Economy in the city of Emden
The economy in the city of Emden in East Frisia has been shaped by the city's seaport for centuries . In the 20th century, this was also the basis for industrial settlements such as the North Sea Works (1903) and the Volkswagen Works in Emden (1965).
Emden has an above-average job density and provides large parts of East Frisia with jobs. The number of commuters is correspondingly high.
port
In Emden there is a seaport at the mouth of the Ems into the North Sea . It is the westernmost seaport in Germany. The port was already very important around 1600, but it decreased in the following centuries. Since the late 19th century there has been a generous expansion and industrial settlements.
The third largest car loading port in Europe in Emden handles almost exclusively vehicles from the Volkswagen group. There are also forest products, building materials and, increasingly, wind turbines. There is also a ferry service to Borkum .
Industry
The largest employer in Emden is the local VW plant . In terms of the number of employees, it is the largest industrial production site west of Bremen and north of the Ruhr area. Today the plant has around 8,100 employees and started production in 1965 after a nine-month construction period, initially with the VW Beetle . The last Beetle produced in Germany rolled off the assembly line here in 1978. The VW Passat has been produced in the Emden plant since 1978 ; the factory is the lead plant for this model. In addition to the sedan, the Variant station wagon is also manufactured in Emden, the latter exclusively in the seaport city. At the time, the VW Group decided on Emden as the production site because of its location as the westernmost seaport in Germany and because of the available space in the polders . In the Frisia industrial park, on the site of a demolished oil refinery at the gates of the VW plant, several supplier companies have now settled.
The second largest industrial employer in Emden and the third largest in East Friesland after VW and Enercon were the North Sea Works until 2009 . At that time, Thyssen Krupp sold the shipyard to the SIAG Group , which is now producing foundations for offshore wind turbines there. In 2012, SIAG had around 700 employees. Emder Werft- und Dockbetriebe, which has been part of the Hamburg-based company Seafort Advisors, which has specialized in the shipping sector since 2015, has 110 employees and branches of Blohm and Voss and HDW with a total of around 220 employees. ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems plans to close the remaining location in Emden with around 220 employees .
In addition to the industrial workers at the shipyards and in the VW plant, there are a number of other companies in the city, primarily in the construction sector, mechanical engineering and the food industry. There are still a small number of fish processing companies. There are also a number of ship equipment companies and other shipyard suppliers, including in the field of navigation and communication technology (see also below: Companies and authorities ).
Services
Emden fulfills a function as a shopping city for the surrounding area. The city is in competition with neighboring cities, especially Aurich and Leer . In contrast to these two cities, however, Emden lacks a good piece of the potential surrounding area due to its location on the Ems and Dollart . As the largest city in East Frisia, Emden has an important role in East Frisian retail. In the Larrelt district , at the beginning of Autobahn 31 , you will find the largest shopping center in East Frisia, the Dollart Center .
There are a number of companies that are part of the industry-related services sector . Some of these are branches of companies whose headquarters are outside Emden. In addition to the port service providers such as transshipment companies, there are also a small number of shipping companies .
energy
In the area of alternative energy generation, a number of small to large wind energy and photovoltaic systems have been installed in the Rysumer Nacken wind farm since the 1990s . Among other things, there are several systems in Emden of what is currently the world's most powerful wind turbine, the E-126 from Enercon . Enercon also manufactures in a precast concrete tower plant in the port of Emden, which started operations in 2005.
On Rysumer neck , one of the North Sea reclaimed, washed up area in the far west of Emden at Knock , 1970s located mid a natural gas -Anlandestation. This receives the gas from Norwegian fields in the North Sea. This means that a significant part of German gas imports are delivered via Emden.
From the 1950s to the 1990s, the Emden power plant produced electricity, initially from hard coal and later from natural gas. Then the last block of the power plant (formerly Prussia Elektra, today part of E.ON ) was switched off. In the spring of 2006, the energy company put the Emden 4 power plant (output 400 MW) back into operation. The basis is still natural gas. In addition, there has been a biomass power plant in the port of Emden since 2005.
