Ejnar Mikkelsen

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Ejnar Mikkelsen (around 1906)

Ejnar "Miki" Mikkelsen (born December 23, 1880 in Vester Brønderslev , Jutland , † May 1, 1971 in Copenhagen ) was a Danish polar explorer , author and inspector of Greenland . He took part in expeditions to Greenland and Franz Josef Land and led others to Alaska and Greenland. In 1924 he founded the settlement Ittoqqortoormiit ( Scoresbysund in Danish ) in East Greenland .

education

Ejnar Mikkelsen was born in Brønderslev in 1880 as the son of Aksel Mikkelsen (1849-1929), a school reformer who campaigned for the introduction of handicrafts based on the Swedish model at Danish elementary schools, and his wife Maren Nielsen Mikkelsen (1846-1934). His sister was the later writer and translator Aslaug Mikkelsen Møller (1876–1964).

Ejnar was still a child when the family moved to Copenhagen. With the exception of geography lessons , he showed little interest in school and left it at the age of 13. After a failed attempt to continue his training at a private school, his father allowed him to pursue the nautical career that he began on the training ship Georg Stage . He became a ship's carpenter and spent three years traveling to the Far East on various ships . The adventurous young man dreamed of participating in a voyage of discovery . In 1896 he applied to Salomon August Andrée to take part in his balloon flight to the North Pole , and in 1898 to Fridtjof Nansen's captain of the Fram , Otto Sverdrup , who was preparing to undertake a multi-year voyage to the Canadian Arctic . Mikkelsen was turned away on the grounds that he was too young. In 1899 he passed the helmsman's examination at the seafaring school in Copenhagen . After a request to the Russian polar explorer Eduard von Toll was refused, Mikkelsen finally got the opportunity to take part in the expedition of the Danish naval officer Georg Carl Amdrup to East Greenland .

Participation in Amdrup's East Greenland expedition in 1900

Route of the Antarctic and Aggas on the East Greenland Expedition of 1900

At the turn of the 20th century, the coast of East Greenland was roughly measured up to the 77th parallel north. Between 66 and 70 ° North, however, there was a gap of around 800 km, as the ice drift of the East Greenland Current is accelerated and compacted in the Denmark Strait and the coast is therefore difficult to reach. Several ships had already failed. In 1833 the French brig La Lilloise under Captain Jules de Blosseville (1802–1833) disappeared without a trace here with a crew of 80.

Denmark was keen to be active in this area in order to be able to establish its ownership claims. With funds from the Carlsberg Foundation , an expedition led by Lieutenant Amdrup was equipped to map the coastline between Ammassalik and the Scoresbysund . In the first two years (1898–1899) a group of five worked between 65 and 67.5 ° North and put on supply depots in preparation for the boat tour planned for the summer of 1900 along the coast. Mikkelsen did not take part in the expedition until 1900, which attempted to advance to Scoresbysund with the Bark Antarctic . The ship hit the pack ice on June 29, but had to move far north in order to finally find a passage at Lille Pendulum . Amdrup, Mikkelsen, mate N. A. Jacobsen and craftsman Søren Nielsen at Cape Dalton, 110 km southwest of Scoresbysund, could only be disembarked on July 18. After a depot hut had been built, the Antarctic left Cape Dalton on July 21st to explore Scoresbysund and the Kong Oscar Fjord under the command of deputy expedition leader Nikolaj Hartz .

The group around Amdrup and Mikkelsen began their journey to Ammassalik, 730 km away, on July 22nd. In the open boat Aggas of 5.60 m in length and with a load of 1.6 tons, consisting of food for two and a half months, a tent, weapons, ammunition, tools, scientific equipment, etc., they rowed along the coast and were always stopped again by dense fields of ice floes and interspersed icebergs . In such cases, they climbed hills close to the coast and in individual cases also drifting icebergs in order to get an overview of the ice conditions. On September 2, the group reached Ammassalik after a successful journey. The mapped coast of Kong-Christian-IX-Land was taken over by Amdrup for the Danish Crown. When Mikkelsen reached Copenhagen with the rest of the expedition on October 4th, he had passed his first test in the Arctic. Amdrup had named it Miki Fjord in honor of a bay.

