Cadet Institute

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Memorial stone for the “Royal Prussian Cadet Corps” in Berlin

As a military school or military school are secondary schools up to high school called, which are typically used to prepare for a military career or are conducive to a future military career.

The first cadet schools emerged towards the end of the 17th century in France , among other places , where young noblemen who were appointed officers were brought together as cadets in companies in order to receive education and training appropriate to their future profession.

Prussia

Cadets dressed for page duty in Lichterfelde (1900)

The Great Elector founded the so-called Cadet Corps with the institutions in Kolberg , Berlin and Magdeburg . The first tribe of the cadet corps was in Kolberg and consisted of 60 to 70 cadets, who were transferred to the newly formed "Royal Prussian Cadet Corps" in Berlin in 1716 and increased to 110. The Berlin establishment was founded by King Friedrich Wilhelm I as a "nursery school" for the Prussian officer corps. From 1717 on, this corps had its own cadet house in Berlin in an older building on the fortress wall. In 1719 the cadets were also transferred from Magdeburg to Berlin, and the Berlin cadet corps now consisted of 150 cadets. In 1776 the Berlin Cadet House was rebuilt at Neue Friedrichstrasse 13 across from the Gray Monastery high school . After the Page Institute was incorporated into the Berlin Cadet Corps on March 1, 1790, it contained 252 cadets. From 1878 the main cadet institute resided in new and large buildings in Groß-Lichterfelde near Berlin.

Royal Cadet house in Stolp around 1793

Further cadet schools were founded in Stolp (1769), Kulm (1776) and Kalisch (1793). The cadet institute in Stolp, founded by Frederick the Great , was initially designed for 48 cadets and was expanded in 1778 to up to 96 cadets who were taught in six classes. The cadet house in Kulm was initially designed for 60 cadets and was expanded to 100 cadets in 1787 with a permit from King Friedrich Wilhelm II . In 1793 there were 260 cadets in Berlin, 40 cadets in Potsdam, 96 cadets in Stolp and 100 cadets each in Kulm and Kalisch. In the Peace of Tilsiter Kulm and Kalisch were ceded, Stolp was dissolved in 1811 and moved to Potsdam. After the end of the Wars of Liberation , Kulm was rebuilt before the institution was moved to Köslin in 1890 .

In 1902 the Prussian Cadet Corps consisted of eight cadet houses and the main cadet institute .

Registration could take place after reaching the age of eight with the command of the cadet corps; the person to be admitted had to be ten years old and not have passed the age of fifteen. The education contribution at the turn of the century was 900 marks per annum (that was about the salary of a lieutenant), this amount could be reduced to up to 10 percent depending on the parents' financial circumstances; Foreigners paid 2000 marks.

Cadet houses

Former cadet house at Schloss Bensberg

The corps was finally divided into eight preliminary corps (Kadettenvoranstalten, later called Kadettenhäuser) of two companies each in Plön (since 1868), Köslin (1890), Potsdam (since 1801), Bensberg (since 1840), Naumburg (Saale) (since 1900 ), Wahlstatt (since 1838), Oranienstein (since 1867), Karlsruhe (since 1892) and the Prussian Hauptkadettenanstalt (HKA) in Groß-Lichterfelde (since 1878) to ten companies.

Cadet Berlin 1717

In 1902, the cadet houses comprised classes from sixth to sub-tertiary (5th to 8th grade) and had around 150 to 240 cadets, the main cadet institute had grades from lower secondary to upper prima and the " Selekta " (upper grade ). The course of study corresponded roughly to that of the Realgymnasium , with Latin from sixths, French from quarters and English from upper secondary schools .

The only advance corps on non-Prussian territory was in Karlsruhe . It was founded by an agreement between Prussia and the southern German states (except Bavaria ). Bavaria and Saxony had their own cadet institutes, as did Austria outside of the empire. The knight academy in Liegnitz (Silesia) and in Brandenburg Cathedral were of a similar but semi-private character .

The oldest class of each cadet house transferred to the main cadet institute at the beginning of the new school year (April 1st).

