The Wizard of Oz (1939)

Movie
German title	The Wizard of Oz Alternative title: The magical land
Original title	The Wizard of Oz
Country of production	United States
original language	English
Publishing year	1939
length	98 minutes
Age rating	FSK 0
Rod
Director	Victor Fleming
script	Noel Langley , Florence Ryerson , Edgar Allan Woolf
production	Mervyn LeRoy for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
music	Herbert Stothart , Harold Arlen
camera	Harold Rosson
cut	Blanche Sewell
occupation
Judy Garland : Dorothy Gale Frank Morgan : the Wizard of Oz / Professor Marvel Ray Bolger : Scarecrow / Hunk Jack Haley : Tin Man / Hickory Bert Lahr : Lion / Zeke Billie Burke : Glinda, the good witch of the north Margaret Hamilton : Wicked Witch of the West / Miss Almira Gulch Clara Blandick : Aunt Emily Charley Grapewin : Uncle Henry
synchronization

Dorothy's red shoes (design: Gilbert Adrian ) in the National Museum of American History

Der Zauberer von Oz (Original The Wizard of Oz ), also known in German-speaking countries under the alternative title The Magic Land , is an American film musical from 1939 with Judy Garland in the leading role of the girl Dorothy. It became famous as one of the great American color films in three-strip Technicolor and is still one of the most famous films in the United States. The beginning and the end of the film, which are set in the hometown of the girl Dorothy, were shot as a black and white film. The story in Oz was shot on color film. The children's book The Wizard of Oz by Lyman Frank Baum served as a template . As one of only four feature films, The Wizard of Oz is part of the UNESCO World Document Heritage .

action

The girl Dorothy lives in Kansas with her aunt Emily and her uncle Henry on a farm. She is friends with the three adult farm workers Hunk, Hickory and Zeke. One day Dorothy runs away to save her beloved dog Toto from being stolen from her by the unfriendly Almira Gulch, who sees the dog as a threat. Dorothy meets the friendly showman Professor Marvel. He finds out that Dorothy has run away and lives with her loving aunt and persuades her to go home again, claiming that he perceives with his clairvoyant abilities that Aunt Emily becomes ill out of concern for Dorothy. As Dorothy heads home, a storm is brewing. At home on the farm, everyone takes a sheltered cellar. At that moment Dorothy arrives at the farm and looks for her family in the house. In the house, a ripped out window falls on her head, causing her to pass out. When she comes to, she sees that the hurricane has hit the wooden house, tearing it up and transporting Dorothy and dog Toto together with the house to the magical land of Oz .

Arrived in Oz, Dorothy ends up with the house exactly on the evil witch of the east, who does not survive. The good witch Glinda appears and warns Dorothy about the Wicked Witch of the West who will try to avenge her sister and take Dorothy's mighty magical red loafers off. The Wicked Witch of the East actually wore them on her feet, but after she was killed by Dorothy with the house, the shoes magically appeared on Dorothy's feet. Although the small people of the Munchkins, who were oppressed by the witch, celebrate Dorothy for the witch's death and declare her a national heroine, she just wants to go back to Kansas. Glinda tells her she can get help from the Wizard of Oz. You can easily find it by following the yellow stone road to the Emerald City.

So Dorothy sets out on the way there and on her hike meets the scarecrow, who would like to have intelligence instead of straw in her head, the tin man, who would like to fill his hollow chest with a heart, and the fearful lion, who is more courageous wishes. With these three companions, the girl has to fight off some ambushes of the wicked witch. So they come across a poppy field in which Dorothy, Toto and the lion fall into a deep sleep. Glinda appears briefly and lets it snow, waking those who have fallen asleep again. The quartet reaches the Emerald City, where they are to be welcomed in a friendly manner, but not to be admitted to the ruling Wizard of Oz. After Dorothy burst into tears because she would not see her aunt Emily again and she assumes that she is literally sick with worry, the guard lets her see the wizard in the throne room out of pity. The magician appears to them as a floating head in a column of smoke with a menacingly loud voice. He says he will grant their wishes if they bring him the wicked witch's broom.

