The act (Swiss newspaper)

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The act was a social-liberal Swiss newspaper that was published by Migros from 1935 to 1978 , first as a weekly newspaper, then as a daily newspaper that appeared in the evening and finally as a morning tabloid . It was brought into being by the founder of Migros, Gottlieb Duttweiler . While the weekly newspaper was the party organ of the Landesring der Independencies , the evening newspaper quickly emancipated itself from it and gained a high reputation outside of Switzerland too, in particular through its weekend supplement Die literäre Tat under the direction of Max Rychner and Erwin Jaeckle and through the collaboration of numerous well-known journalists . The decline of the political press in the 1970s, combined with a lack of advertising income due to its proximity to Migros, led to the evening newspaper being discontinued at the end of March 1977. The then President of Migros, Pierre Arnold , tried to continue the title as a tabloid. However, their economically critical, sharp style moved him after 16 months to fire the editor-in-chief Roger Schawinski . In his place, without consulting the editorial staff, he appointed Karl Vögeli , who was supposed to guarantee a more moderate course for the paper. The editorial protest strike that followed led to the tabloid being closed in late September 1978, just a year and a half after it was launched.

The Swiss National Library has the fact fully digitized and made available online 2016th

The weekly newspaper

The fact
Logo of the weekly newspaper Die Tat
description Swiss weekly newspaper
First edition November 12, 1935
attitude September 29, 1939
Sold edition over 40,000 copies
(own information)
Editors-in-chief Hermann Walder (1935–1937)
Eugen Theodor Rimli (1937–1939)
Willy Aerni (1939)
editor Gottlieb Duttweiler

For the first four years of its existence, the Tat was a weekly newspaper . The first issue appeared on November 12, 1935 with the subtitle "Weekly Mail of the Seven Independents". He referred to the seven members of the “Association of Independents” who had won a seat in the National Council in 1935 : Franklin Bircher , Gottlieb Duttweiler , Ulrich Eggenberger , Heinrich Schnyder , Willy Stäubli , Fritz Wüthrich and Balthasar Zimmermann .

Duttweiler wrote that they wanted to make "a simple, serious weekly" report sheet "of the 7 independents for their friends". Advertisements are not included in order not to compete with the press and to remain independent (there were only a few advertisements from the travel agency Hotel-Plan , which was founded in the same year and belongs to Migros ; at that time it was still written like that). The deed wanted to "give a factual report while avoiding polemics" and also "let the opponents speak for a moment". As a motive for founding the newspaper, he also cited the defense against National Socialism in Switzerland, which the act opposed uncompromisingly from the start.

"It was in the front spring of 1935. We had to counter the screams of the Swiss Nazi disciples with something juicy."

- Gottlieb Duttweiler : The act , October 2, 1959

Responsible editor was Hermann Walder, the lawyer of Migros, from November 19, 1937 Eugen Theodor Rimli and from April 28, 1939 Willy Aerni, the managing director of the Landesring der Independen (LdU) founded at the end of 1936 . Walder switched to the editorial committee indeed , where he stayed until the separation from Duttweiler in October 1943, and after his resignation as editor in charge, Rimli continued to write articles for the newspaper (in 1940/1941 he was editor-in-chief of the short-lived first tabloid in Switzerland, Actualis , afterwards he founded the Fraumünster-Verlag Zurich, later renamed Stauffacher-Verlag, and published the Illustrierte Weltgeschichte and the Illustrierte Welt-Kunstgeschichte ). After founding the Abendzeitung, Aerni was head of administration and the advertising department until the end of May 1948.

Logo of the weekly newspaper Tat 1937–1939, the «Schlengge»

The deed was printed in the old print shop of the Züricher Post in the rooms of the Old University on St.-Peter-Strasse in the center of Zurich. At the beginning of 1937, after the founding of the LdU, the newspaper changed its size to 6 to 8 instead of 4, exceptionally also 12 and 16 pages, and changed the newspaper header to the internal "Schlengge" without the "Die" mentioned as well as the subtitle in "Wochenpost des Landesring der Independentigen". From now on it appeared on Fridays instead of Wednesdays (only the first issue was published on a Tuesday). From then on, she also took on advertisements.

After Migros' decision to publish a daily newspaper, the last edition of the weekly Tat appeared on September 29, 1939 in its previous form. Until the publication of the bridge builder (today Migros magazine ) on September 25, 1942, Migros published another deed (weekly post) with another editorial assignment.