Fencing Cadets 1786

Cadet Corps

Since the reform work of General Ernst von Rüchel (1754–1823), the cadet corps had been subordinate to the inspector of military education. Active officers served in him as "educators". Military training was limited to infantry service . The cadet was able to be admitted to the ensign examination after completing the upper secondary school and entered the army immediately after passing the examination. The Primaner also had to serve as an ensign for a year after graduating from high school , but was pre-patented for two years when he was appointed officer. Before being appointed lieutenant, the ensign had to successfully complete war school. Particularly capable cadets could be admitted to the Selekta instead of the ensign year; this replaced the war school and was considered a preparation time for the war academy and general staff . The Selekta finished with the officer examination; the Selektaner joined the troops as a lieutenant.

Portepee NCO with Cadets 1814

Even before the by Gerhard von Scharnhorst , August Neidhardt von Gneisenau and Hermann von Boyen set to the factory Prussian military reforms Inspector General was encouraged by Rüchel important reorganization measures, but only after the wars of liberation by the cadet commander Johann Georg Emil effervescent been implemented. Brause formed the drill, custody and supply institute, threatened with closure, into an educational institute committed to the idea of humanism . This reorganization strengthened the character of the military educational institutions as a stronghold of the aristocratic class.

Saxony

Standard Saxony Cadet Corps 1747–1865

The cadet corps of the Saxon Army in Dresden emerged from a cadet company established in 1725. After completing a six-class training course, his pupils passed the ensign examination before the Prussian Higher Military Examination Commission, which went to Dresden for this purpose.

Count August Christoph von Wackerbarth laid the foundation stone for the military educational institution in Dresden. From 1822, Karl von Gersdorff turned the institute into a model school.

Bavaria

The cadet corps of the Bavarian Army in Munich was founded in 1755 and in 1868 placed on an equal footing with secondary schools.

Württemberg

The Wuerttemberg officer training institute founded in Ludwigsburg in 1820, called General War School from 1852 , consisted of a cadet school and a portepeef military school. The cadet school accepted 15-year-old officer candidates , provided them with a school education analogous to the secondary school and a military education appropriate to their age, and dismissed them after two and a half years with the scientific examination to become a porter . After a further six months of practical service with a regiment, the officer candidate was then assigned to the Portepeef Ensign School, where he received military training as an officer and, after a year, passed the officer examination and was then appointed lieutenant.

As a result of the military convention of 21./25. On November 1st, 1870, Württemberg closed its Portepeefähnrichsschule, and the Württemberg officer candidates, including the graduates of the cadet school, instead attended the Prussian war schools from 1871 and passed their officers' examinations before the Higher Military Examination Commission in Berlin. At the end of May 1874, Württemberg also closed its cadet school, and Württemberg officer candidates were then accepted into the Prussian cadet corps.

German Empire from 1871

After the establishment of the German Reich, the Berlin Cadet House, which has been the "Central-Kadettenanstalt" since 1859, was also opened to sons from other federal states. As early as 1873 the foundation stone was laid for a new, larger building complex in Groß-Lichterfelde , which could be occupied on August 14, 1878 and which, as the “ main cadet institute ”, developed into the central military elite forge of the Reich within a few years. In military parlance, the term “Lichterfelde” became a synonym for elite training (Peter Murr, Behind the Red Walls of Lichterfelde , Amalthea Verlag 1933). The Prussian cadet institutes propagated the ideal of the Spartians when it came to the rigors of training; National Socialist Germany built on this when the Napolas were founded. In addition, cadet institutes continued to exist in the Prussian provinces and some other sub-states and, if particularly qualified, led the offspring of officers to Lichterfelde. The Prussian Hauptkadettenanstalt was one of the best military schools in the world.

Because of the quality of the training that the victorious powers of the First World War perceived as a danger, the German Reich, unlike Austria, was forced in the Versailles Peace Treaty to close Lichterfelde and the subordinate regional cadet institutions. The main cadet institute was closed on March 20, 1920 with a final roll call. One street of the villa colony was renamed Kadettenweg and a memorial stone was erected for the cadet corps. The buildings in Lichterfelde were initially used for a reform pedagogical school and from 1933 they were converted into barracks for the " Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler ", which made use of the reputation of the historic location. Most of the regional cadet institutions were later used as barracks or schools. During the time of the division of Germany, the former main cadet institute in Lichterfelde housed US military facilities; today parts of the Federal Archives are housed in the buildings .

