boundaries and other topographical map material, an estimated value of around 100 km² was determined for these overlapping areas. This results in an additional exclusion area for WKAs of 300 km² - 100 km² = 200 km² for the Haardtrand corridor. The total area of ​​the biosphere reserve amounts to about 1800 km², the relevant exclusion area of ​​the Haardtrand corridor therefore makes up a ninth or 11% of the total area.
  35. ↑ a b c d e Explanations of the state government on the partial update of the LEP IV: Explanations of the state government on the partial update of the LEP IV ( Memento of December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  36. ↑ Much more space for wind power. In: The Rhine Palatinate. January 25, 2012.
  37. ↑ Naturschutzbund Deutschland: Naturally compatible expansion of wind energy (PDF; 361 kB). Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  38. ↑ Joint press release from BUND and NABU: The energy transition is not available at an “ecological zero tariff” ( Memento from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  39. ↑ The following associations are involved: BUND Rheinland-Pfalz; NABU Rhineland-Palatinate; Society for Nature Conservation and Ornithology Rhineland-Palatinate GNOR; State Hunting Association Rhineland-Palatinate; Protection Association of the German Forest Rhineland-Palatinate; Friends of Nature Rhineland-Palatinate; Pollichia - Association for Natural History and Land Care ; State Fisheries Association of Rhineland-Palatinate; Rhineland-Palatinate regional association of the German mountain and hiking clubs ; State Action Group Nature and Environment Rhineland-Palatinate
  40. ↑ Deutschlandfunk: Rotating Nature Conservationists . Retrieved August 16, 2013.
  41. ↑ SWR Odysso: Wind power versus nature conservation . Retrieved August 16, 2013.
  42. ↑ Statement of the nature conservation associations of April 27, 2012 (PDF; 246 kB). Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  43. ↑ Nature conservation associations: NABU opinion of April 16, 2012 , accessed on July 2, 2013.
  44. ↑ Palatinate Forest Association: Energiewende - Yes !!! But not like this!!! (PDF; 53 kB). Retrieved July 2, 2013.
  45. ↑ Sponsoring Association of the Palatinate Forest Nature Park: Statement on the draft hearing of the LEP IV partial update. Lambrecht 2012.
  46. ↑ Planning communities bullied out? In: The Rhine Palatinate. October 25, 2012.
  47. ^ Joint statement of the Rhineland-Palatinate Tourism and Spas Association (THV) and the DEHOGA Rhineland-Palatinate state association . Koblenz / Bad Kreuznach April 26, 2012.
  48. ↑ Palatinate Forest remains a bone of contention. In: The Rhine Palatinate. July 25, 2012.
  49. ↑ Focus more on wind turbines. In: The Rhine Palatinate. September 26, 2012.
  50. ↑ Nature Conservation Associations: Disaster for the Landscape ( Memento of December 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 460 kB). Retrieved July 3, 2013.
  51. ↑ Nature conservation associations: Energy transition only in harmony with people and nature! . Retrieved July 3, 2013.
  52. ↑ a b Nature Conservation Associations: Statement of November 30, 2012 (PDF; 305 kB), accessed on July 2, 2013.
  53. ↑ a b Protest against wind power plans. In: The Rhine Palatinate. September 25, 2012.
  54. ↑ tail wind. In: The Rhine Palatinate. July 6, 2013.
  55. ↑ West Palatinate defends itself against wind power plans. In: The Rhine Palatinate. November 10, 2012.
  56. ↑ Green RoundTable Annweiler: 60 wind turbines in the Palatinate Forest . Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  57. ↑ SWR television: ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Reis & Menschen live: Who sows the wind - the dispute over wind turbines in the Palatinate Forest ) (PDF; 285 kB). Retrieved July 16, 2013.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.pwv.de
  58. ↑ Bündnis90 / Die Grünen Rhineland-Palatinate: Energy transition in Rhineland-Palatinate: Everyone wants it - we do it! . Retrieved July 13, 2013.
  59. ↑ The Pro Pfälzerwald initiative refers to a nationwide, representative survey conducted by the Center for Market-Oriented Tourism Research at the University of Passau (publisher): acceptance of wind turbines in German low mountain ranges. Self-published by the University of Passau, Passau 2012. According to this study, 78 percent of those questioned would rather opt for and 22 percent against a vacation spot with wind turbines.
  60. ↑ Resistance forms. In: The Rhine Palatinate. December 1, 2012.
  61. ↑ Daily newspaper “Pirmasenser Zeitung”. Issue of January 6, 2012, article: Interest group wants to prevent technical forests
  62. ↑ Here the initiative refers to a formulation by the geographer Michael Geiger (Source: Michael Geiger: The Palatinate Forest in Geographic Overview. In: Michael Geiger (Hrsg.): The Palatinate Forest Portrait of a Landscape. Verlag Pfälzische Landeskunde, Landau id Pfalz 1987, p . 9)
  63. ^ A b Initiative Pro Palatinate Forest: Events ( Memento from April 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Retrieved July 13, 2013.
  64. ↑ According to their research, several municipalities are now considering (as of July 2013) or are already planning to set up wind farms with a total of 150 to 300 systems in various regions of the Palatinate Forest ( pre-planned wind farms in the Palatinate Forest ). Modern wind turbines would reach heights of up to 200 meters and would be three to four times as high as the Speyer Cathedral
  65. ^ T-Online: Alliance against the expansion of wind power . Retrieved December 4, 2013.
  66. ↑ According to information from the Pro Palatinate Forest Initiative, almost 2000 contradictions were received against the second draft of the partial update of the LEP IV (Source: Result contradictions ( memento of April 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ). Accessed on July 13, 2013)
  67. ↑ Wind power expansion lashed down. In: The Rhine Palatinate. 17th April 2013.