East New York

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East New York: Pennsylvania Avenue

East New York is the name of a neighborhood on the eastern edge of the New York borough of Brooklyn . Originally a loose association of incorporated suburbs and spots, East New York is now the common collective name for the residential districts grouped together in the Brooklyn Community Board 5 . The majority of the population in the district consists of African Americans , Puerto Ricans and Hispanics . The economic situation is largely precarious, while the social one is shaped by ghettoization and above-average crime rates. Located on the border with the borough of Queens , East New York is the largest district in terms of area within Brooklyn.

Location and geography

Boundaries, major roads, and neighborhoods
Location within Brooklyn

Like most of Brooklyn's boroughs, East New York is located south of a terminal moraine that separates the northwestern part of Long Island from Jamaica Bay and the Hempstead Plain. The northern border Queens forms the lying on the moraine green area surface Highland Park and Cypress Hills Cemetery - wherein the border district of across the park as well as several cemeteries runs formed strip. To the east, East New York is bounded by the Queens boroughs Woodhaven , Ozone Park and Howard Beach . The southern border is Jamaica Bay or the Gateway National Recreation Area south of the Belt Parkway. To the west, East New York borders the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Canarsie and Brownsville . The northwest corner belonging to the Cypress Hills subunit is also bordered to the west by Bedford-Stuyvesant and Bushwick .

East New York is divided into several districts and neighborhoods. The Cypress Hills district occupies the north of the district from the hill belt to Atlantic Avenue. Together with its southeastern tip (name: City Line) it is sometimes also run as an independent district. To the south, the actual East New York joins - with parts of it still operating under the older name New Lots. South of Flatlands Avenue is the Spring Creek sub-unit. In the eastern part it consists of a huge shopping area, office space and wasteland area. The western part contains Starrett City, one of the largest social housing projects in the USA. At the southern end, East New York is bounded by the Gateway National Recreation Area located between Belt Parkway and Jamaica Bay. A special enclave is The Hole, located 10 m below sea level, only a few blocks in length and protruding into Queens in the far east of the district.

The most important boundary roads are the Jackie Robinson Parkway beginning in the north of the district and encompassing Highland Park and Cypress Hills Cemetery , which continues in the direction of Queens to Long Island, and the Belt Parkway in the south, which goes to the John F. Kennedy International Airport . The western road limits are E 108th Street, from the height of Linden Boulevard an old railway line parallel to Van Sinderen Avenue up to Atlantic Avenue . The eastern boundary streets are 78th Street and Conduit Boulevard . Important traffic arteries in an east-west direction are (from north to south): Atlantic Avenue, Pitkin Avenue, Sutter Avenue, New Lots Avenue, Linden Boulevard, and Flatlands Avenue . Major north-south thoroughfares are (west to east): Van Sinderen Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, Elton Street, and Fountain Avenue . The most important traffic junction in the district is Broadway Junction station in the northwest corner of Atlantic Avenue , which is served by several local transport networks .

history

Until 1950

Battle of Long Island (1776)
New Lots, area near Meadow Lane (1874)

The southern parts of the area, sometimes referred to as flatlands, originally consisted of salt marshes and streams . The original inhabitants were the Carnasee and Rockaway Indians, who used the terrain as fishing grounds . From 1650 onwards, the Dutch began to colonize the eastern periphery of what was later to become Brooklyn. In addition to Flatbush and Bushwick, New Lots, the forerunner of East New York, was one of these settlements. Economically, the first settlement of farms was characterized - first under the aegis of the Dutch, after the colony was handed over to the English in 1664 as part of the Thirteen Colonies . In the 18th century there was a stronger connection between the bay area and the northern hinterland. The transition over today's highland Park / Cypress Hills operated under the name "Jamaica Pass". In 1776, during the American War of Independence , the area of ​​East New York was the scene of a flanking battle of the Battle of Long Island : Washington's Continental Army had to parry a surprise attack by English and Hessian soldiers on its train and withdraw in the course of the conflict.

A stronger economic integration took place from the 1830s. In 1835, Connecticut merchant John Pitkin bought the land of the city of New Lots north of New Lots Avenue and opened a shoe factory on the corner of Williams Street and Pitkin Avenue. To mark it off as the east end of New York, Pitkin named the terrain East New York. With the appearance of Pitkin, the commercial and industrial use of the area intensified. Pitkin's original goal was to position New Lots as an independent city on a par with New York. Due to economic setbacks, including the economic crisis of 1837 , these plans remained unrealized. One consequence of the development of the north-western part of the city initiated by Pitkin was that the old city name "New Lots" was increasingly replaced by the name "East New York".