So the quartet is on their way again. When they arrive in the haunted forest, the wicked witch, who had watched the travelers with her crystal ball , sends her army of winged monkeys to kidnap Dorothy. To get hold of the red loafers, she wants to kill Dorothy. But instead of giving up discouraged, Dorothy's companion advance alone to the witch's castle to save Dorothy. Thanks to a few lists that the scarecrow has come up with, and the lion who bravely leads the remaining trio into the castle, they manage to free Dorothy from the room in which she is being held. While trying to escape from the castle, they are cornered by the witch and her guards. The witch would like to make Dorothy suffer all the more by killing her companions first and only then killing them. As she sets the scarecrow's straw on fire, Dorothy picks up a bucket of water and extinguishes the scarecrow. In doing so, she accidentally showered the witch with water. The witch then melts into a puddle. The guards finally let the quartet return to the emerald city with the witch's broomstick.

Back in the Emerald City, the four of them step in front of the magician, who, surprised that the quartet has successfully completed its task, wants to think for a day whether he will help them. Then the quartet discovered by chance that someone is hidden behind a curtain. It turns out that the wizard is actually not a real wizard, but a fairground showman from Kansas, who calls himself Oz, and projects his face into a column of smoke using a special device that also amplifies his voice . Years ago, Oz ended up in the magic land with a hot air balloon . He can still fulfill the quartet's wishes. He explains to the scarecrow that, wherever he comes from, there are many people who would be considered very clever, although they have no more sense than the scarecrow, whose clever ideas Dorothy's rescue is thanks to. They differed from the scarecrow only in that their minds were certified by a university . The wizard gives the scarecrow a diploma as a symbol of its intellect. He explains to the lion that, where he comes from, many people who have no more courage than the lion let themselves be celebrated for their courage. The only thing that differentiated them from the lion, whose courage contributed significantly to Dorothy's rescue, is that their courage was confirmed by a medal . So he gives the lion a medal as a symbol of his courage. He explains to the Tin Man that where he comes from there are many good people who have no more heart than he would have shown when Dorothy was saved. To symbolize this, he gives the tin man a beating heart-shaped clock on a ribbon to wear.

He wants to grant Dorothy's wish by personally taking her back to Kansas in his balloon. Before he takes off, he publicly names the scarecrow, the lion and the pewter man as his representatives until he may return one day. When Dorothy tries to get into the balloon basket to see the magician, the balloon comes loose and flies away without her. Dorothy now believes that she will never come home again, which makes her very sad, because although she feels very comfortable in Oz, it is her dearest wish to return home. Glinda appears and explains to her that all she has to do is hit the heels of her red loafers three times and wish to go home. She could not tell her that beforehand, since Dorothy, like her three companions, had to find out on her own what was her greatest wish. Dorothy hits the heels of the magical red loafers and thinks "Nowhere is as beautiful as home".

After Dorothy has formulated her dearest wish to return home to Kansas, she wakes up in bed in a house in Kansas with her aunt Emily and uncle Henry by her side. When she tries to tell the two of her adventures in Oz, they shake it off and say it was just a dream.

Cast and dubbing

Several actors play a role in Kansas and a counterpart in Oz. For example, Frank Morgan even took on five roles. The German dubbed version comes from the MGM Synchronisations-Atelier Berlin. In contrast to the German book editions, in which the lumberjack is clearly made of sheet metal, the German-language dubbed version translates Tin-Man as "Zinnmann", which is wrong, since tin cannot rust .

role	actor	Voice actor
Dorothy Gale, a girl from Kansas	Judy Garland	Margot Leonard
Professor Marvel, a showman in Kansas Oz, the Wizard of Oz Gatekeeper of the Emerald City Coachman in the Emerald City Security guard in front of the wizard's building	Frank Morgan	Georg Thomalla
Hunk, workers on the farm The Scarecrow	Ray Bolger	Herbert Weissbach
Hickory, worker on the farm The Tin Man	Jack Haley	Walter Bluhm
Zeke, worker on the farm The Lion	Bert Lahr	Alfred Balthoff
Miss Almira Gulch, a wealthy Kansas woman. The Wicked Witch of the West The Wicked Witch of the East	Margaret Hamilton	Gertrud Spalke
Glinda, the good witch of the north	Billie Burke	Agnes Windeck
Aunt Em (Emily), Dorothy's aunt	Clara Blandick
Uncle Henry, Dorothy's uncle	Charley Grapewin
Nikko, leader of the flying monkeys	Pat Walshe
Captain of the Wicked Witch's Court Guard	Mitchell Lewis
Toto, Dorothy's dog	Terry
The Munchkins (selection)
Mayor of the Munchkins	Charlie Becker
Coroner of the Munchkins	Meinhardt Raabe
Adviser to the Mayor	Billy Curtis
Lollipop munchkins	Jakob Gerlich , Jerry Maren , Harry Earles
Ballet Munchkins	Yvonne Moray , Olga Nardone , Nita Krebs
Violinist / town screamers / soldier	Mickey Carroll
Trumpeter / soldier / sleeping child	Karl Slover
Villager	Daisy Earles
part of the Munchkins	The Singer Midgets (a theater company)