GDR

GDR cadet student shoulder piece

In the GDR , the Naumburg (Saale) cadet institute of the NVA existed from 1956 to 1960 as the only facility of its kind, in the building complex of the former Napola and the former Royal Prussian cadet institute . The school began for boys from the age of 12, initially for 211 cadets in grades 6 to 9 in two companies with four platoons each and offered four hours of military or pre-military training in addition to high school education up to the Abitur . Around 50 cadet students were accepted in two classes per year . Attending the school was free of charge, based on the civil GDR high school. Military working groups were offered parallel to the lessons. The military part of the training culminated each year in a summer and winter camp.

The school pursued the political objective of preparing children of the working class and peasantry for a possible career as a professional soldier in the armed organs of the GDR .

As early as 1958, however, a study showed that less than 10% of the students complied with the political guidelines and that the majority of high school graduates preferred a civilian course - in addition, there had been several suicides among the students. The Naumburg cadet school was closed by decision of the SED Politburo . In June 1961 the last students passed their Abitur.

Prominent students

After 1961

After 1961, the Naumburg educational institution was the NVA's educational institution, where professional soldiers could take the secondary school leaving certificate.

In the mid-1960s, the school was used as a preparatory faculty to prepare for university studies at the Friedrich Engels military academy and as an institute for foreign language training for the NVA for preparatory language training for studies at a Soviet military college . Language courses in Russian, English and French up to the language proficiency test (SLP) 3/3/3/3 were offered for soldiers of the NVA, but also German courses for soldiers of foreign armed forces in preparation for studying at one of the officers' colleges in the GDR .

After 1990

The former cadet school has been a branch of the Federal Language Office since 1990 , and since 1992 the Bundeswehr technical school to prepare temporary soldiers to return to a civilian profession at the end of their service life.

The vernacular refers to this area, which is now a listed building, as the Kadette .

Austria

In Austria it was common to visit so-called cadet institutes, which provided good prerequisites for preparation for further training at a military academy.

Switzerland

In Switzerland, in contrast to Germany and Austria, there were never any cadet institutions, cadet houses or boarding schools for the training of prospective officers. In Switzerland in the 19th century, with the restriction of child labor and the introduction of compulsory schooling and in some cases simultaneously with the enactment of the corresponding factory laws , so-called cadet corps at middle schools and high schools etc. a. founded in preparation for the recruit school, which was abandoned until the middle of the 20th century.

The cadet clubs that exist in Switzerland today offer various sports as a leisure program and do not conduct military training. These cadet associations are grouped together in the Swiss Cadet Association. The traffic cadet departments, the first of which were initiated from circles of the conventional cadets, offer traffic control services and are represented by the Swiss Traffic Cadet Association .

The founders of the original cadet corps, who came from liberal circles, intend to support the defensive capabilities of the Swiss federal state founded by the liberals in 1848 through appropriate training and gymnastics lessons for the prospective recruits and at the same time to integrate the young people into society as active citizens. The Swiss pedagogue and social reformer Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi ran a cadet corps in his boarding school in Yverdon until it was dissolved in 1825. The cadet system found broad support among the Swiss public in the 19th century as a result of the numerous armed conflicts in neighboring countries, in particular due to the Sardinian War of 1859 with the bloody battles of Magenta and Solferino near Switzerland, which Henry Dunant founded of the Red Cross , and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/1871 with the transfer of the Bourbaki Army to Switzerland, which revealed the weaknesses of the Swiss military order. As a result, the cadet corps and corresponding lesson blocks became a regular part of the curricula of high schools and other secondary schools in the 19th century. There is no evidence as to whether the cadet corps of the time, like other youth organizations, were called in to provide relief services during the Second World War .