The evening paper

The fact
Logo Abendzeitung Die Tat
description Swiss daily newspaper
First edition October 2, 1939
attitude April 1, 1977
Sold edition 25,000 copies
(own information)
Editors-in-chief Max Rychner (1939–1943)
Erwin Jaeckle (1943–1971)
Walter Biel (1971–1977)
editor Federation of Migros Cooperatives

On September 8, 1939, the act announced the conversion of the weekly into a daily newspaper on October 1 . Duttweiler wanted to call it Der Tag first, although the previous weekly newspaper was to appear as a Friday edition. Because of this and because of the change in title, according to the Federal Council , it was a matter of starting a new newspaper, which was prohibited by a Federal Council resolution of September 8, 1939. Duttweiler then decided to keep the name Die Tat and not to have the Friday edition appear as a continuation of the weekly paper. The Federal Council then gave the daily newspaper the green light. It appeared for the first time on October 2, 1939 (available the evening before), now with the subtitle “Swiss independent daily newspaper”, six times a week in the evening, each with the date of the next day. Until November 7, 1939, Tuesday was the day off, then Sunday.

Duttweiler justified the need to expand the deed into a daily newspaper by saying that the state ring was closed to the rest of the Swiss daily press. However, only a daily newspaper could be sufficient for the new, larger tasks that the Landesring movement faced; a political movement without a daily newspaper would be “not viable in our country in the long run”. As a daily newspaper, the act also continued its strict rejection of National Socialism. It was banned in Germany and Hungary just two months after it was introduced, and another two months later in Italy.

Responsible editors or from 1943 chief editors were 1939–1943 Max Rychner , 1943–1971 Erwin Jaeckle (from 1962 and until 1977 also head of the literary act ) and 1971–1977 Walter Biel .

The first editorial team consisted of Max Rychner ( feature section , but de facto due to military service-related absences at the same time abroad until 1943, then feature section until 1962), Herbert von Moos (foreign country, previously Swiss newspaper and Swiss republican papers , at the same time popular editor of the “Völkerbundschronik” on radio Beromünster , from May 1937 “The world seen from Geneva”, from 19 September 1939 called “Weltchronik”, under pressure from the German legation and Federal Councilor Marcel Pilet-Golaz because of his emphatically anti-Nazi stance, but formally because of “negligence” on the radio Beromünster dismissed and in the act in December 1940 resigned "for health reasons"), Felix Moeschlin (President of the Swiss Writers' Association, Domestic, until 1942, then President of the Editorial Committee), Karl Gnädinger (writer, local, pseudonym "Nepomuk", up to his Accidental death 1943) and Charles La Roche (economist, economics, until 1940, then replaced by Hans Munz). Permanent collaborators were Jean Rudolf von Salis (foreign commentaries, up to the split in the Landesring in October 1943), Ernest Grosselin (Colonel Division, military), Paul Gentizon (previously correspondent for the Temps and the Gazette de Lausanne ), Bernhard Diebold (writer, theater critic, up to 1945, previously Frankfurter Zeitung ), Robert Oboussier (music critic, 1939 until his murder in 1957, previously Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung ) and Peter Meyer (editor of the architecture and art magazine Das Werk ).

Gottlieb Duttweiler, founder of the newspaper Die Tat (July 7, 1950)

At the end of 1941, the editorial, administration and printing works actually moved into new premises of the Federation of Migros Cooperatives (MGB) on Limmatstrasse, which was founded in the same year. In 1943, the new editor-in-chief Erwin Jaeckle introduced various changes. He abolished the Bern and Basel local pages and integrated them into the general section, which enabled him to use the Bern editor as the Federal Parliament and the Basel editor as a foreign editor. This in turn made it possible for Max Rychner to return from abroad to his traditional feature section. Jaeckle also introduced a women's website, was the first to publish regular clippings from the world's press in a Swiss newspaper and launched the first radio page in the Swiss press in 1944. A specialty of the fact was from the beginning the daily actual pictures side with an average of eight pictures as the last page of the main blade. The newspaper appeared from July 31, 1943 with a new font, the titles in an antiqua instead of grotesque and with black negative bars as column heads in the political section. From March 12, 1944, the act appeared again on Sundays and henceforth seven times a week. In December 1952, the editorial team and administration moved to Limmatplatz , where Migros' headquarters are also located.