Production background

Cover of the first edition of Baum's Wizard of Oz in 1900

The classic children's book The Wizard of Oz by Lyman Frank Baum , published in 1900, was the first successful children's book of its kind by an American. It had already been filmed several times during the silent film era, most recently in 1925 by comedian Larry Semon .

The film cost at that time 2,777,000 US dollars (2.4 million euros , 2.5 million Swiss francs ). Adjusted for inflation , this represents the equivalent of around 51 million US dollars (43 million euros; 46 million Swiss francs) today. This meant that the budget was even for the conditions of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , which was managed by the Hollywood studios in usually the most expensive films shot, exceptionally high.

After Richard Thorpe had initially taken over the direction, he was replaced after a few weeks by Victor Fleming . As a result, the cost of the film escalated, making The Magical Land the most expensive MGM production since Ben Hur in 1925. Victor Fleming directed most of the film after directors Norman Taurog and Richard Thorpe had previously filmed smaller segments. Shortly before the end of filming, Fleming left the Wizard of Oz to direct another classic film with Gone With the Wind, co-produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . In Gone With the Wind , George Cukor had previously been dismissed as director, who himself was involved in the production as a consultant for The Wizard of Oz . Filming eventually ended with Fleming's friend and fellow director King Vidor , who directed a large portion of the Kansas scenes, including the scene in which Judy Garland sings Over the Rainbow .

The cast of the film was problematic for MGM. The expensive production was originally intended to serve as a vehicle for Shirley Temple , who was the country's most commercially popular movie star from 1935 to 1938 and was under contract with 20th Century Fox . There have certainly been negotiations. The fact that MGM specifically wanted to borrow Clark Gable and Jean Harlow for the film In Old Chicago is now a rumor (even if it can be found in the biographies of Garland or Temple), especially since MGM only acquired the rights to the children's book after Harlow's death. Then it was considered to give the role to the then 16-year-old Deanna Durbin , who with her musicals since 1936 had practically single- handedly saved the film studio Universal from ruin. These plans also came to nothing in the end. The choice of Judy Garland was more of an embarrassing solution, as the actress had already developed very feminine forms and it was very difficult to turn her back into a plain jane , a gray mouse from the Midwest. According to Kieron Connolly, Judy Garland even took diet pills for the film, which marked the beginning of her later addiction to amphetamines, and her breasts were painfully tied to make her look younger.

A total of 124 short actors from all over America were hired to portray the Munchkins . Some of the Munchkins came from the small theater troupe headed by the Austrian Leopold von Singer .

In order to symbolize the difference between the monotonous everyday life on the farm and the fantastic world of Oz, the scenes in the country of Oz were filmed colorful and lavishly in Technicolor, while those in Kansas on the farm were shot in monochrome ( black and white ) and tinted in sepia are and appear simple.

Film music

Film composer Stothart with the MGM studio orchestra

The following songs are sung in the film:

• Over the Rainbow - Dorothy
• Come Out, Come Out, Wherever You Are - Glinda / Munchkins
• It Really Was No Miracle - Dorothy / Munchkins
• We Thank You Very Sweetly - Munchkins
• Ding-dong! The Witch Is Dead - Munchkins
• As Mayor of the Munchkin City - Munchkins
• As Coroner I Must Aver - Munchkin leader
• The Lullaby League - Munchkin Girls
• The Lollipop Guild - Munchkin boys
• We Welcome You to Munchkinland - Munchkins
• You're Off to See the Wizard - Munchkins
• If I Only Had a Brain - Scarecrow / Dorothy
• We're Off to See the Wizard - Dorothy / Scarecrow / Lion
• If I Only Had a Heart - Zinnmann
• If I Only Had the Nerve - Leo
• Optimistic Voices - choir
• The Merry Old Land of Oz - Dorothy / Scarecrow / Lion / Tin Man / Coachman / Choir
• If I Were King of the Forest - Dorothy / Scarecrow / Lion / Tin Man