When using renewable energies, the seaport city is not relying solely on wind, but increasingly also on solar energy. For example, public buildings such as swimming pools or a noise protection wall several hundred meters long on the A31 were equipped with solar collectors. In 2005 the city received the German Solar Prize for its efforts in the field of the use of renewable energy. The city was "both in Germany and in Europe (...) a role model for the use of renewable energies", it was said to justify.
tourism
In recent years tourism has also been developed as a mainstay. Day tourists predominate, who visit Emden during a vacation on the coast. The tourists mainly visit the cultural institutions in Emden. Furthermore, water tourism in particular was (and is) expanded. When it comes to cycling tourism, the city works closely with the surrounding districts.
The 1980s can be regarded as the beginning of the tourist development in Emden. During this decade, there was not only a turn to the city's historical heritage in terms of urban development, as the Constantia district was completely rebuilt and provided with canals. The other tourist “infrastructure” was also expanded. Nevertheless, the foundation stones were laid in the 1970s with the construction of the North Sea Hall and the New Theater . The first of the museum ships in the Ratsdelft , the lightship Amrumbank , moored there in 1984. In 1988 the rescue cruiser Georg Breusing was added. The museum logger city of Emden is also located in the Ratsdelft. The Emden Kunsthalle was opened in 1986. Otto Waalkes opened his Otto-Huus at this time . In 1989 the regional environmental education center Ökowerk Emden was founded in the Borssum district .
The tourist development also received a boost in the 1990s. During this time the starting shot for the Emden Filmfest (1990), the opening of the Johannes a Lasco Library (1995) and the "conversion" of the Emden city festival into the Delftfest , in which the historical part of the harbor comes into focus. The Matjesfest was also established during this time.
In the first decade of the new millennium, the two-year renovation of the East Frisian State Museum, completed in 2005, should be mentioned in particular . The construction of a combined indoor and outdoor pool ( Friesen-Therme Emden ) with wellness offers (opening: December 2006) also extends the offer for locals, but also for guests.
In addition to being used as cultural achievements for the Emden and East Frisians, the facilities mentioned also serve tourists who spend a holiday on the coast. Especially on days with rather “bad weather”, the cultural institutions of Emden are destinations for tourists from East Friesland. The expansion of the water sports infrastructure was and is also being promoted. Here Emden benefits from its location as an interface between the north-west German and the Dutch inland waterway network with simultaneous access to the high seas.
The designation of holiday flats and holiday homes and the establishment of the Parkhotel Upstalsboom in Emden are economic signs of tourism development. A campsite is located near the sea dike on the Knock .
Emden is on the following cycling and long-distance hiking routes: North Sea Cycle Route , International Dollard Route and Dortmund-Ems Canal Route .
In the course of promoting tourism in Emden, but also increasing the quality of life in the city center, the "Alter Binnenhafen" project has been developed since the end of the 1990s / beginning of this millennium. A sub-project of this is also called “Wasserstadt am Hafentor”. The historical parts of the Emden port ( Ratsdelft , Falderndelft, old inland port, railway dock), which have long since ceased to be used for the handling of goods, are to be re-used.
The following measures are planned:
- Construction of several office buildings (e.g. for a shipping company ), a building for the Emden city administration and condominiums (with its own marina) on the west side of the old part of the port. Construction of these buildings has already started. The first condominiums and the shipping company building have already been occupied. A hotel is to be added later.
- Creation of a promenade around the historic harbor, with approx. 250 boat berths and 45 mobile home parking spaces (partly completed).
- Development of a new district with garden courtyard houses and footbridges on the east side of the historic port (preparatory earthworks are currently underway).
- New cultural and dining facilities, including an upscale hotel (in planning).
The total investment that has become known so far for the buildings on the west side of the inland port and the promenade / parking spaces / berths amounts to around 35 million euros, of which around eight million euros are public capital.
Agriculture
In terms of added value and employment, agriculture plays only a very minor role in the city's economic life. Nevertheless, since the extensive incorporation in the course of Lower Saxony's regional reform in 1972, agricultural areas have made up 52.2% of the urban area, which means that Emden is almost exactly within the federal republican average of 52.3%, but well below the East Frisian average of around 75%. In 2005 there were still 75 farms in the urban area, which together farmed 5088 hectares of land. The average farm size was thus around 68 hectares. However, the number of agricultural holdings has fallen sharply in the recent past: in 1995 there were 123 holdings which together farmed 5543 hectares of land, the average farm size was 45 hectares. The farms are concentrated in the districts in the far west (Wybelsum, Logumer Vorwerk, Twixlum, Larrelt) and in the far east of the city (Wolthusen, Uphusen, Marienwehr, Petkum, Widdelswehr, Jarßum, Borssum). Since the marshland in the polder areas is very fertile, agriculture is practiced in the Wybelsumer and Larrelter polder, which was only completely diked in 1923. The areas east of Uphusen that have been flooded with silt since the 1950s are also used for arable farming, especially for growing maize. At the time, the rinsing areas were washed over with the silt from the dredging of the Ems fairway and then drained. The soil value increased significantly due to the fertile dredged material. The other agricultural areas of the city are Hammrich areas and are used as permanent grassland by dairy farmers.