The outstanding figure of the evening newspaper Die Tat was Erwin Jaeckle, who was also politically active (1942–1950 in the Zurich City Council , 1945 President, 1947–1962 in the National Council for the National Ring of Independents). Duttweiler had provided him initially as editor in chief, but Jaeckle wanted in his habilitation work and suggested instead of his Max Rychner whose employees the culture section of the collar he was at that time. In the end, he chose a journalistic career instead of an academic one and entered into action on January 1, 1943 , with two conditions: Out of respect for Max Rychner, who was 12 years his senior, he wanted to be employed as a domestic editor and not as Rychner's supervisor , and he demanded that the editorial team should not report directly to Duttweiler, but rather to a works committee that should act as an intermediary between the editorial team and Duttweiler. So it happened. However, shortly afterwards, after making various suggestions for improvement, the works committee urged him to become the first nominal editor-in-chief, and Jaeckle agreed after long deliberation. Under his leadership, the Tat gained a great reputation as a daily newspaper beyond the borders of Switzerland, especially thanks to the weekend supplement Literary Tat (until the end of 1960 “Art - Literature - Research”) , which was edited by Max Rychner and later Erwin Jaeckle himself .

Just as Jaeckle had uncompromising turned against the Nazis, he fought after the war proscriptions alleged in his view sympathizers of the Nazis as Hans Konrad Sonderegger , Gustav Däniker , Eugen Bircher and Robert F. Denzler or Grock and " cleansing " or expulsions of Germans like Bernard von Brentano and insisted on strict observance of the law. In 1945 the Zurich government council banned a concert by Wilhelm Furtwängler with the Tonhalle Orchestra Zurich for fear of disruptions after the Labor Party in the local council had interpellated the city council as to whether it would allow the "Prussian State Council " to perform. Jaeckle also strongly criticized this.

His liberal stance was also reflected in his opposition to the bans of the communist and fascist parties during World War II . He was of the opinion that the Swiss did not need such a protective measure because he considered their "inherited legal terms strong and immovable". Accordingly, he also opposed the so-called Jesuit article , i.e. the prohibition of the Jesuit order contained in the Swiss constitution since 1874 and the establishment or re-establishment of monasteries in general . (The corresponding articles were removed from the constitution by a referendum in 1973. ) On the other hand, he advocated the death penalty for treason, introduced in the military penal law in 1940 . (It was abolished in 1992.)

As a member of the National Council, Jaeckle campaigned unsuccessfully for an unlimited arms export ban. On the other hand, he had success with the demand that the Swiss armed forces be given sealed pocket ammunition for safekeeping at home so that they would be ready to fight immediately in the event of war . In general, a strong army was important to him, and he vehemently opposed the development of airplanes in-house. In 1949 he achieved an increase in contributions to Pro Helvetia, which was founded in the same year as the Tat evening newspaper . In 1952, with a postulate that was initially rejected, he initiated the lifting of further subsidies for Holzverzuckerungs AG , which later became Ems-Chemie. The lifting of subsidies was then approved in a referendum on May 13, 1956.

Jaeckle's relationship to the authoritarian, eruptive Gottlieb Duttweiler was not without conflict. So the latter, who as an entrepreneur was more interested in economic issues and had never done military service, accused him of never attempting to tackle the major problems of the country. Jaeckle, who was more interested in cultural and, as an officer, in military topics, rejected this offended. Duttweiler also regularly threatened to shut down the newspaper during the frequent arguments. He called Jaeckle the thread on which the crime hangs.

After leaving the National Council in 1962, Erwin Jaeckle only rarely spoke politically and after Max Rychner's resignation in the same year, he devoted himself more to the management of the literary act , his literary passions and genealogical studies of his family. At the end of May 1971 he retired, but was still in charge of the literary act until the evening paper was closed in 1977 . After that he made no secret of his contempt for the new tabloid under the same name.

Logo of the weekend edition of the deed . The “green deed” contained the literary deed and could be subscribed to separately.

In 1972 the new editor-in-chief Walter Biel subjected the deed to a redesign. The newspaper head turned red, only the weekend edition remained the "green deed". Instead of exclusively foreign news as before, the most important events from all departments and an illustrated “Tagesschau” appeared on the front page . The layout was changed from four to five columns .