Participation in the Baldwin-Ziegler polar expedition 1901–1902

Officers and crew of the Baldwin-Ziegler polar expedition (1901)

1901–1902 Mikkelsen took part in the Baldwin-Ziegler polar expedition, the aim of which was to cross the geographic North Pole from Franz-Josef-Land and to return to civilization on the east coast of Greenland. The American Evelyn Baldwin had worked as a meteorologist for Robert Peary in north-west Greenland from 1893-1894 , applied as well as Mikkelsen to participate in Andrée's balloon expedition and, as Walter Wellman's deputy on his failed North Pole expedition in 1899, Graham Bell Island , the third largest island Franz-Josef-Lands, discovered. With the generosity of William Ziegler (1843–1905), who had made a fortune with baking powder, Baldwin had "unlimited resources" to carry out his plan. The 42-person expedition team left Norway on board America in the summer of 1901 and set up their winter camp on Alger Island . She had provisions for three years, more than 400 sled dogs and 15 ponies . The planned advance to the North Pole did not take place - Baldwin broke off the expedition in July 1902 and returned to Norway with the America .

Mikkelsen took part in the expedition as a cartographer and wintered for the first time in the Arctic. Despite its failure, the venture was important to him for two reasons: The supply depots that Baldwin had built off the Greenland coast on the island of Shannon and on Bass Rock , one of the Pendulum Islands , saved Mikkelsen's life ten years later. He also made friends with Baldwin's geologist Ernest de Koven Leffingwell (1875–1971), with whom he forged the first plans for a joint Arctic expedition.

Head of the Anglo-American Polar Expedition 1906–1908

The participants in the Anglo-American polar expedition: Leffingwell, Mikkelsen, Howe, Ditlevsen ( from left to right )
The Duchess of Bedford in the ice

At the beginning of the 20th century, the question of whether there were more landmasses between Alaska and Svalbard was still unanswered. At the beginning of the 1870s, the American whaling captain John Keenan (1835–1910) had seen land about 500 km north of Point Barrow , which was then referred to as Kennan Land on some maps of the Arctic (e.g. in Adolf Stieler's Hand Atlas from 1891 ) or Keenan Land . In 1904, the American hydrographer Rollin Arthur Harris (1863-1918) emerged with the theory of the existence of an arctic continent near the North Pole, which was based on observations of the tides and ocean currents , but also on Keenan's report and legends of the Eskimos based. Other scientists disagreed with Harris. The respected Norwegian polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen assumed a deep sea basin in the Arctic. Mikkelsen hoped to sort this out and discover Keenan Land, if it existed. To do this, he wanted to march from Cape Prince Alfred on Banks Island in a west-northwest direction over the sea ​​ice to 76 ° north 145 ° west.

Financing the expedition was initially difficult, but in 1905 Mikkelsen managed to secure the support of the British Royal Geographical Society , the publisher William Heinemann (1863-1920) and the Duchess of Bedford . His partner Leffingwell, whom Mikkelsen met in Chicago on February 25, 1906, raised additional funds in the USA . The two agreed to lead the expedition together, with Leffingwell responsible for the scientific work and Mikkelsen in charge of the ship and sledge trips. In Victoria , the capital of the Canadian province of British Columbia , they bought the schooner Beatrice , built in Japan in 1877 , which they renamed the Duchess of Bedford .