statistics
Since the VW plant - measured by the number of employees - is still of paramount importance for Emden and large parts of East Frisia, one can speak of a monostructure . The Volkswagenwerk is responsible for the majority of the sales in the manufacturing industry in East Frisia. The following figures are from 1999, but are unlikely to have shifted significantly to the disadvantage of Emden (despite the increase in sales at the wind turbine manufacturer Enercon in Aurich): Sales in the manufacturing industry in 1999 in Emden amounted to 5.842 billion DM , in East Friesland a total of 8.556 billion DM. Emden's share of total East Frisian sales was 68.3%.
Thanks to the factories, the economic power in Emden is well above the national average (the following figures are from 2003 and are taken from Regis-Online , the economic database for north-west Germany, see sources). The gross domestic product per inhabitant was 38,995 euros, which corresponds to 151% of the national average. The gross value added per employed person in the manufacturing sector was 65,136 euros (120% of the national average), in the service sector 45,690 euros (89% of the national average) - a clear indication of Emden's role as an industrial city. In the service sector, port services should be mentioned in particular. Although the share of agricultural land in the total area of the city is more than 50%, agriculture plays only a very subordinate role for the number of employees in the city.
Emden has a clear surplus of commuters . Most of the employees who commute come from East Frisia, and to a lesser extent from further afield. The proportion of employees commuting from the Aurich district is particularly high . Of the 26,548 employees subject to social security contributions at the work site in Emden (as of June 30, 2004), 15,624 commuted. At the same time, 2666 residents of Emden worked beyond the city limits, which resulted in a commuter surplus of 12,958 people. Due to the size of the company, the VW plant and the North Sea Works are the primary destinations for commuters.
There are currently around 28,600 employees subject to social insurance contributions in Emden (Emder Zeitung, December 23, 2006). With a population of around 51,700, the density of jobs in Emden is an above-average 553 jobs per 1000 inhabitants. A current study by the Initiative Neue Soziale Marktwirtschaft (INSM) ranks Emden 14th among German cities and districts when it comes to the share of commuter income in the city's total income (see sources).
Despite the high density of jobs, the unemployment rate in the city is not only well above the average in Germany, but also above the average in the surrounding area. In 2006 the average unemployment rate in the Emden district of the Employment Agency (city of Emden, districts of Aurich and Wittmund, city of Borkum) was 11.8%. In the area of the Emden office (city of Emden, municipalities of Krummhörn and Hinte) it was 13.9%, but in the city of Emden alone it was 16.2% (source: employment agency / city administration). Even if the "special cases" of the islands (with very low unemployment) depress the total value on the mainland as a whole, it can still be stated that the unemployment rate in the city of Emden is higher than in the surrounding area. The unemployment rate in Emden is thus above the average of the three most important neighboring communities Krummhörn, Hinte and Ihlow - these are popular as a residential location, but many employees commute to Emden and (in the case of Ihlow) to Aurich.
The regional study of the INSM from 2006 criticizes a clearly below average proportion of older workers over 55 years of age who are on wages and salaries in Emden: “In 2005, 25.9 percent of all residents between 55 and 65 years of age worked in Emden. The national average was 29.4 percent. ”On the other hand, according to this study, the apprenticeship position situation is better than the national average: for every 100 inquirers in 2003 there were 99 training positions, the national average at the time was 96.8 positions. In recent years, the regional chambers of commerce ( IHK , Chamber of Crafts ), together with companies belonging to the chamber, have started “concerted campaigns” for more apprenticeship places.
IG Metall clearly dominates the trade unions . The administrative center Emden, which includes the seaport city and the area of the former northern district , has around 16,500 members - with a population of just over 140,000 (source: IG Metall, see sources).
traffic
Rail transport
Emden has several train stations for passenger and freight traffic. The Emden Hauptbahnhof (main train station) and the Emden Außenhafen train station in the immediate vicinity of the Borkum quay, where the ferries to Borkum leave, serve as passenger stations .