House near Highland Park (1936)

In the following decades the urban structure became more concentrated. In 1836 the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad opened its network. Soon after, this connection was integrated into the route network of the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR), which led from Queens via Brooklyn and ended in East New York. With the official assignment of the city of Flatbush, New Lots became an independent entity in 1854. In 1865 the line of the LIRR was extended by a side branch, which led beyond the previous terminus Broadway Junction. The area around Broadway Junction and the northern part of New Lot subsequently developed into a typical railroad town. An early hub was Howards House train station, which was also used as a hotel and bar. In parallel to this development, the through-road grid was formed in the second half of the 19th century, which is still decisive for the structure of the district to this day. The final stages of urban development consolidation were the incorporation into Brooklyn (1886) and the merger of Manhattan with the Bronx , Queens, Staten Island and Brooklyn to form New York City (1898).

A real boom set in around 1900. It was based on two developments: a) the progressive transport connections through the emerging subway network and flanking trolleybus lines, b) local migration movements , especially from the overcrowded Lower East Side and the western Brooklyn districts. The long-established population, including many small craftspeople of German origin , was joined by Italians , Poles , Russians and - since 1906 - increasingly also Jews . In the 1930s, the northern part of today's district was completely settled. The district was inhabited mainly by Italians, Jews, Germans and Russians. The stamping by the strongly Christian-Orthodox customs of the Slavic inhabitants was strong. The main places of origin of the new residents were Brownsville, Bushwick and other already overcrowded districts in East Brooklyn.

From 1950

Terraced houses in the Cypress Hills district

The north-western quadrant of the district was the most infrastructural in the middle of the 20th century . More than half of the area was used industrially until the 1950s. The small business sector also held up on the surface. The housing stock, however, had deteriorated significantly in the meantime. One cause was local emigration: after the Second World War , many old residents tried to improve their standard of living and moved into one or two-family houses - initially located east of Pennsylvania Avenue within the district. Finally, in the 1960s, there was a massive recomposition of the residents. As a result, the predominantly white majority of the district's residents were replaced within a few years by African-Americans and Puerto Ricans who moved there and proportionally pushed into the background. The change took place within a few years: In 1960, 85% of the 100,000 or so residents of the core city district were white, in 1966 80% were Afro-American or Puerto Rican origin.

The massive influx of Afro-Americans and Puerto Ricans was conflictual and flanked by sometimes violent clashes. In a broader sense, the Afro-American share was an end product of Afro-American migration from the old south to the industrial centers of the north , in the narrower sense a result of local migration movements from neighboring quarters. Immigration from the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico , which is administered like a protectorate , was triggered by an immensely low standard of living and the associated high unemployment rate (25%). The resulting ghetto formation was characterized by urban planner Walter Thabit in his book How East New York Became A Ghetto , published in 2003, as a prime example of urban planning flanked by ignorance, indifference and greed for profit . According to Thabit, the ghetto formation took place in several jumps in quick succession: first and very rapidly in the northwest quadrant, then one or two years later in the central districts east of Pennsylvania Avenue. A result of the escalating of riots was accompanied dispute that Italian neighborhood, just south of Livonia Avenue in 1966 abruptly abandoned and was adopted by African-American and Puerto Rican residents. The nationwide displacement of the old residents was flanked by the activities of around 200 real estate companies . According to Thabit, the targeted property purchases were implemented using coordinated redlining and blockbusting strategies, among other things . The term redlining marks the conscious withdrawal of mortgage capital in an area designated as a redevelopment area, while blockbusting uses techniques to induce old residents and old owners to move away or sell their property .

Starrett City

A development that was trying to avoid the forms of ghettoisation described took place in 1972 with the construction of the two public housing - high-rise complexes in Starrett City south of the Flatlands Avenue. The concept of mixed occupancy envisaged by the developers , however, meant that non-white apartment applicants subsequently saw themselves at a disadvantage and filed a complaint against the developer for discrimination . The dispute ended with a compromise, according to which the Starrett City Housing Association continued to award apartments in accordance with its mixed-share concept, but compensation owners advertised more apartments for African-American and Puerto Ricans in other residential complexes. Compared to the numbers for the entire borough (see section “Demographics”), Starrett City has a white population of around 40 percent (compared to less than 10% for all of East New York).