On May 20, 1906 the ship stabbed with the two expedition leaders , the Danish painter and zoologist Ejnar Ditlevsen (1867–?), Whom Mikkelsen had met on Amdrup's East Greenland expedition, as well as the American doctor George P. Howe (1879–?) And five men crew in sea. The ethnologist Vilhjálmur Stefánsson traveled to the Mackenzie River to meet the ship at its mouth. This reached St. Lawrence Island on July 6th , where Mikkelsen bought 14 sled dogs . In Teller , two crew members tried to escape. Mikkelsen finally let her disembark at Point Hope after two sailors from the Thetis customs cutter had stood in for her. Ditlevsen and the helmsman Edwards were seriously ill and left the expedition team. Ice conditions at Point Barrow were exceptionally difficult in 1906. While the Duchess of Bedford was waiting for an opportunity to move forward, Roald Amundsen met her on the Gjøa , with which he had just been the first to conquer the Northwest Passage . After all, the Duchess of Bedford could only advance further east in tow of the whaler Belvedere . The destination, Herschel Island , could no longer be reached now, in mid-September. Mikkelsen anchored the ship behind Flaxman Island to spend the winter here. A first sleigh trip north was planned for the spring of 1907, followed by the final march from Banks Island a year later.

The winter was used to prepare for the advance on the ice of the Beaufort Sea. On March 3, 1907, Mikkelsen, Leffingwell and Størker Størkersen , the helmsman of the Duchess of Bedford , left Flaxman Island with twelve dogs and three sleighs together with their Inupiaq guide Sachawachick. After three days, the trip had to be canceled due to impassable ice and damaged sleds. The actual advance with provisions for 75 days did not begin until March 17, initially in a westerly direction. At 149 degrees west, the group swiveled north on March 27. At temperatures that were below −20 ° C even at noon, things made rapid progress. The depth of the sea was regularly determined with a plumb line. On April 7, they left the continental shelf area at 71 ° 34 'north . The sea was deeper here than they could fathom (620 m). They were already 150 km from the Alaskan coast and marched another 50 km north for the next three days and then decided to return to land, since they could not determine the depth of the sea with their plumb line anyway. Near land was no longer to be expected. The return trip posed serious problems for the group as steady, strong easterly winds quickly drifted the sea ice westward, risking being driven into the open seas west of Point Barrow. When Mikkelsen reached Flaxman Island again on May 15, he learned that the Duchess of Bedford had since sunk. However, the crew managed to build a hut from the remains of the ship and to transport all valuable goods to the island with the help of the Inupiat. Mikkelsen's hopes of finding Keenan Land after all next spring were quickly dashed. Since the crew was no longer needed without a ship, they started their journey home on the whaler Narwhal . Stefánsson had lost faith in the success of the permanently underfunded expedition and returned to civilization under the pretext of having to counter rumors of the deaths of Mikkelsen and Leffingwell. After Størkersen shot himself in the own foot with a rifle, only Leffingwell remained for a push, but he preferred to devote himself to his geological work. Mikkelsen gave up and took the country route home. In the winter of 1907/1908 he covered the 4000 km long route via Candle , Nome and Fairbanks to Valdez by dog sled and on foot .

Head of the Alabama expedition 1909–1912

The Alabama in its winter haven, September 1909
Mikkelsen and Iversen on April 9, 1910, the day before they began their two-year isolation

Little notice was taken of Mikkelsen's expedition to Alaska in Denmark. The public was drawn to the dramatic development of another polar expedition. Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen set out with the Danmark in 1906 , among other things to investigate the last still unknown coastline in northeast Greenland. He had solved the task, but was lost with the cartographer Niels Peter Høeg-Hagen and the Greenland sledge driver Jørgen Brønlund after the group was last seen at the Danmarkfjord at the end of May 1907 . Johan Peter Koch came across the dead Brønlund at the supply depot in Lambert-Land in spring 1908 and brought his diary home, according to which Høeg-Hagen would have died on November 15, 1907 and Mylius-Erichsen ten days later. Koch also found the land photographs and map sketches of Høeg-Hagens. Mikkelsen then convinced the organizing committee of the Danmark Expedition to entrust him with the management of a second expedition, whose task it should be to look for Mylius-Erichsen, Høeg-Hagen and their diaries. The Danish government paid half of the costs. The rest was financed from private donations.