The fact reached in the period before and during the Second World War, a circulation of over 40,000 copies, after that around 35,000 copies, making it the third largest political daily newspaper in German-speaking Switzerland. However, it was never profitable, partly because it did not receive any branded product advertisements due to its proximity to Migros . The decline of the political press in the seventies also led to a reduction of the circulation to only around 25,000 copies by 1976. The successors of Gottlieb Duttweiler, who died in 1962 at Migros, for whom the newspaper was “too elitist” and generated too little response, finally no longer wanted to bear the resulting increasing losses, although in 1974 they had decided to continue the act for at least five years to surrender. Charles Linsmayer and Alfred A. Häsler asked the editor in a petition signed by 153 personalities from culture, science, politics and business, including Friedrich Traugott Wahlen , Hans-Peter Tschudi and Siegfried Unseld , at least the literary one To continue the act in an appropriate manner. They were not heard. On April 1, 1977, the last issue of the act appeared in its previous form. Biel became director of economic policy at the Federation of Migros Cooperatives.

The tabloid

did
Logo tabloid Tat
description Swiss tabloid
First edition April 4th 1977
attitude September 25, 1978
Sold edition 70,000 copies
(own information)
Range 0.230 million readers
(own information)
Editors-in-chief Roger Schawinski (1977–1978)
Gerd Klinner a. i. (1978)
Karl Vögeli (appointed in 1978, but could not take the position because the newspaper was closed)
editor Federation of Migros Cooperatives

The then president of the Migros administration delegation, Pierre Arnold , wanted an aggressive, but factual “ high-quality tabloid ” (without “sex and crime”) instead of the evening paper . A few years earlier, however, a project with a similar claim in the form of the Neue Presse had failed. Arnold was able to convince the 26-person administration very tightly, with 12 against 11 members, of his plan. The new newspaper was supposed to focus on consumer protection , the target being to reach a circulation of 80,000 copies in one year and to be financially self-supporting in three years.

For this purpose, Arnold hired a largely new, much larger team under editor-in-chief Roger Schawinski , including Kurt W. Zimmermann , Urs P. Gasche , Peter Knechtli (Basel), Hanspeter Thür (counselor), Fredy Hämmerli and Gerd Klinner, who in 1969 –1972 had already been editor of the evening paper. The deputy editor-in-chief and chief of reports and reports Ulrich Doerfel, the foreign chief Herbert Tauber and the chief local Albin Minder were transferred from the imprint of the evening to that of the tabloid. Local editor Silvio Kippe was also planned, but he left before the new newspaper appeared. In order to enable the significantly larger print run and four-color printing , a printing company had to be set up in Spreitenbach in a very short time , Limmatdruck AG , which then caused the majority of the Tat deficit. The original plan was to publish the new deed at the end of 1976, also as an evening newspaper, against which Schawinski, who had been with Migros since the beginning of 1977, successfully resisted.

On April 4, 1977, the act appeared for the first time in a new format, in half format, and as the first national newspaper in Switzerland in four-color printing. As the morning newspaper published Monday to Saturday, it competed with Blick . According to the company, the circulation was 70,000 copies sold, and it had a reach of over 200,000 readers. The newspaper subsequently became known, among other things, for the discovery of the so-called Chiasso scandal at the Schweizerische Kreditanstalt SKA (now Credit Suisse ), which was actually called “SKAndal”.

The aggressive style of the newspaper, sometimes also towards Migros, soon led to severe criticism from a growing number of members of the administration, who also cited numerous expressions of displeasure by the members of the cooperative. In addition, the deficits of 8 to 12 million Swiss francs annually exceeded the requirements by far and a balanced bill, as Arnold had demanded for a period that has now been extended to five years, no longer seemed achievable. Arnold finally demanded from Schawinski that he dismiss two or three activists from the operating group of the left-wing SJU trade union, including above all Hanspeter Bürgin, whom he held as the main responsible for the critical, economic course of the newspaper. When Schawinski refused, Arnold released him without notice on July 26, 1978 . He gave the editors clear guidelines for their work, which should bring about a change in the style of the newspaper, but in his opinion not actually change course. Bürgin then left the newspaper on his own initiative.