The film's best-known song, Over the Rainbow , was voted # 1 in the American Film Institute's 2004 AFI's 100 Years… 100 Songs list of the 100 best American film songs of all time. The song should first be cut out of the final version, as the producers thought the number sounded too grown-up and too ripe for a children's film.

We're Off to See the Wizard became the unofficial marching anthem of the Australian troops during World War II .

Ding-dong! The Witch Is Dead rose to number 1 on the British iTunes charts and the Amazon UK charts in response to the death of former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in April 2013 . The song came in at number 82 on AFI's 100 Years ... 100 Songs list .

reception

Cinema premieres

The Wizard of Oz celebrated its cinema premiere on August 12, 1939 in the USA . Due to the war, the film could not be seen in Austria until October 6, 1950, and in Germany from April 19, 1951. Because of the high cost of production, The Wizard of Oz , while successful at the box office, made no profit for MGM. It was not until the numerous re-releases of the coming decades that the film's worldwide box office income rose to over US $ 25 million today without adjusting for inflation.

Awards

In 1940 Harold Arlen and EY Harburg received the Oscar for best song ( Over the Rainbow ) and Herbert Stothart was awarded for best film music . The Wizard of Oz received other Oscar nominations in the categories of Best Picture , Best Cinematography (for Harold Rosson ), Best Production Design (for Cedric Gibbons and William A. Horning ), and Best Visual Effects (for A. Arnold Gillespie and Douglas Shearer ).

In 1989, The Wizard of Oz was listed on the United States' National Film Registry .

In 1998 the American Film Institute voted the film number 6 of the 100 best American films of all time (2007 number 10). In 2008 the American Film Institute voted The Magical Land at number 1 of the ten best American fantasy films of all time. The film was even able to prevail over an expensive screen epic like The Lord of the Rings: The Companions , which “only” made it to second place. It was ranked number 3 in the institute's list of the 25 best American musical films of all time.In addition, the institute selected the Wicked Witch of the West, portrayed by Margaret Hamilton, as number 4 of the top 50 American film villains of all time (and thus the highest-ranking female villain of the List). The quotation from Dorothy Gale as she arrives in Oz ( "Toto, I have a feeling we're not anymore in Kansas." , German  "Toto, I have a feeling we are not in Kansas anymore." ) Reached in # 4 in the American Film Institute's ranking of the 100 best US film quotes of all time. It was used, always at least slightly modified, in at least 57 subsequent films and television series. Another quote from the film ( There is no place like home. “It's most beautiful at home.”) Reached number 23 on the same list.

In 2003, the Federal Agency for Civic Education, in cooperation with numerous filmmakers, created a film canon for work in schools and included this film on their list.

The World Documentary Heritage of UNESCO took the film in 2007 as one of the previous six documents of the United States.

The "Munchkins" were honored with a joint star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in November 2007 . Seven surviving Munchkin actors from 1939 ( Mickey Carroll , Ruth Duccini , Jerry Maren , Margaret Pellegrini , Meinhardt Raabe , Karl Slover and Clarence Swensen ) and Judy Garland's son Joey Luft attended the ceremony.

Movie reviews

After the premiere there were sometimes mixed to good reviews. In a poll by the Film Daily , it was voted number 7 of the best films of 1939 by American critics. For example, Frank S. Nugent wrote in the New York Times : “A delightful piece of miracle work that made the children's eyes shine and the wiser adults an amused glow. It's not been since Disney's Snow White that something so fantastic has only worked half as well. ” Graham Greene liked the color scheme of the film, but found it all to be just cheerful entertainment. The film was a success at the box office and was able to bring in all the costs despite its high budget.