The expedition, which left Copenhagen on June 20, 1909 on the schooner Alabama , consisted of only seven participants. Mikkelsen's deputy was the naval officer Wilhelm Laub (1887–1945). Already in Tórshavn on the Faroe Islands , the plans had to be radically changed. The fifty sled dogs that were to be taken over here were sick and had to be killed. So Mikkelsen first drove to Ammassalik to buy new dogs. He then went to Iceland to enable the sick Alabama machinist to return home. Iver Iversen (1884–1968) came on board as a replacement . Shannon Island was not reached until August 25th . To Mikkelsen's great disappointment, the further way north was blocked by thick pack ice. On August 27, the Alabama anchored in a small bay in Shannon (now called Alabama Havn ), 160 km south of the base of the Danmark Expedition in Danmarkshavn .

One month later, the first sledge tours over the fresh sea ice could be undertaken. A group around Mikkelsen drove to Danmarkshavn and further north to set up supply depots. On October 30th - the polar night had already begun, but the full moon provided enough light - they found Brønlund at the depot in Lambert-Land, looked in vain for further papers and finally buried him under large stones. The subsequent search for Mylius-Erichsen's last camp was unsuccessful. On December 16, the group was back on the Alabama without having achieved much.

Mikkelsen's hope now was to find Mylius-Erichsen's notes near the Danmarkfjord, where he had spent the summer of 1907. After the winter had been used to create more depots, he set out on March 4, 1910 with Iver Iversen and a four-man relief team to the north. Within 13 days the group was in Dove Bay, from where Mikkelsen used the outlet glacier Storstrømmen to get to the ice sheet . The men were advancing much more slowly than Mikkelsen had hoped, and when the relief group turned back on April 10, he had little hope of getting back to Alabama in time for the latest departure date on August 15. With provisions and fuel for 100 days, he and Iversen moved further north. They did not leave the ice sheet until May 13, and five days later they reached the Danmarkfjord, which they now followed. On May 22nd, Mikkelsen found Mylius-Erichsen's first message, which was dated September 12th, 1907. On the 25th he came across Mylius-Erichsen's summer camp and on the 26th he found a second piece of news dated August 8th, 1907 in a cairn. He was amazed to learn that the Peary Canal did not exist, which was ominous news because Mikkelsen had considered to reach the west coast of Greenland and inhabited areas via this. All that was left for him now was to take the arduous route along the east coast like Mylius-Erichsen had three years earlier. At Cape Rigsdagen, Mikkelsen and Iversen crossed the 82nd parallel and reached the northernmost point of their journey. With only seven dogs and a sledge left, they began their almost 900 km long journey across the impassable thawing sea ice. Weakened by hunger and scurvy , held up again and again by gullies that opened in the sea ice, they searched their way south. They escaped starvation using the supply depots of the Danmark Expedition and the occasional hunted booty, but they ate their last two dogs near Schnauder Ø . On September 18, completely exhausted, they reached the hut in Danmarkshavn, where they initially stayed. From November 5th to 25th, they completed the last stretch of the way to Shannon Island. There they found the wreck of the Alabama , which had been crushed by the ice in the spring, and a hut made of the wreckage. The crew had already been picked up by a sealer in July .

After their second hibernation, Mikkelsen and Iversen went north again on April 25, 1911 to fetch their diaries that they had left behind on an archipelago in Skærfjorden north of Germanialand . Unfortunately, a polar bear ransacked the depot, so that only part of the papers could be found. During the summer, Mikkelsen and Iversen waited for Shannon to come by a ship to take them home, but none came. They decided to move their heavy dinghy 30 km south to the island of Bass Rock in the autumn and to venture out on the east coast to Ammassalik the next year. The boat turned out to be too heavy for two men and had to be left behind because of an ice squeeze. Arriving on Bass Rock, they found a message from the captain of the Norwegian whaler Laura , who had been looking for traces of the missing persons here in July 1911 in one of the two huts built for the Baldwin-Ziegler expedition . Mikkelsen now regretted waiting for Shannon idly over the summer. After their third hibernation, Mikkelsen and Iversen fetched more provisions from Shannon, but were too weak to pull the boat across the ice. So they waited for Bass Rock until the Norwegian seal hunter Sjöblomsten came on July 19th and took them to Ålesund . With this, Captain Paul Lillenæs secured the reward of 10,000 kroner advertised by the Danish government .