Michael Dowd at the premiere of the documentary The Seven Five (2015)

The ghettoization of the district was accompanied by a massive increase in crime . In the 1990s, East New York was the scene of bloody gang wars ; Due to the high murder rates , the district was at times a front runner within Brooklyn. In the 1990s, East New York's 75th Police Station was hit by a large-scale police crime case. Michael Dowd, a police officer at the station, had organized a ring made up of police officers between 1986 and 1992 , which provided protection and information for drug traffickers , diverted cash seizures into their own pockets and engaged in the cocaine business on Long Island. The ring was exposed through an undercover investigation by the Suffolk County Sheriff's Department . A commission of inquiry set up by Mayor David Dinkins saw brutality, theft, abuse of authority and active police crime for granted. In addition, superiors purposefully ignored relevant information in order not to let the area appear in an unfavorable light. Dowd, who characterized his self-image at the time with the words "I was a cop and a gangster at the same time" , was sentenced to twelve years in prison. In 2015 he worked on the documentary The Seven Five , which thematized the incidents of the time.

Since the heyday of the crack and heroin epidemic in the 1980s and 1990s, the numbers have declined. Violent crimes are still widespread in East New York. The number of federal court actions brought against officials from the 75th district is also well above average . Brooklyn Councilor Inez Barron commented on this fact in 2016 by saying that there are still problems in the 75th district.

Neighborhoods and neighborhoods

Jamaica Bay area at the southern end of East New York

As a rule, the location East New York today includes the area of ​​the 5th Community District of Brooklyn. In this broader sense, East New York includes the northern sub-district Cypress Hills, its southeastern branch City Line and the twin district Spring Creek / Starrett City in the south. The rest of the area operates under the unspecified name East New York. An exception is the designation New Lots, which usually denotes the central, older or also further south of the (remaining) East New York unit. The quarters from north to south:

Cypress Hills

Cypress Hills is bounded by the northern district boundary or Jamaica Avenue south of the green area Highland Park and Cypress Hills Cemetery in the north, Atlantic Avenue in the south, Eldert Lane in the east and Eastern Parkway and Broadway Junction station in the west . Originally the neighborhood was part of the 37th District of New York City. Its extension is 0.71 square kilometers. The population is mixed; Hispanics, immigrants from the Caribbean (preferably Puerto Ricans), Caucasians , South Asians and African Americans dominate. The traffic artery of the district is Atlantic Avenue , which is also the commercial center of the district.

City Line

Liberty Avenue on City Line

City Line is the southeast extension of Cypress Hills. Atlantic Avenue is the northern limit . In the southwest the district is bounded by Conduit Boulevard . Eastern borders with Queens are 75th Street, Drew Street and Eldert Lane . The name of the neighborhood is reminiscent of the former border marker to Queens County - before Brooklyn and large parts of the county became part of New York City in 1898. Originally shaped by German, Irish and Italian residents, the population today is largely determined by immigrants from the Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico, Guyana and African Americans. The main business district is on Liberty Avenue , which cuts the neighborhood in a west-east direction.

New lots

Originally, New Lots was the name of the old - east of the town of Flatbush - settlement in this area (see section "History"). Today's population is largely of African American and Hispanic origins. The area of ​​New Lots is not clearly defined. Some official maps show the southern strip of the core area of ​​East New York as "New Lots" - extending from Linden Boulevard to Flatlands Avenue . Other descriptions and maps place New Lots in the western or northwestern part of East New York.

The Hole

The Hole is an isolated section on the eastern edge of East New York that partially extends as far as Queens. The western limit of the section is Ruby Street , the northern and southern limits of the tapering triangle are South Conduit Avenue and Linden Boulevard . The easternmost foothills of East New York are only a few blocks away. In terms of condition, it is shabby and largely characterized by detached houses that have since been abandoned - with free-range chickens to be found between the fallow land or on the streets . The designation “hole” takes into account the low location of this district (10 m below sea level). The remote corner of Brooklyn has become known as the local seat of the Federation of Black Cowboys .

Spring Creek

Belt Parkway, Spring Creek Exit

The southeastern part of the former Town of New Lots is also often assigned to East New York. The boundaries are Flatlands Avenue (north), Betts Creek and Fountain Avenue (east), Gateway National Recreation Area (south), and Schenck Avenue and Hendrix Creek (west). Occasionally adjacent neighborhoods north of Flatlands Avenue to Linden Boulevard are also counted as part of this district. Part of Spring Creek is the Starrett City apartment complex. The focal point of the eastern part, which goes under the name Spring Creek, is the Gateway Mall - a huge shopping complex that covers almost half a square kilometer and is comprised of office space and areas not specifically designated for use.