The main train station is the terminus of the railway line to Rheine-Norddeich Mole Emden-Rheine (-Ruhrgebiet) and the East Frisian coast tram Emden- north - north dike , both of which are electrified, and a (since 2006) also with catenary provided branch line to the outer harbor station .
Intercity trains run daily to Cologne (via Münster, Ruhr area) and to Berlin / Cottbus and Leipzig (via Bremen and Hanover). There are regional train connections to Münster and via Oldenburg and Bremen to Hanover. Some of the trains that end in Emden have their final stop at the Außenhafen station, coordinated with the departure times of the Borkum ferry . The others end at the main train station.
The current Emden Hauptbahnhof was inaugurated in 1973 and is a gray concrete building, as was common in those years. Because of the soil conditions in Emden ( Marschboden ), the individual platforms are not reached through a pedestrian tunnel, but via an overpass. Because of the soft marshland, underground tunnels are quite expensive. The train station and the forecourt with the central bus station were redesigned in 2005/2006.
Until 1973, Emden's main train station was just under two kilometers to the east. This station was also called Bahnhof Süd . The train station that is now the main train station was then called Bahnhof West . The last buildings and tracks of the former main station ( Bahnhof Süd ) were demolished in 2006 because the site was being prepared for residential development.
Emden has a smaller, former marshalling yard , which is located immediately south of the former Emden main station. It once had a direct connection to the railway dock , where goods were loaded onto ships. This freight station is now only used for local freight traffic, especially for the rail transport of road vehicles loaded in Emden. In addition, there is a factory station of the VW plant with some shunting and loading tracks. The port has its own port station and a loading station on the former Erzkai, which is hardly used today. A large number of companies in the port have a siding .
The railway line from Emden to Rheine, laid out in the 1850s (see also Hannoversche Westbahn ), is largely double-track . Because of the transport of ore by rail from Emden to the Ruhr area, it was designed for heavy haulage very early on. The East Frisian Coast Railway between Emden and Norddeich is single-track.
Road traffic
In a semicircle to the north of Emden, the federal motorway 31 is located with a total of five different junctions in the city. This motorway, which is also known colloquially as the Ostfriesenspieß , connects Emden and East Frisia with the Ruhr area. The A 31 was completely completed in December 2004. The first section of the A 31 to Emden was built in 1976.
The federal road 210 begins in Emden and leads in a west-east direction across East Friesland to the city center of Wilhelmshaven. The section between the Emden-Mitte motorway junction and the city limits is one of the busiest sections of federal roads in East Friesland.
There are several pedestrian zones in the center of Emden . With the exception of the pedestrian zone in Brückstrasse immediately east of the town hall, the individual streets of the pedestrian zone are networked with one another. In Emden there is a car park with 394 spaces near the train station. Due to the ground conditions in the city, there are no underground car parks , all other public parking spaces are at ground level.
Local transport
The public transport in Emden is with buses performed. In addition to the city bus lines of Stadtverkehr Emden GmbH (SVE), a subsidiary of Stadtwerke Emden , there are also connections to the surrounding area, which are served by the DB subsidiary Weser-Ems-Bus GmbH (WEB).
The main urban traffic route runs from north to south-east and connects the largest districts of Emden. There are overland connections to Pewsum , Greetsiel , Werdenum , Norden , Leer and Aurich . The city of Emden is integrated into the transport association Ems-Jade (VEJ), which includes East Friesland as well as the district of Friesland and the city of Wilhelmshaven .
The Emden tram existed from 1902 to 1953 .
Bicycle traffic
In Emden there are cycle paths on almost all main roads and a number of cycle routes . On many roads, including some main arterial roads, the cycle paths are no longer in the pedestrian area, but are separated from the vehicle lanes by markings. In contrast to the neighboring city of Leer, Emden has never been shortlisted for winners in competitions in terms of bicycle friendliness.
air traffic
The city has a small airfield with scheduled services to all East Frisian Islands as well as for the business of local companies, especially VW. Emden is the headquarters of Ostfriesische Lufttransport GmbH (OLT), which also operates one of its two aircraft yards here - the second, larger one is in Bremen.