Despite his impressive performance during the Alabama expedition, Mikkelsen did not find the recognition in Denmark that he had hoped for. Contrary to expectations, he did not receive the gold medal from the Danish Geographical Society. The Danish government only paid him 1,000 crowns.

The founding of Scoresbysund

On May 9, 1913, Mikkelsen married Naja Marie Heiberg Holm (1887–1918), the daughter of naval officer Gustav Frederik Holm , who had led the women's boat expedition from 1883 to 1885 to explore the south-east coast of Greenland. He gave numerous lectures about his experiences in Greenland and in 1913 published the book Tre Aar paa Grønlands Østkyst (German Ein arktischer Robinson , English Lost in the Arctic ). Mikkelsen worked for the Danish East Asia Company and the insurance company Assurance-Compagniet Baltica . After the early death of his wife, Mikkelsen married her cousin Ella Holm-Jensen (1887–1979) in 1919 and adopted Ella's son from his first marriage, the later painter Sven Havsteen-Mikkelsen (1912–1999).

Mikkelsen was now mainly active as a writer. With financial support from the Carlsberg Fund, he published the scientific results of the Alabama expedition, wrote the novels John Dale and Norden for lov og ret (German: Sachawachiak, the Eskimo ), both of which were filmed, and translated London's The Cruise of with his sister Jack the Snark (German: Die Fahrt der Snark ) into Danish and went to Karelia as a correspondent during the Russian Civil War .

Ittoqqortoormiit with the bust of Ejnar Mikkelsen in the foreground (2003)

In 1924 Mikkelsen founded the place of the same name on Scoresbysund in East Greenland, which is now officially called Ittoqqortoormiit . As early as 1911, Harald Olrik (1883–1958), an official in the Danish administration in West Greenland, had worked out a plan to create another settlement in eastern Greenland, as the hunting grounds in the west were barely sufficient to feed the growing population. The plan had not been implemented. When Denmark pushed for an international legal confirmation of its claims to Greenland in the early 1920s, Norway opposed it with the view that this claim was only justified for the colonized areas in the west and south-east, while the entire unpopulated east coast north of Ammassalik opposed it Terra Nullius . In order to strengthen the Danish arguments, Mikkelsen, as a columnist for the newspaper Nationaltidende , suggested in 1922 that Olrik's plan should finally be implemented. Because of the expected costs of such a remote settlement, the Danish government hesitated for a long time, but gave the green light in 1924.

On July 10, 1924, the steamship left Grønland with material for the construction of prefabricated houses . After a stopover in Iceland, where some ponies were taken on board, the ship reached the Scoresbysund just 14 days later. Here it got between the coastal and drift ice, and its rudder was destroyed. It was possible to bring the Grønland to safety in a sheltered bay west of Cape Tobin. In the vicinity of this bay there were numerous remains of earlier settlements and an excellent harbor, which Mikkelsen named Amdrup Havn. A plateau protected from the winds by mountains opened to the south. The area turned out to be rich in seals , whales and sea ​​birds . Mikkelsen decided to build the main settlement on Amdrup Havn. Other houses were built at Cape Stewart, Cape Hope and Cape Tobin. The badly damaged Grønland cast off again in September and made it safely to Denmark, while seven men stayed behind to continue the work over the winter. In September 1925 the first 70 Greenlanders came from Ammassalik and West Greenland, led by Johan Petersen . The place prospered in the years to come. As a guest of the French polar explorer Jean-Baptiste Charcot on board the Pourquoi Pas? Mikkelsen visited the settlement again in 1926.

Head of the Second East Greenland Expedition of the Scoresbysund Committee from 1932

The establishment of Scoresbysund remained controversial in Denmark in the late 1920s. In 1931, however, the dispute with Norway escalated, which on June 27th occupied the coastal strip between 71 ° 30 ′ north and 75 ° 40 ′ north in northeast Greenland, which was traditionally visited by Norwegian hunters, when Eirik Raude's land was occupied. Before the Permanent International Court of Justice in The Hague , which Denmark then called on, Mikkelsen's project was an important argument, as it showed that Danish activities were not limited to the inhabited areas on the west coast. Before a judgment was passed, Denmark stepped up its activities on the disputed east coast by sending three research expeditions to the area in 1931/32. The first explored the area from Davysund to Store Koldewey Island from 1931 to 1934 under the direction of Lauge Koch , the second, Knud Rasmussen's Sixth Thule Expedition , the coast between Cape Farvel and Ammassalik. The stretch of coast between Ammassalik and Scoresbysund was reserved for Ejnar Mikkelsen.