Other countries

Escuela Militar in Santiago de Chile , the main cadet institute of the Chilean army organized by Emil Körner in the 1890s based on the Prussian model (1916).

Japan

Empire of Japan , the Army Officer School or Main Cadet Institute ( Rikugun Shikan Gakkō ) and the six regional cadet institutes ( Rikugun Yōnen Gakkō ).

Lithuania

In Lithuania, there is the General Povilas Plechavičius Cadet School , a general secondary school, in Kaunas .

Russia

Russian cadet, in army uniform of the Schlachtschitzen cadet corps (1793)
Suvorov Cadet School in the Vorontsov Palace from the 18th century (formerly the Imperial Page Corps building), Sadowaja Street in St. Petersburg
Russian Suvorov cadet in Berlin (2010)

In the Russian Empire , cadet schools for the training of the next generation of officers had been widespread since the 18th century. When the Soviet Union was founded , eight cadet schools were retained and converted into Suvorov cadet schools.

In Russia today there are still more than 25 cadet schools for boys from grade 5 to high school, as preparation for a possible future military career.

Some cadet schools in present-day Russia
The Suvorov cadet schools still active today are located in

Cadet Corps Russia

Epaulettes
Lesser Coat of Arms of Russian Empire.svg
Imperial Russian Army 		Russian Imperial Army rank insignia Cadett Orlovski Kadestski Korpus.jpg Russian Imperial Army Cadet 5 Dragunski Kargolovski Polk.jpg Orenburgski Nyeplyuyevski Kadetsky Korpus.jpg Russian Imperial Army Cadet 15 Rifle His Majesty King Nikola I Reg4.jpg Pogony russkikh imperatorskikh kadetskikh korpusov (Pskov) .jpg VKKK 02.jpg

Orlov Cadet Corps		 Cadet Corps
5th Kargolowski
Dragoon Regiment 		Orenburg-Nepljuewski
Cadet Corps 		Army Cadet
I / 15. Chernogorsk
Schützen-Kp
(Imperial Highness Nikolai I) 		Pskov
Cadet Head		 Vladimir
Kiev
cadet head

Turkey and USA

In Turkey and in the USA there are military-approved high schools (grammar schools or high schools ). B. the Missouri Military Academy.

See also

literature

General

  • Louis Burgener: Cadets in Switzerland, 1986. In: Allgemeine Schweizerische Militärzeitschrift. 152, 1986, Supplement No. 10, ISSN  0002-5925 , pp. 1-8.
  • Adolf Friedrich Johannes von Crousaz: History of the Royal Prussian Cadet Corps. After its creation, its development and its results in the Google book search. Schindler, Berlin 1857.
  • Horst Erlich: The cadet institutions. Structures and design of military education in the Electorate of Bavaria in the later 18th century . (= Historical sciences. 17). Herbert Utz Verlag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-8316-0677-1 . (Also: Munich, Univ., Diss., 2006)
  • 50 years of the Federal Cadet Association. Anniversary font . (= 50 ans Association fédérale des corps de cadets. Plaquette commémorative. 1936–1956 ). Federal Cadet Association, Murten 1986.
  • Olaf Jessen: "Prussia's Napoleon"? Ernst von Rüchel. (1754-1823). War in the Age of Reason . Schöningh, Paderborn u. a. 2007, ISBN 978-3-506-75699-2 . (Also: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 2004)
  • Klaus Johann: Limit and stop. The individual in the “House of Rules”. To German-language boarding school literature. Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2003, ISBN 3-8253-1599-1 , pp. 217-249. (= Contributions to modern literary history. 201). (At the same time: Münster, Univ., Diss., 2002), (Chapter “On the historical and literary-historical context: The cadet institutions and the cadet literature - transfiguration and indictment” ).
  • Peter Joachim Lapp : students in uniform. The cadets of the National People's Army . Helios Verlag, Aachen 2009, ISBN 978-3-86933-003-7 .
  • Christian Lüthi: Cadets . In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland.
  • Reich Association of Former Cadets (Ed.): Serious and cheerful things from the cadet life in Groß-Lichterfelde. A book of memory of the Cadet Corps . Publishing house Stalling, Oldenburg 1921.
  • von Scharfenort (arr.): The Royal Prussian Cadet Corps 1839-1892. Mittler and Son, Berlin 1892.
  • Klaus Schwirkmann: Royal Prussian Cadet Institute Karlsruhe. From the history of today's office building of the regional tax office in Karlsruhe on Moltkestrasse . State of Baden-Württemberg (Regional Finance Directorate Karlsruhe), Karlsruhe 1977.