Today The Wizard of Oz is considered to be one of the most important fantasy films in film history. The Magical Land is one of the few films that has achieved the highest possible Metascore of 100 points on the Metacritic website . At Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an outstanding rating of 99% with an average of 9.4 / 10 points, of the 108 reviews represented there, a total of 107 voted for the film. The critical consensus at Rotten Tomatoes is:

“An absolute masterpiece whose groundbreaking imagery and skillful storytelling are still just as resonant. The Wizard of Oz is a must for young and old. "

- Rotten Tomatoes

The Wizard of Oz looks as beautiful as ever; its exquisite production design and use of Technicolor as dazzling as it must have seemed in 1939. (...) Much of the magic comes not from visual effects, of course, but from the very human input of the director, screenwriter, songwriters, production team, and of course an incomparable cast. Judy Garland's life bore no resemblance to that of wide-eyed Dorothy Gale, yet she seems utterly genuine and heartfelt in that role.

“ The Wizard of Oz looks as beautiful as ever; its exceptional production design and use of technicolor are as dazzling as they must have been in 1939. (...) Much of the magic comes not only from the visual effects, of course, but also from the very human effort of the director, screenwriter, songwriters, the production team and of course an incomparable cast. Judy Garland's life was not similar to that of the astonished Dorothy Gale, yet she seems completely authentic and warm in this role. "

- Leonard Maltin

"A musical classic that has taken on a lot of patina, only appears successful in individual scenes today, but still offers good entertainment."

- Lexicon of international film

"A children's fairy tale that also appeals to adults thanks to its magical presentation."

- 6000 films. Critical notes from the cinema years 1945 to 1958. Handbook V of the Catholic film criticism. 3. Edition. Verlag Haus Altenberg, Düsseldorf 1963, p. 497

Television broadcast

The first broadcast took place on November 3, 1956. It was the first Hollywood film that was shown uncut in one evening on an entire television network and not just on sub-companies. It was watched by an estimated 40 million people, just a few million fewer than on an average movie day. Then the film was broadcast once a year from 1959 to 1991 - with the exception of 1963 - and was a family event for many. When it was broadcast in 1969, it had the third best audience rating. It was later not shown or shown twice and on cable TV. From its first broadcast, the film was shown in color, even though few people had color televisions at the time. Except in 1961 as the sponsor did not pay and CBS had strict rules about it. The wizard of Oz owes its great popularity in large part to the broadcasts on US television .

Cultural reception

Various myths developed around the film, such as an alleged synchronicity of the film with the album The Dark Side of the Moon by the British rock group Pink Floyd . A number of music fans claim that when the album and the film are played in parallel, the music of Pink Floyd occasionally reproduces the visual impressions of the film very clearly. Another myth that persists even today concerns a scene in which Dorothy, the straw man, and the tin man, singing the song We're off to see the Wizard , set off together for the first time to the Emerald City. In this scene a dark figure can be seen between the trees in the background, apparently swinging back and forth, hanging from a branch by its neck. This apparition led to the assumption that it was a Munchkin actor who committed suicide on the set because of heartache. According to official studio information, it is said to have been a ratite - a crane - that (like some other birds) was on set on loan from the Los Angeles Zoo to bring a little more reality into the film. For the VHS and DVD releases, the scene was reworked and a clearly recognizable crane was cut into the picture to destroy the myth.

Various artists showed themselves to be influenced by The Wizard of Oz , the film is the "most important source of inspiration" for the art of Jeff Koons , suspects Werner Spies . The allusions to the film in later American films and television series are hardly manageable. In December 2018, Italian scientists wanted to have determined through a network analysis with other films that The Wizard of Oz was the most influential film of all time.

In the horror film Freddy's Finale - Nightmare on Elm Street 6 from 1991 and in the love drama Wild at Heart from 1990, several motifs from The Wizard of Oz are scenic quoted.

Meaning for homosexuals

Many male homosexuals in the United States found the story and Over the Rainbow later to be the perfect expression of their own longings for a more tolerant and better world, so the film became a cult and the song became a kind of anthem for them. The rainbow flag was not inspired by the song, this link was created later. To date there are some relevant companies and organizations whose names refer to characters in the story.