Mikkelsen's ship, the Søkongen , hit the Greenland coast about 150 km southwest of Scoresbysund on July 10, 1932. In addition to the crew, nine Danish and British natural scientists were on board. In addition to the exploration of the area by geologists and biologists, the task of the expedition was to build huts at selected locations, which should facilitate the journey between Ammassalik and Scoresbysund. From its starting point at Cape Dalton, the ship drove along the Blosseville coast until it reached Ammassalik on September 2, from where the expedition members returned to Europe. In the meantime, the Blosseville coast had been explored intensively, especially the area around its largest fjord, Kangerlussuaq , where Carl Amdrup found traces of previous Inuit settlement in 1900 and Lawrence Rickard Wager discovered the Skærgård intrusion in 1931 .

Late years

In 1932, Mikkelsen was a member of the Danish delegation to the Court of Justice in The Hague, which decided the dispute with Norway in 1933 in Denmark's favor. The Danish government was aware that Mikkelsen had undeniably his part in this success and appointed him to the post of first and only inspector for East Greenland, which he was until 1950. From 1935 to 1956 he was chairman of the Greenland Society and, as the longest-standing president, is also honorary chairman. In 1937 he lived with his wife in Ammassalik for a year. During the Second World War and the German occupation of Denmark, Mikkelsen managed to escape to the USA via Sweden in 1944. At the beginning of 1945 he was back in Greenland. Even after he retired in 1950 - at the age of 70 - he remained connected to Greenland and the Arctic. From 1954 to 1963 he was the first chairman of the governing body of the Danish Arctic Institute, which was founded on his and Eigil Knuth's initiative. He was also a founding member of the Arctic Institute of North America.

He made his last visit to Scoresbysund in 1964 on the 40th anniversary of the establishment of the settlement. He was celebrated by its residents and made an honorary citizen. At the age of 91, he died in Copenhagen in 1971.

Honors

Bust of Ejnar Mikkelsen in Copenhagen

Ejnar Mikkelsen has received many awards for his services. He received the gold medals of several foreign geographic societies, including in 1934 the Patron's Medal of the Royal Geographic Society for his "Research in the Arctic and his work on the resettlement of Eskimos in Greenland". He was an honorary member of various geographic societies as well as the Arctic Club in Cambridge and the Explorers Club in New York. The University of Copenhagen awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1956 . The Greenland Society was the first to award him the Rink Medal in 1960 .

The Danish government awarded him the Medal of Merit in Silver (1900) and Gold (1912). He became a knight in 1924 , second class commander in 1950 and first class commander of the Order of Dannebrog in 1955 .

Busts of Ejnar Mikkelsen have been set up both in Scoresbysund and on Langelinie in Copenhagen. The Danish Navy named a Knud Rasmussen class patrol boat after him.

The following geographical objects are named after Ejnar Mikkelsen:

Works (selection)