Fiction, autobiography

Web links

Commons : Kadettenanstalt  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Kadettenanstalt  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Christian Friedrich Wutstrack : Brief historical-geographical-statistical description of the royal Prussian duchy of Western and Western Pomerania . Stettin 1793, pp. 691-693.
  2. ^ Gottfried Traugott Gallus: History of the Mark Brandenburg for friends of historical information . Volume 6, Züllich and Freistadt 1805, p. 274 restricted preview in the Google book search.
  3. ↑ Handbook of Historic Places in Germany . Volume 12: Mecklenburg - Pommern , Kröner, Stuttgart 1996, pp. 289-290.
  4. ^ Admission regulations for the Royal Cadet Corps 1899; printed in the Firks pocket calendar for the army , 42nd year 1919, published by Early von Gall, Berlin 1918.
  5. ↑ Read more in Heinrich Meschwitz : Geschichte des Kgl. Saxon. Cadets and Page Corps from its founding to the present Dresden 1907 and Volume 2 (Dresden 1913) . One copy is in Saxony. Dresden State Archives can be viewed.
  6. ^ Negotiations of the Württemberg Chamber of Deputies in the State Parliament. Second volume of supplements. Stuttgart, 1870. (p. 177) limited preview in the Google book search
  7. ↑ holding M 13; Introduction: 1. To the history of the military examination committee
  8. ^ Helen Roche: Sparta's German children.The ideal of ancient Sparta in the Royal Prussian Cadet Corps, 1818–1920, and in the Nationalist Socialist elite schools (the Napolas), 1933–1945. Classical Press of Wales, Swansea 2013, ISBN 978-1-905125-55-5 , p. 245.
  9. ↑ a b BRASCH - The wish and the fear. Documentary by Christoph Rüter about the poet, writer and filmmaker Thomas Brasch 2011.
  10. ↑ Peter Joachim Lapp : Students in Uniform: The Cadets of the NVA . In: Germany Archive . tape 39 , 2006, p. 823–833, especially 830 ( deutschlandarchiv.info [PDF; 150 kB ]).
  11. ^ Jean-Francois Bergier: The economic history of Switzerland. From the beginning to the present, ISBN 3-545-34016-3 , p. 258.
  12. ↑ A. Hess and M. May in: Stäfner Kadetten are 150 years young ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), Tages-Anzeiger, May 22, 2007, p. 63.
  13. ↑ 50 Years of the Federal Cadet Association, 1936–1986 , self-published by the Federal Cadet Association, 1986.
  14. ↑ Cadettencommission of the corps at the canton school Zurich: Protocol of the cadet meeting of 1./5. September 1856
  15. ↑ verkehrskadetten.ch website of the Swiss Traffic Cadets Association
  16. ↑ 50 Years of the Federal Cadet Association, 1936–1986, self-published by the Federal Cadet Association, 1986.
  17. ↑ a b Ch. Lüthi: Cadets. In: Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz ( Memento of the original from February 17, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / hls-dhs-dss.ch
  18. ^ Louis Burgener: La Confédération suisse et l'éducation physique de la jeunesse
  19. ↑ a b 50 years of the Federal Cadet Association. 1936–1986, self-published by the Federal Cadet Association, 1986.
  20. ^ Louis Burgener: Cadets in Switzerland. in ASMZ 152, 1986, Supplement No. 10
  21. ↑ pfadiarchiv.ch Central Archive PBS
  22. ↑ Official naming of Karelia (Russian)
  23. ↑ website
  24. ↑ Website of the school ( Memento of the original from June 13, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (soot.) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.kadet1784.com