Starrett City

A large, subsidized apartment complex. It is bounded by Flatlands Avenue (north), Hendrix Street (east), Jamaica Bay (south) and the Fresh Creek Basin (west). The facility, also known as Spring Creek Towers, consists of 5,881 residential units in 46 buildings and is considered the largest federally supported residential project in the United States . The residential complex includes eight parking garages , a community center and a few undeveloped lots . The actual residential complex is divided into eight sections, each of which has a parking garage as well as recreational facilities and sports fields . The eight sections were named after parishes in New York State : Ardsley, Bethel , Croton, Delmar, Elmira , Freeport, Geneva and Hornell. Each building has between 11 and 20 floors . Starrett City stands out clearly from other Brooklyn neighborhoods due to its spaciously designed design and structure. Donald Trump owns 4% of the shares in the complex . Trump, whose business partnership with the founders was characterized by ups and downs, generated sales of US $ 5 million from the plant between January 2016 and April 15, 2017.

Demographic data

According to the 2010 US census, there were 91,958 people in the (narrower) census district of East New York. Together with the counting districts of East New York-Pennsylvania Avenue, Cypress Hills / City Line and Starrett City, East New York had a population of 183,878 in 2010. The ethnic composition is mixed. According to the census data, the population was divided as follows: 3.4% white, 51.7% African American and Puerto Ricans, 36.5% Hispanics and 4.9% of Asian origin. The distribution varies considerably in the individual subdivisions. In Starrett City, for example, the proportion of residents with the census data “white” is far above the average for the large district. In the northern district of Cypress Hills, on the other hand, the population group with Hispanic roots is most strongly represented. On the one hand, the segmentation typical of large American cities continues in East New York into residential areas that are dominated by one ethnic group. On the other hand, this form of segmentation is less pronounced in East New York than in the neighboring districts of Brownsville and East Flatbush to the west. The concentration of Hispanic districts, which stretches across the northern half of Brooklyn in a west-east direction, also extends across the boroughs.

More than half of the population lives below the poverty line and receives public support. The 2015 report on the health situation found - compared to the total values ​​for Brooklyn and New York City, respectively: a higher number of residents who are affected by poverty (32% compared to 24% and 21%), above-average risk values ​​for heart disease , Diabetes and obesity and - despite the decline in the epidemic - continued high rates of HIV infection and AIDS- related death. Above average in the district is the number of drug deaths , but below average the level of school and university degrees achieved . The values ​​for premature births , pregnancies of minors and school absence were also significantly higher than for Brooklyn and New York as a whole .

The crime rate, which was still very high in the 1980s and 1990s, has now fallen. The cause of this change is controversial. While proponents of the zero tolerance strategy attribute this effect to the crackdown that has been practiced since the 1990s, critics accuse it of merely combating symptoms. Like neighboring districts, East New York is still considered a critical district and is regularly noted as such in travel guides. The Crime Map of New York City, according to East New York was ranked 2,017 in the medium-intensive area. The map shows the Hells Kitchen district west of Times Square as well as parts of Harlem and the South Bronx as particularly problematic areas . The neighboring districts of East Flatbush and Brownsville also exceeded the values ​​of East New York.

Land use and economy

Apartments

Development going into the area: Linden Boulevard

The residential area in East New York is dominated by mixed development. In large parts, a one- to two-storey development that extends into the area determines the picture with multi-family houses - including many condominiums and co-ops. There is also a strong presence of so-called public housings - multi-storey or, in some cases, multi-storey social housing complexes that are publicly or privately owned. According to the land use map for Brooklyn Community District 5 for the 2010 data collection, the densely populated housing development is mainly concentrated in the southern part of the district. The largest property is the Starrett City residential complex . Larger public housing systems can also be found in the area between Linden Boulevard and Flatlands Avenue, at the eastern end of the district to the east of Fountain Avenue and - in a sprinkled form - in the northwest quadrant. In 2016, the New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) development plan identified the following residential complexes as funded:

  • Belmont-Sutter Area: three 3-story buildings
  • Boulevard Houses: the first of twelve facilities built in the area. Built in 1950, the complex comprises eighteen buildings with 6 to 14 floors.
  • Cypress Hills Houses: fifteen 7-story buildings
  • East New York City Line: thirty-three 3-story buildings
  • Fiorentino Plaza: eight 4-storey buildings
  • Linden Houses: nineteen buildings, 8 and 14 story buildings
  • Long Island Baptist Houses: four 6-story rehabilitated tenement houses
  • Pennsylvania Avenue-Wortman Avenue: three buildings, 8 and 16 stories high
  • Louis Heaton Pink Houses: twenty-two 8-story buildings
  • Unity Plaza (Sites 4, 5A, 6, 7, 11, 12, 27): five 6-story buildings
  • Unity Plaza (Sites 17, 24, 25A): three 6-story buildings
  • Vandalia Avenue: two 10-story buildings.