  • Conquering the Arctic Ice , 1909
  • Tre Aar paa Grønlands Østkyst , 1913 (German: An arctic Robinson , 1913)
  • Nord - Syd - Øst - Vest , 1917 ( digitized )
  • North for Lov and Ret. En Alaskahistorie , 1920 (German: Sachawachiak, der Eskimo , 1920; English: Frozen Justice , 1922)
  • John Dale. En Roman fra Polhavets Kyster , 1921 (German: John Dale , transl. Wolf-Heinrich von der Mülbe . Gyldendalscher Verlag, Berlin 1921)
  • Alabama expeditions to Grønlands Nordøstkyst 1909–1912, under ledelse af Einar Mikkelsen . (= Meddelelser om Grønland . Volume 52, 1922, digitized )
  • Med “Grønland” til Scoresbysund , 1925
  • The glacier devil. Stories from the polar region. Übers. Luise Wolf . Reclam, Leipzig 1926
  • Neighbors of the North Pole. Establishing a colony in East Greenland. Übers. Luise Wolf. Reclam, Leipzig 1927
  • Hvor Guldet great. Liv og Virke i Argentina, Verdens Granary , 1927
  • De Østgrønlandske Eskimoers History , 1934
  • Fra Hundevagt til Hundeslæde. Ejnar Mikkelsen fortæller , 1953
  • Ukendt Mand til ukendt Land , 1954
  • Farlig Tomandsfærd , 1955
  • Fra Fribytter til Embedsmand , 1957
  • Svundne Tider in Østgrønland. Fra stenalder til atomalder , 1960
  • Den uønskede by - Scoresbysunds kolonisering og fyrretyve år efter, særtryk , 1964