Dorothy accepts and helps those who are different. For example, the “cowardly lion” who lives a lie, “ I'm afraid there's no denyin ', I'm just a dandy lion. ”(German:“ I'm afraid there is no denial, I'm just a dandy lion. ”) (Film translation:“ I'm afraid it's not a delusion, I'm just a dandelion. ”) So he is what one rude a "sissy" calls, which both, wimp 'and, queer ' can mean and a name is to know that quite a few gay men from personal experience. From the acceptance of her friends, the term "friend of Dorothy" (FOD), which was used among themselves, for a homosexual man emerged at the latest in World War II, with whom one could ask in a non-criminal and coded manner, even in those days when homosexuality was a criminal offense: " Are you a friend of Dorothy? ”, Which means:“ Are you gay? ”“ Friend of Dorothy ”also appears several times at least in the books.

When the Naval Investigative Service was investigating homosexuality around Chicago in the early 1980s, agents picked up that self-designation as well. Ignorant of the meaning, they thought there really was a woman named Dorothy who was at the center of a large ring of homosexual military personnel. So they embarked on a large-scale and useless hunt for the elusive "Dorothy" in the hopes of finding and convincing her to name gay military men. Beginning in the late 1980s, gay and lesbian passengers on several cruise lines approached the staff with a request that their gatherings be added to the public daily activity list. They shied away from doing so openly and instead took up the item “Meeting of the Friends of Dorothy”. The popularity and frequency of these meetings increased over time. The phrase "Friends of Bill W. " was used as a template to inform members of alcoholics anonymous that there are group meetings on board.

Sequel, prequel and re-performance

In 1985 Walter Murch shot based on other books by L. Frank Baum for the Disney Studios Oz - A Fantastic World in which the girl Dorothy Gale is thought to be crazy after her return to Kansas, is admitted to a mental hospital and then ends up in Oz again . The film The Fantastic World of Oz in 3D, also shot by Sam Raimi for the Disney Studios, was released in 2013. It tells the story of the prehistory of the Wizard of Oz and explains exactly how the wizard came to Oz and became ruler there. For this, essential style elements such as the monochrome representation of Kansas in contrast to the colorful representation of Oz were taken up again. However, the film is not based on the stories of L. Frank Baum.

Over the decades, The Wizard of Oz received numerous re-releases . In 2013 the film celebrated a re-screening on the occasion of its 75th anniversary. The new edition, converted to 3D, was released in some cinemas in Germany on September 12th and was released on Blu-Ray shortly afterwards.

media

DVD

• The Wizard of Oz (1 DVD), 2001.
• The Wizard of Oz (Special Edition, 2 DVDs), 2005.
• The Wizard of Oz (70th Anniversary Edition), 2010.

Film music

• Harold Arlen, EY Harburg, Herbert Stothart, John Fricke: The Wizard of Oz - The Deluxe Edition . Rhino Records / Turner, 1995, R2 71964
• Harold Arlen: The Wizard of Oz . (Musical notes). Alfred Publishing Company, 1997, ISBN 0-89898-623-0 .

literature

• L. Frank Baum : The Wizard of Oz . A fairy tale (Original title: The Wizard of Oz ). With twelve pictures from the film of the same name. German by Ursula von Wiese . Morgarten-Verlag, Zurich 1940.
• Thomas Klingenmaier: The Magical Land. In: Andreas Friedrich (ed.): Film genres (= fantasy and fairy tale film. B.3). Reclam , Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-15-018403-7 , pp. 25-28.
• Salman Rushdie : The Wizard of Oz . (BFI Film Classics). University of California Press, 1992, ISBN 0-85170-300-3 .

published in German as Out of Kansas. In: Beyond That Limit, Writings 1992–2002. Rowohlt Verlag , Reinbek near Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-498-05773-1 .

• Michael Patrick Hearn (Ed.): All About the Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum. Europa Verlag, Hamburg 2003, ISBN 3-203-75550-5 .