Industry and commerce

The center of the industrial agglomeration zone in the northwest: Broadway Junction station

The zones with predominantly or exclusively commercial use are concentrated in three areas:

  • in the old Northwest Quadrant between Van Sinderen Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, Sutter Avenue, and Atlantic Avenue. Heart of the system is founded in 1980, and 44 blocks extensive East Brooklyn Industrial Park . In a broader sense, the commercial urbanization zone also includes the western corner of Cypress Hills north of Atlantic Avenue around the Broadway Junction multi-function station. In addition, commercial complexes are concentrated along the entire length of Atlantic Avenue.
  • in the western part of the strip between Linden Boulevard and Flatlands Avenue
  • in the eastern part of this strip to Fountain Avenue

Additional areas for the transport infrastructure can be found in the eastern part of the district north of Linden Boulevard and between Starrett City and Spring Creek. The largest business and office center is the Spring Creek Gateway Center . Dense office and commercial areas can be found in the southern section of Pennsylvania Avenue, along Atlantic Avenue and along Liberty Avenue, which cuts through the City Line.

Recreation and green spaces

Highland park

By far the largest green space is the area on the northern border of the district with Highland Park in the center and several cemeteries to the northwest and east of it: Evergreens Cemetery , Carmel Cemetery and Cypress Hills Cemetery . Other areas designated as parks and recreation areas are the Gateway National Recreation Area south of the Belt Parkway and Spring Creek Park in the borough of Queens, also located on Jamaica Bay . In the southern half of East New York there are two more slightly larger green areas: Linden Park (on Linden Boulevard) and Breukelen Ballfields along Louisiana Avenue.

Transport links

Local transport hub: Broadway Junction subway station
Bus stop at Gateway Center, Spring Creek

The following public transport links the district to Brooklyn and the New York City transport network:

  • East New York Station on Long Island Rail Road (LIRR).
  • The 2 3 4 5 trains on Junius Street, Pennsylvania Avenue, Van Siclen Avenue and New Lots Avenue subway stations . The line serves City Line and New Lots and is the closest to Spring Creek.
  • The BMT Carnasie Line L train with stations at Broadway Junction, Atlantic Avenue, Sutter Avenue, Livonia Avenue and New Lots Avenue . This line acts as a west-east connection to New York, runs in a southwest direction to Brownsville and Canarsie and it is the closest connection to the Starrett City district.
  • The AC trains on the IND Fulton Street Line . The route begins at Broadway Junction station . It travels through the stations Liberty Avenue, Van Siclen Avenue, Shepherd Avenue, Euclid Avenue and Grant Avenue . The line serves to connect the city and New Lots.
  • The JZ trains of the BMT Jamaica Line with the stations Broadway Junction, Alabama Avenue, Van Siclen Avenue, Cleveland Street, Norwood Avenue, Crescent Street and Cypress Hills . This line serves Cypress Hills and the northern part of East New York.
  • The New York City Subway's East New York Yard, Livonia Yard, and Pitkin Yard.
  • The buses BM2, BM5, B6, B12, B13, B14, B15, B20, B25, B82, B83, B84, Q24 and Q56 serve to connect the neighborhood.