Ferry traffic
There is a ferry dock in the Emden outer harbor. From there ferries and catamarans travel daily to the island of Borkum , and there are technical facilities for handling larger RoRo ships . Another ferry pier for excursion traffic is located at the Knock. The Ditzum – Petkum ferry runs between the Emden district of Petkum and the fishing village of Ditzum in the Rheiderland . This was previously used intensively by commuters. Today, however, the number of commuters is only in the low double-digit range, with tourist use ( Dollard route ) predominating.
Shipping
To the south, the Dortmund-Ems Canal connects the port of Emden via Münster with the Ruhr area and the Rhine , and Magdeburg, Berlin, Dresden and Prague can be reached via the Mittelland Canal . The Ems Lateral Canal , which leads from Emden to Oldersum downstream, serves as a supplement to the Dortmund-Ems Canal and to relieve the locks in the Emden harbor . Emden is connected to Aurich and Wilhelmshaven via the Ems-Jade Canal . The Ems-Jade Canal is, however, for the most part only of importance for recreational shipping . Only the transport of building materials to Aurich is still a little significant.
Companies and authorities
By far the most important industrial employer in the city (and the entire region) is the Volkswagenwerk with more than 9,000 employees. In addition, there are almost 2000 employees at VW subsidiaries (including VW Coaching , the Group's training company) and at suppliers who have settled in front of the factory gates. Suppliers include Brose , Peguform and many more.
There are also shipyards and various shipbuilding suppliers in the seaport city: By the end of 2009, the Nordseewerke had around 1,400 employees and manufactured ships for military and civil use, including submarines, frigates and corvettes as well as container freighters. The Cassens shipyard is a traditional shipyard with 92 employees and has specialized in smaller freighters and yachts. Including temporary workers, up to 300 people work at this shipyard. A large number of suppliers produce marine electronics, navigation and communication devices.
Ostfriesische Maschinenbau AG (OMAG) is active in mechanical engineering and is now part of the Emder Weets Group and employs around 120 people. There are also other steel construction companies, several printing works and a woodworks in Emden. The largest of the Emden companies in the construction sector is Gebr. Neumann GmbH , a company with several hundred employees at various locations, the largest of which is in Emden. Among other things, the company has specialized in building on and in water. The company Klaas Siemens GmbH , which specializes in hydraulic engineering (including various locks throughout Germany) and employs around 40 people, can be assigned partly to the construction sector and partly to the mechanical engineering sector.
In the food industry, one should mention Thiele & Freese , one of three tea production and tea trading houses in East Frisia and the only one that is still run as a family business (product: Thiele Tee ). Costa has been part of the apetito group since the end of 2007 and produces fish frozen food with more than 80 employees . In the field of fish processing, the company Fokken & Müller is also active, which produces fish specialties with around twenty employees, including Emden herring .
Energy generation and distribution: The Norwegian energy company Statoil has its German headquarters in Emden and operates a natural gas cleaning and distribution plant with 85 employees. The US energy group ConocoPhillips operates the natural gas cleaning plant together with Statoil . The energy company E.ON operates a gas-fired power plant (400 MW) in Emden and also has a stake in a biomass cogeneration plant (20 MW). The medium-sized petrol station chain Score supplies 37 petrol stations in north-west Germany.
The Aurich wind energy system manufacturer Enercon produces precast concrete parts for the towers of the wind energy systems in Emden. In addition, Enercon is involved in the wind farm in the Wybelsumer Polder in the west of Emden, which according to the operator is one of the largest onshore wind farms in Europe. After the headquarters of BARD Engineering GmbH was relocated from Bremen to Emden, BARD produced wind turbines in the Emden plant from 2006 to 2012 and built the offshore wind farm BARD Offshore 1 northwest of Borkum .
One of the shipping companies is AG Ems , which operates the ferry traffic from Emden and Eemshaven to Borkum, as well as excursion traffic. AG Ems also owns restaurants in Emden and on Borkum. There are also several shipping companies in Emden. In the tourism sector , in addition to AG Ems, the W.-H.-Janssen Group , which operates the Upstalsboom hotel chain with a double-digit number of hotels on the North and Baltic Sea coasts and in Berlin, stands out.