Web links

Commons : The Wizard of Oz / The Magical Land  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wikiquote: The Wizard of Oz  - Quotes

• The Wizard of Oz in the Internet Movie Database (English)
• The Wizard of Oz at WarnerBros.com (English)
• The Wizard of Oz atRotten Tomatoes(English)

Individual evidence

1. ^ Paul Nathanson: Over the Rainbow: The Wizard of Oz as a Secular Myth of America. 1991, p. 28 books.google.de
2. ↑ The Magical Land. German synchronous file, accessed on December 13, 2012 . 
3. ↑ Thomas Bräutigam: Stars and their German voice. Lexicon of voice actors. Marburg 2009.
4. ↑ On the cost of the film (English); Retrieved March 11, 2013.
5. ^ Raymond Durgnat, Scott Simmon: King Vidor, American . University of California Press, 1988, ISBN 978-0-520-05798-2 ( google.de [accessed July 4, 2020]).
6. ↑ Spiegel.de: “Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead ": The dead" witch "Thatcher storms the charts (accessed April 10, 2013)
7. ↑ Cinema releases in the IMDb
8. ↑ Box office earnings from The Wizard of Oz at BoxOfficeMojo.com (English); Retrieved April 7, 2013.
9. ^ Not in Kansas Anymore: a supercut , fourfour.typepad.com, December 16, 2010.
10. ↑ Christian Petzold: The Wizard of Oz. In: Der Filmkanon (bpb.de). April 12, 2010, accessed February 29, 2020 . 
11. ↑ Christian Heger: The Wizard of Oz. In: Filmkanon compact (bpb.de). October 23, 2014, accessed February 29, 2020 . 
12. ^ The Wizard of Oz (Victor Fleming 1939). In: Memory of the World (UNESCO.org). Retrieved February 29, 2020 . 
13. ^ "Oz" Munchkins get Hollywood star . In: Reuters . November 21, 2007 ( reuters.com [accessed March 20, 2019]).
14. ↑ archive.org
15. ↑ thelowerymoviejournal.blogspot.de
16. ^ Metacritic: The Wizard of Oz on Metacritic.com , accessed April 3, 2013.
17. ↑ rottentomatoes.com
18. ↑ rottentomatoes.com
19. ↑ blogs.indiewire.com ( December 25, 2015 memento on the Internet Archive ), accessed August 28, 2019
20. ↑ The Wizard of Oz. In: Lexicon of international films . Film service , accessed March 2, 2017 .  
21. ^ Radio: Here Comes Hollywood. In: Time Magazine. November 12, 1956, accessed on January 14, 2015 (English, fee required). 
22. ^ British Film Institute, British Institute of Adult Education (Ed.): Sight and Sound . tape 26-27 . British Film Institute, 1957, pp. 179 (English, "When The Wizard of Oz, one of the first MGM releases, has its TV screening at the end of last year, it attracted an audience estimated at the extraordinary figure of 40,000,000. (Or, ominously, only a few million less than an average week's cinema attendance). ").
23. ^ Television: The Oz Bowl Game. In: Time Magazine. January 15, 1965, accessed on January 14, 2015 (English, for a fee): “Parents are again preparing for the occasion. It will occur this coming Sunday for the seventh straight year, and the children, with a special restlessness, will collect around the television set in much the way that their fathers do for the professional football championships ... for the program has become a modern institution and a red-letter event in the calendar of childhood. ... CBS's annual telecast of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's The Wizard of Oz . " 
24. ↑ Broadcasting . tape 76 , no. 2 . Broadcasting Publications Incorporated, 1969, pp. 82 (RA1-PA82) (English, "The Wizard of Oz, broadcast for the eleventh time, took third place in the rankings as an NBC special March 9.").
25. ↑ Week of December 8, 1961. (No longer available online.) In: Mr. POPHistory. June 10, 2013, archived from the original on April 26, 2012 ; accessed on January 14, 2015 . 
26. ^ Fricke, John, and Jay Scarfone: The Wizard of Oz: The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History . Warner Books, 1989, pp. 214 (English).
27. ↑ Leslie Dolittle: Really Most Sincerely, Still a Munchkin. October 29, 1996.
28. ^ Snopes.com: "Wizard of Oz" Munchkin Suicide: Hanging Munchkin
29. ↑ What's the myth of the hanging Munchkin? . August 2006.
30. ↑ welt.de
31. ↑ "The Wizard of Oz" is said to be the most influential film of all time - derStandard.at. Retrieved March 20, 2019 (Austrian German). 