The East New York and Spring Creek bus depots are both located in the major district, but are not intended for public use.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Brooklyn Community Boards ( Memento of the original from July 19, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . nyc.gov, accessed on July 14, 2017 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nyc.gov
  2. ^ Hot Rocks: A Geological History of New York City Parks . nycgovparks.org, accessed July 14, 2017
  3. ↑ a b c Brooklyn Community District 5 . Statistical information from nyc.gov, accessed on July 15, 2017 (English; PDF)
  4. ↑ See district marker for "East New York" (without Cypress Hills) on Google Maps . Accessed July 15, 2017.
  5. ↑ a b Spring Creek Park . nycgovparks.org, accessed July 14, 2017
  6. ^ A b c Walter Thabit: How East New York Became a Ghetto. New York University Press, New York 2005, ISBN 978-0814782675 ; P. 9 ff. (Engl.) Excerpts online at Google Books .
  7. ^ A b Broadway Junction Transportation Study . Prepared for the NYC Department of City Planning, November 2008. "Introduction", p. 10 (English; PDF)
  8. ^ A b Walter Thabit: How East New York Became a Ghetto. New York University Press, New York 2005, ISBN 978-0814782675 ; P. 11 ff. (Engl.) Excerpts online at Google Books .
  9. ^ Walter Thabit: How East New York Became a Ghetto. New York University Press, New York 2005, ISBN 978-0814782675 ; P. 23 ff. (Engl.) Excerpts online at Google Books .
  10. ^ Walter Thabit: How East New York Became a Ghetto. New York University Press, New York 2005, ISBN 978-0814782675 ; P. 42 ff. (Engl.) Excerpts online at Google Books .
  11. ↑ Ute Mehnert: USA. A country portrait. Chr. Links Verlag, Berlin 2016. ISBN 978-3-86153-903-2 . S. 35. Excerpts online at Google Books .
  12. ^ Starrett City Will Stop Using Quotas to Foster Integration . Alan Finder, New York Times, Nov. 8, 1988.
  13. ^ East New York Homicide Breaks a Deadly Record . George James, New York Times, December 20, 1993 (Engl.)
  14. ↑ a b 'The Seven Five' To Reunite Dirty NYPD Cops At DOC NYC Premiere: Trailer . Jen Yamato, deadline.com, November 11, 2014 (Engl.)
  15. ↑ The cops hold tight . Uwe Wolf, Focus Magazin, September 12, 1994.
  16. ^ NYPD cops in East New York's 75th Precinct sued a whopping 47 times in past year . Lauren Klose / Graham Rayman, nydailynews.com, June 28, 2016
  17. ^ Brooklyn Connections: East New York Project Packet . Brooklyn Public Library's learning material unit, accessed July 15, 2017 (PDF)
  18. ↑ If You're Thinking of Living In. Cypress Hills - An Evolving Northeast Brooklyn Enclave . Janice Fioravante, New York Times, April 28, 1996
  19. ↑ Where Prices Are Practical, and Cuisines Colorful . Gregory Beyer, New York Times, December 2, 2010 (Engl.)
  20. ^ Brownsville and East New York, Brooklyn . Forgotten New York, June 13, 2005 (Engl.)
  21. ↑ Brooklyn's Lost Neightborhood: The Hole . Mark Asch, The L Magazine, October 27, 2010 (Engl.)
  22. ^ Spring Creek Nehemiah is an affordable housing success story in East New York . Jason Sheftell, New York Daily News, July 27, 2012
  23. ↑ Starrett City . longislandexchange.com, accessed July 15, 2017
  24. ↑ Trump seeks sharp cuts to housing aid, except for the program that brings him millions . Shawn Boburg, Chicago Tribune, June 20, 2017 (Engl.)
  25. ↑ Total Population / New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas *, 2010 . 2010 Census Datasheet, broken down by New York City census districts. Item numbers are based on values ​​for the four census counts of East New York, Cypress Hills / City Line, East New York / Pennsylvania Avenue, and Starrett City. Accessed July 15, 2017 (English; PDF)
  26. ^ Mapping America: Every City, Every Block . Interactive New York Times map showing the ethnic distribution of the US population, based on the 2005 census.Accessed July 15, 2017.
  27. ^ Community Health Profiles 2015 . Health report for East New York and Starrett City on nyc.gov. Accessed July 15, 2017 (English; PDF)
  28. ↑ Zero Tolerance . KrimLEX, Kriminologie-Lexikon ONLINE, accessed on July 15, 2017.
  29. ↑ The New York neighborhoods under the microscope - from beautiful to dangerous . info-usa.de, accessed on July 15, 2017.
  30. ^ NYC Crime Map . Interactive map of NYC crime rates broken down by neighborhood. On: maps.nyc.gov/crime. Accessed July 15, 2017 (Engl.)
  31. ^ Brooklyn Development Maps . New York City Housing Authority, Listing of Funded Housing for Brooklyn at nyc.dov / site / nycha, accessed July 15, 2017.
  32. ↑ Brooklyn Community District 5 . Statistical information from nyc.gov; especially here: land use plan, p. 2; accessed on July 15, 2017 (English; PDF)
  33. ^ Highland Park . nycgovparks.org, accessed July 15, 2017
  34. ↑ see New York City Subway . Map with the New York subway network, web.mta.info, accessed on July 15, 2017 (English; PDF)