To the editor-in-chief a. i. Arnold appointed the previous deputy editor-in-chief Gerd Klinner. He initially accepted the task, but then rejected it after consulting the editorial team, which ultimately demanded that Schawinski be reinstated as editor-in-chief. Pierre Arnold refused and asked the editors to name two other editors in addition to Klinner, who were to form a transitional three-man editorial team with him. The editorial team chose Urs P. Gasche and Karl Biffiger. At the same time, however, she demanded an editorial statute which should guarantee the continuation of the previous course. In the discussions that followed, however, it was not possible to agree on an editorial statute into which Migros wanted to integrate its “guidelines”.

On September 19, 1978, without consulting the editorial team, Arnold appointed Blick's Bundeshaus editor Karl Vögeli as the new editor-in-chief with the task of enforcing Migros' guidelines in the editorial team. On September 22, 1978, Schawinski responded with a strike in which all 56 editorial staff members organized in the SJU took part, and protested against Vogeli's appointment, which had not been heard. A hearing of the editors "before all important questions" stipulated the editorial statute of the deed , which Migros had not signed (in the opinion of the editors but at least "verbally approved") and to which Arnold therefore did not feel bound. Arnold had also verbally and in writing that he would recognize the 1972 collective agreement (previously the "Baden Agreement", today collective agreement ) between the Association of Journalists and Newspaper Publishers, which also stipulates the obligation to hear the editors before making important decisions. As a non-association member, Migros was not bound by the collective agreement. Five editors not organized in the SJU (including Klinner and Gasche from the interim chief editorial office, who had since resigned themselves) protested against the strike and accused the strikers of endangering jobs, including technical ones.

This was the first time in Swiss press history that a newspaper failed to appear on Saturday, September 23, 1978 because of an editorial strike. Migros gave the editors a written ultimatum limited to Friday evening and later extended to Saturday lunchtime to resume work. If the request is not complied with, the letter counts as termination without notice. The editors let the ultimatum pass unused. Migros then immediately confirmed the notice without notice of the 40 or more striking editors who were not prepared to resume work, as stated in the letter, and eliminated them by replacing the door locks. The editors then published seven issues of a strike newspaper Die Wut in the design of the deed and with a circulation of 80,000 to 100,000 copies in the cooperative printing house for around a month . On Monday, September 25, 1978, Migros made its threat and stopped publishing the newspaper. Vögeli became head of the new media department at the Federation of Migros Cooperatives.

Arnold turned to an " open letter to Swiss newspaper readers" published in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung on September 27, 1978 and justified Migros' approach. The appointment of an editor-in-chief falls within the sole competence of the publisher. If the editorial staff had the right to co-determination, no serious applicant would come forward because they would run the risk of losing their current job if their application became known through indiscretions. Such indiscretions had actually occurred in previous cases.

The striking editors initially continued to publish the anger and various actions. On October 19, 1978, Migros agreed in an agreement with the VPOD union , to which the SJU belonged as one of its sections, to pay the wages of the editors who had been terminated without notice until the end of the year and to waive any claims for damages . For its part, the VPOD undertook to withdraw the judicial assessment of the legitimacy of dismissals without notice and to discontinue the strike newspaper Die Wut , in which Arnold's address and telephone number had been published.

Editors and editorial staff

Responsible editors of the weekly newspaper

  • Hermann Walder: 1935–1937 (lawyer at Migros)
  • Eugen Theodor Rimli : 1937–1939 (previously Germany correspondent for various Swiss newspapers, including Weltwoche )
  • Willy Aerni: 1939 (manager of the LdU)

Evening News

Responsible editors and chief editors

  • Max Rychner : 1939–1943 (until 1962 head of the supplement "Art - Literature - Research", renamed in 1960 to Die literäre Tat , previously editor of the Neue Schweizer Rundschau , the Kölnische Zeitung and the Bund )
  • Erwin Jaeckle : 1943–1971 (previously deputy publishing director of Atlantis Verlag and employee of Max Rychner at the federal government , first nominal “editor-in-chief”, from 1962 and until 1977 also head of the literary act )
  • Walter Biel : 1971–1977 (before that, since 1959 business editor indeed )

Other well-known drawing editors

  • Fritz René Allemann (abroad, 1942–1946 London correspondent, 1946–1947 Paris correspondent, 1947–1949 foreign manager, 1949–1960 Bonn, 1960–1967 Berlin correspondent, then freelancer)
  • Roman Brodmann (film editor, 1943–1949)
  • Hans Fleig (from 1948 London correspondent, 1951–1961 Head of Foreign Affairs)
  • Alfred Grütter (Federal City Editor, 1942 until his death in 1964),
  • Hans Munz (economy, 1941–1944)