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Ejnar Mikkelsen in Dansk biografisk leksikon (Danish)
  2. ↑ a b Schledermann, 1991, p. 351
  3. ↑ a b Apollonio, 2008, p. 87
  4. ↑ Anthony K. Higgins: Exploration history of northern East Greenland (PDF; 2.9 MB). In: Exploration history and place names of northern East Greenland (= Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin Vol. 21, 2010), ISBN 978-87-7871-292-9 . P. 21 (English)
  5. ↑ Apollonio, 2008, p. 91f.
  6. ↑ a b c Den østgrønlandske Kystexpedition 1900 (PDF; 364 kB). In: Geografisk Tidsskrift , Vol. 16, 1901, pp. 34–54 (Danish)
  7. ^ PJ Capelotti: EB Baldwin and the American-Norwegian discovery and exploration of Graham Bell Island, 1899 . In: Polar Research . Volume 25, No. 2, 2006, pp. 155-171. doi : 10.3402 / polar.v25i2.6245
  8. ^ PJ Capelotti: A “radically new method”: balloon buoy communications of the Baldwin – Ziegler Polar Expedition, Franz Josef Land, June 1902 . In: Polar Research . Volume 27, 2008, pp. 52-72. doi : 10.1111 / j.1751-8369.2008.00045.x
  9. ^ Adolf Stieler's hand atlas about all parts of the earth and about the world structure , Justus Perthes, Gotha 1891
  10. ^ RA Harris: Some Indications of Land in the Vicinity of the North Pole . In: National Geographic Magazine Vol. 15, 1904, pp. 255-261
  11. ^ Fridtjof Nansen: On North Polar Problems . In: Geographical Journal Vol. 30, 1907, pp. 469-487 and pp. 585-601
  12. ↑ Mikkelsen, Conquering the Arctic Ice , p. 17
  13. ↑ Mikkelsen, Conquering the Arctic Ice , pp. 2f.
  14. ↑ Mikkelsen, Conquering the Arctic Ice , p. 8
  15. ↑ Ejnar Arnhjort Ditlevsen , register in Copenhagen City Archives, accessed on February 13, 2016
  16. ↑ Mikkelsen, Conquering the Arctic Ice , p. 38
  17. ↑ Mikkelsen, Conquering the Arctic Ice , p. 46ff.
  18. ↑ Mikkelsen, Conquering the Arctic Ice , pp. 77f.
  19. ↑ Mikkelsen, Conquering the Arctic Ice , p. 88
  20. ↑ Mikkelsen, Conquering the Arctic Ice , p. 197
  21. ↑ Mikkelsen, Conquering the Arctic Ice , pp. 216f.
  22. ↑ Richard Diubaldo: Stefansson and the Canadian Arctic . McGill-Queen's University Press, 1978, ISBN 0-7735-1815-0 , pp. 25 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  23. ↑ a b Schledermann, 1991, p. 352
  24. ↑ note from Brönlunds diary in the Danish Royal Library Copenhagen, accessed on January 31, 2014
  25. ↑ Mikkelsen, Lost in the Arctic , pp. Ix
  26. ↑ F. Wilhelm H. Laub in Dansk biografisk leksikon (Danish)
  27. ↑ Ejnar Mikkelsen: Iver P. Iversen (August 24, 1884 - January 17, 1968) (PDF; 145 kB). In: Grønland Vol. 4, 1968, pp. 127–128 (Danish)
  28. ↑ Alabama Havn . In: Anthony K. Higgins: Exploration history and place names of northern East Greenland. (= Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin Vol. 21, 2010). Copenhagen 2010, ISBN 978-87-7871-292-9 (English), accessed December 28, 2013
  29. ↑ Mikkelsen, Lost in the Arctic , p. 27
  30. ↑ In the German edition ( Ein arktischer Robinson , Brockhaus, Leipzig 1913, p. 43) October 31 is mentioned.
  31. ↑ Mikkelsen, Lost in the Arctic , pp. 41-44
  32. ↑ Mikkelsen, Lost in the Arctic , p. 114
  33. ↑ Mikkelsen, Lost in the Arctic , p. 115
  34. ↑ Mikkelsen, Lost in the Arctic , pp. 186f.
  35. ↑ Mikkelsen, Lost in the Arctic , p. 193
  36. ↑ Mikkelsen, Lost in the Arctic , pp. 328f.
  37. ↑ Mikkelsen, Lost in the Arctic , p. 348
  38. ↑ a b Schledermann, 1991, p. 354
  39. ↑ Søren Andreasen: Ejnar Mikkelsen og oprettelsen af ​​kolonien Scoresbysund (PDF; 251 kB), Bachelor project, Institut for Kultur- og Samfundshistorie Ilisimatusarfik, 2009, p. 2 (Danish)
  40. ↑ Apollonio, 2008, pp. 148f.
  41. ↑ Apollonio, 2008, p. 153
  42. ^ List of heads of state in Greenland at worldstatesmen.org
  43. ^ William James Mills: Exploring Polar Frontiers - A Historical Encyclopedia . tape 2 . ABC-CLIO, 2003, ISBN 1-57607-422-6 , pp. 429 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  44. ^ Founding history of the Arctic Institute (English), accessed on February 13, 2016
  45. ↑ Laursen, 1971
  46. ↑ List of Gold Medal Winners from the Royal Geographic Society , accessed June 17, 2018.
  47. ↑ Rink-medaljen on the website of the Greenland Society (Danish), accessed on February 7, 2019
  48. ↑ Helge Larsen: Buste af Ejnar Mikkelsen (PDF; 143 kB). In: Grønland Vol. 8, 1974, pp. 271–272 (Danish)
  49. ↑ Data sheet of P571 Ejnar Mikkelsen at www.navalhistory.dk (Danish), accessed on April 30, 2014
  50. ↑ Miki Fjord on geonames.org
  51. ↑ Ejnar Mikkelsen Fjeld on geonames.org
  52. ↑ Cape Ejnar Mikkelsen on geonames.org
  53. ↑ Ejnar Mikkelsen Glacier . In: Anthony K. Higgins: Exploration history and place names of northern East Greenland. (= Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 21, 2010). Copenhagen 2010, ISBN 978-87-7871-292-9 (English), accessed April 15, 2014
  54. ↑ Ejnar Glacier . In: Anthony K. Higgins: Exploration history and place names of northern East Greenland. (= Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 21, 2010). Copenhagen 2010, ISBN 978-87-7871-292-9 (English), accessed April 15, 2014
  55. ↑ Mikkelsen Islands on geonames.org
  56. ↑ Cape Ejnar Mikkelsen on geonames.org
  57. ↑ Mikkelsen Bay on geonames.org
  58. ^ John Stewart: Antarctica - An Encyclopedia . Vol. 2, McFarland & Co., Jefferson and London 2011, ISBN 978-0-7864-3590-6 , p. 1037 (English)
personal data
SURNAME Mikkelsen, Ejnar
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Mikkelsen, Miki
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Danish polar explorer and author
DATE OF BIRTH December 23, 1880
PLACE OF BIRTH Vester Brønderslev , Jutland
DATE OF DEATH May 1, 1971
Place of death Copenhagen