A large number of companies are involved in port handling . This includes Autoport Emden GmbH , which is the main service provider for automobile handling in Emden. Are in the company VW Transport , the EVAG Emden traffic and Automotive Company Ltd. and the anchor Marine mbH involved. EVAG is also active in the handling of military goods, project cargoes and bulk goods, operates the container terminal and provides other port services such as mooring lines for ships. Anker GmbH also handles forest products. The company OMYA handles liquid mineral filler and coating pigments for paper production and refines them. The EPAS company is primarily active in the loading of wind turbines. TDS-Logistics packs auto parts for Audi . In addition, there are a large number of other smaller handling companies (including for building materials) as well as service providers such as towing companies and a number of partly specialized freight forwarders.
The Emden city administration employs around 800 people. In addition, the companies listed below are important (public) employers. These are public companies - i.e. those owned by the city of Emden. The list does not claim to be complete, only the more important authorities and companies are listed.
According to its own information, Sparkasse Emden had total assets of 644 million euros in 2004 and almost 240 employees. There are two subsidiaries of the Sparkasse that are active in the real estate business and advising private customers on assets.
The Stadtwerke Emden GmbH (SWE) take over the supply of gas, water, electricity and district heating in Emden city. A smaller part of the electricity is generated with wind turbines in the Emden urban area, but the majority is purchased externally. A subsidiary of SWE called SWE Tel is active in the telecommunications industry. Other subsidiaries of the Stadtwerke and ultimately the city of Emden are Stadtverkehr Emden GmbH (SVE), which ensures public transport with buses within the city, and Flugplatz Emden GmbH (FPE), which operates the local airfield.
The Emden Clinic, formerly Hans-Susemihl-Krankenhaus (HSK), is the only clinic in Emden and a non-profit GmbH (gGmbH) of the city of Emden. It is named after the Lord Mayor of Emden, Hans Susemihl (1888–1972), who held this office for 14 years after the Second World War. The name was changed in 1981.
Other important (non-urban) public employers , some with a three-digit number of employees, are the university of applied sciences and several authorities, including the tax office , the trade supervisory office , the district court , the labor court and the Emden water and shipping office (with branch offices in Leer as well as on Borkum and Norderney ; together 351 employees).
There is also a branch of the state-owned Niedersachsen Ports GmbH (port operator) and the regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry for East Frisia and Papenburg in the seaport city . Emden is also the seat and namesake of the Emden district of the Federal Employment Agency . This includes the city of Emden, the district of Aurich, the district of Wittmund and the city of Borkum in the district of Leer.
media
Daily newspapers published in Emden (except on Sundays) are the Emder Zeitung (market share in the city of Emden according to information about 70%) and the local edition Emden / Norden of the Ostfriesen-Zeitung, which is published throughout East Friesland . There are also advertising papers, the Heimatblatt appears on Wednesdays and the Sunday paper on Sundays . A monthly advertising paper is Der Delftspucker .
The main editorial office of the radio station Radio Ostfriesland is also located in Emden , while other editorial offices are located in Aurich and Leer. The Bürgerradio is one of the 15 public broadcasters in Lower Saxony , is financed by public funds and is based in Emden in the building of the adult education center.
A Dutch transmitter ( Nederland 2 ) was also fed into the city's cable network. However, this station was removed from the cable network at the beginning of December. However, Emden politicians are trying to get it back in, as Dutch citizens are also represented in Emden and you want to present something from your “immediate” neighbor. In 2005, the private local TV broadcaster Friesischer Rundfunk (based in Emden's suburb of Hinte) began operations and is also broadcast via the cable network.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ www.oz-online.de: Nordseewerke: Negotiations will begin on Thursday , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, March 8, 2012, accessed on the same day
- ↑ Private investors acquire Emder Werft and Dockbetriebe -... In: bundeswehr-journal . February 5, 2015 ( bundeswehr-journal.de [accessed October 2, 2017]).
- ↑ www.iaw.uni-bremen.de: Employment, order situation and perspectives in German shipbuilding , PDF file, p. 60, accessed on March 8, 2012
- ↑ The municipal location information system of Lower Saxony indicates the number of employees subject to social insurance contributions in the primary sector as zero percent , which, however, is due to the rounding to full percentages.
- ^ Eberhard Rack: Small regional studies of Ostfriesland . Isensee-Verlag, Oldenburg 1998, ISBN 3-89598-534-1 , p. 115
- ↑ Figures from www.ilek-roede.de: Agriculture ( Memento of the original from July 14, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , PDF file, 219 pp., 17
- ^ Homepage of the city of Emden .
- ^ "Phenomenal" order book , Ostfriesen-Zeitung, December 17, 2011, accessed on December 18, 2011