Other well-known editors and editorial staff

Erich Brock (literary critic), Elisabeth Brock-Sulzer (theater critic, 1945–1977), Karl Heinrich David (concert and opera critic, 1944–1951), the later Zurich government councilor Alfred Gilgen (special medicine page), Henry «Heiri» Gysler ( Local things), Fritz Güttinger (literary critic), Alfred A. Häsler (special tasks, 1958–1977), Gertrud Heinzelmann (women's side), Gustav René Hocke (Roman correspondent), Robert Jungk (USA correspondent, until 1957), Charles Linsmayer (literary critic ), Herbert Lüthy (Paris correspondent, until the end of 1950, then freelance work), Georges-Henri Martin (Washington correspondent), Hans Mayer (literary critic), Armin Mohler (Paris correspondent 1953–1961), Walter Muschg (literary critic), Hans Neuburg (Art critic, 1967–1977), Hermann Scherchen (music critic), Edgar Schumacher (military), Adrien Turel (literature), Gösta von Uexküll (London correspondent) and Ernst Walter (columnist, pseudonyms Pankraz Deubelbeiss and Atahaka).

Editor-in-chief of the tabloid

  • Roger Schawinski : 1977–1978 (previously head of the program “ Kassensturz ” on Swiss television )
  • Gerd Klinner (a. I.): 1978 (previously at Blick , 1969–1972 already member of the editorial team of the evening newspaper Die Tat )
  • Karl Vögeli : 1978 (could no longer take up the position due to the closure of the newspaper, previously Federal Palace editor of Blick )