32. ^ Cory Stottlemyer: Gilbert Baker is still waving the flag. In: 365gay.com. June 29, 2009, archived from the original on July 3, 2009 ; accessed on January 14, 2015 (English): "Baker put to rest rumors that he created a rainbow flag in honor of Judy Garland's" Somewhere over the Rainbow "from the Wizard of Oz. //" I came from the Streisand generation. She was all about not conforming and not being a victim, ”Gilbert explained, the opposite of what Garland stood for. "She was a tragic woman who rose from her abuse," Gilbert said about Garland, something he said the gay movement related to during the Stonewall Movement. His generation was all about fighting the system and not being persecuted, like Streisand. // "It was all about 'She's a Rainbow' by the Stones, not 'Over the Rainbow,'" added in Baker with a laugh. " 
33. ↑ For example: Tour operator Toto Tours, Friends of Dorothy Inc. (historical), Café Dorothy's Sister in Ponsonby, Auckland, Australia
34. ↑ Ben Brantley: New York Times . June 28, 1994, p. C.15 .
35. ^ Camille Paglia: Judy Garland As a Force Of Nature . In: New York Times . June 14, 1998 (English).
36. ^ Angus Stevenson, Maurice Waite (ed.): Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Luxury Edition . Oxford University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-19-960111-0 , pp. 568 (English, "friend of Dorothy n. Informal. A homosexual man. Origin: from the name of Dorothy, a character played by the actress Judy Garland (a gay icon) in the film The Wizard of Oz (1939).") .
37. ↑ ^{a b} Randy Shilts: Conduct Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in the US Military . St. Martin's Press, New York, NY 1993, ISBN 0-312-34264-0 , pp. 387 (English).
38. ^ Lyman Frank Baum: The Marvelous Land of Oz / The Land of Oz . 1904, p. 30 (English, "Yes; he was one of those who helped Dorothy to destroy the Wicked Witch of the West, and the Winkies were so grateful that they invented him to become their ruler, - just as the people of the Emerald City invented the Scarecrow to rule them. "//" Dear me! "Said Jack." I'm getting confused with all this history. Who is the Scarecrow? "//" Another friend of Dorothy's, "replied Tip. //" And who is Dorothy? "//" She was a girl that came here from Kansas, a place in the big, outside World. She got blown to the Land of Oz by a cyclone, and while she was here the Scarecrow and the Tin Woodman accompanied her on her travels. ").
39. ↑ Lyman Frank Baum: Ozma of Oz . Reilly and Lee Company, 1907, pp. 124 ([Dorothy & Billina] Soon they came to the Cowardly Lion and the Hungry Tiger to whom the girl introduced the Yellow Hen. // "Glad to meet any friend of Dorothy's," said the Lion, politely. "To judge by your present appearance, you are not a coward, as I am. ").
40. ^ Lyman Frank Baum: Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz . Reilly & Britton Company, 1908, p. 214 ("I'm glad of that," said Jim [horse]; "for I, also, have a conscience, and it tells me not to crush in your skull with a blow of my powerful hoof." // If he thought to frighten the striped beast by such language he was mistaken. The Tiger seemed to smile, and winked one eye slowly. // "You have a good conscience, friend Horse," it said, "and if you attend to its teachings it will do much to protect you from harm. Some day I will let you try to crush in my skull, and afterward you will know more about tigers than you do now. "//" Any friend of Dorothy, "remarked the Cowardly Lion, "Must be our friend, as well. So let us cease this talk of skull crushing and converse upon more pleasant subjects. Have you breakfasted, Sir Horse?" "Not yet," replied Jim.).
41. ^ Lyman Frank Baum: The Scarecrow of Oz . 1915 (A great friend of Dorothy and Ozma seemed to be a machine man called Tik-Tok, who ran down several times during the evening and had to be wound up again by someone before he could move or speak.).
42. ↑ Lyman Frank Baum: Glinda of Oz . 1920 (Glinda found the Scarecrow playing croquet with Trot and Betsy Bobbin, two little girls who lived at the palace under Ozma's protection and were great friends of Dorothy and much loved by all the Oz people.).
43. ↑ Jeff Guaracino: Gay and lesbian tourism: the essential guide for marketing . 1st edition. Elsevier / Butterworth-Heinemann, Amsterdam 2007, ISBN 0-7506-8232-9 .
44. ↑ The Wizard of Oz 3D , digitaleleinwand.de, accessed on June 20, 2014.