literature

  • Ewald Billerbeck (coordination) et al .: Liquidated. For the first time in Switzerland a newspaper editorial office (= Politprint. Volume 7) went on strike . Lenos, Zurich 1978, ISBN 3-85787-060-5 .
  • Erwin Jaeckle : No man's land in the 1930s. Verlag Hans Rohr, Zurich 1979, ISBN 3-85865-091-9 .
  • Erwin Jaeckle: Memories of «Die Tat». 1943-1971. Verlag Hans Rohr, Zurich 1989, ISBN 3-85865-092-7 .
  • Pirmin Meier : Learn the life and live the learning. Outlook on the author, publicist and private scholar Erwin Jaeckle (1909–1997) on his 100th birthday. Foundation for Occidental Ethics and Culture, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-033-02135-8 .
  • Roger Schawinski : Who am I? Kein & Aber, Zurich 2014, chapter Tat , ISBN 978-3-0369-5693-0 ( limited preview in Google book search).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ www.e-newspaperarchives.ch
  2. ↑ Willy Aerni: From our workshop. In: Anniversary edition 10 years of action. November 11, 1945, p. 1.
  3. ^ Wolfgang Göldi: Eggenberger, Ulrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  4. ^ Susanne Peter-Kubli: Schnyder, Heinrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  5. ^ Susanne Peter-Kubli: Stäubli, Willy. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  6. ^ Susanne Peter-Kubli: Wüthrich, Fritz. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  7. ↑ Gottlieb Duttweiler: Why the "Wochenpost" of the 7 "Independents"? In: The deed. November 12, 1935, p. 1.
  8. ^ Susanne Peter-Kubli: Walder, Hermann. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  9. ↑ With swearing or cursing. In: plain text. July 9, 2007.
  10. ↑ The curriculum vitae of «Tat». In: Anniversary edition 20 years of the daily newspaper «Die Tat». October 2, 1959, p. 1.
  11. ↑ Gottlieb Duttweiler: The daily newspaper "Die Tat". In: The deed. September 29, 1939, p. 1.
  12. ↑ Gottlieb Duttweiler: The daily newspaper is coming. In: The deed. September 8, 1939, p. 312.
  13. ↑ Jaeckle: Memories of "The Deed". 1989, p. 93.
  14. ↑ Max Rychner: Turbulent, but beautiful times. In: Anniversary edition 25 years of «Tat». October 2, 1964, p. 2.
  15. ^ Christoph Zürcher: Moos, Herbert. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  16. ↑ Christian Schröder: Politics in Swiss radio until 1947. Dissertation Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster 1991, p. 98.
  17. ^ Herbert von Moos: On my resignation as member of the National Council and as editor of «Tat». In: The deed. 7th / 8th December 1940, p. 3.
  18. ↑ Hervé de Weck: Grosselin, Ernest. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  19. ↑ Claude Cantini: Gentizon, Paul. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  20. ^ Regula Puskás: Oboussier, Robert. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  21. ↑ Katharina Medici Mall: Meyer, Peter. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  22. ↑ Jaeckle: Memories of "The Deed". 1989, p. 35.
  23. ↑ Jaeckle: Memories of "The Deed". 1989, p. 21.
  24. ↑ The «Tat» résumé. In: The deed. November 1, 1945, p. 13.
  25. ↑ Jaeckle: No man's land of the thirties. 1979, p. 240.
  26. ↑ Jaeckle: Memories of "The Deed". 1989, p. 12 f.
  27. ^ Andres Briner: Denzler, Robert F. In: Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz .
  28. ↑ Meier: Learn to live and live to learn. 2009, p. 17.
  29. ↑ Jaeckle: Memories of "The Deed". 1989, p. 55 ff.
  30. ↑ Jaeckle: Memories of "The Deed". 1989, p. 93 f.
  31. ↑ Jaeckle: Memories of "The Deed". 1989, p. 85 f.
  32. ↑ Jaeckle: Memories of "The Deed". 1989, p. 93.
  33. ↑ Jaeckle: Memories of "The Deed". 1989, p. 125 f.
  34. ↑ Jaeckle: Memories of "The Deed". 1989, p. 135 f.
  35. ↑ Jaeckle: Memories of "The Deed". 1989, p. 163.
  36. ↑ Jaeckle: Memories of "The Deed". 1989, p. 175 f.
  37. ↑ a b Meier: Learn the life and live the learning. 2009, p. 19.
  38. ↑ Peter Otto Schneider receives the Nägeli Medal. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . May 9, 1977, p. 23.
  39. ↑ Herbert Tauber: The deed becomes deed. In: The deed. April 1, 1977, p. 2.
  40. ↑ Heiner Schoch: How the Migros administration clipped the wings of the «publisher» Arnold. In: Tages-Anzeiger . July 26, 1978, p. 5.
  41. ↑ Hugo Bütler : Caesarean "Tat". In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. April 5, 1977, p. 33.
  42. ^ Billerbeck: Liquidated. 1978, p. 35.
  43. ↑ Erich Kägi: Behind the scenes of the tabloid press. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. December 17, 1977, p. 29.
  44. ↑ Schawinski: Who am I? 2014, p. 145.
  45. ^ Peter Studer : Schawinski's «Tat» (April 4, 1977– July 31, 1978). In: Tages-Anzeiger. July 26, 1978, p. 5.
  46. ↑ Schawinski: Who am I? 2014, p. 148.
  47. ^ "Guidelines" for the "deed". In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. August 11, 1978, p. 32.
  48. ↑ Schawinski: Who am I? 2014, p. 149.
  49. ^ Billerbeck: Liquidated. 1978, p. 64.
  50. ^ Billerbeck: Liquidated. 1978, p. 13.
  51. ^ Strike in the "deed". In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 23/24 September 1978, p. 33.
  52. ^ The strike in the "deed". In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. September 25, 1978, p. 26.
  53. ↑ Cessation of the «deed». In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. September 26, 1978, p. 31.
  54. ↑ Pierre Arnold menacé de mort. ( Memento of the original from November 23, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Journal de Genève . October 12, 1978, p. 14. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.letempsarchives.ch
  55. ↑ "fact" -Redaktoren receive salary until the end of the year. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 21./22. October 1978, p. 33.
  56. ↑ From the imprints 1939–1977.
  57. ^ Christoph Zürcher: Grütter, Alfred. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  58. ↑ 30 years of «Die Tat». In: The deed. September 27, 1969, p. 53.
  59. ↑ Jaeckle: No man's land of the thirties. 1979, p. 242 f.
  60. ↑ Karin Marti-Weissenbach: Brock, Erich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  61. ^ Andres Briner: David, Karl Heinrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  62. ^ Karin Marti-Weissenbach: Gysler, Henry [Henri]. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  63. ^ Peter Müller-Grieshaber: Schumacher, Edgar. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  64. ^ Markus Bürgi: Walter, Ernst. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
This article was added to the list of excellent articles on December 30, 2015 in this version .