Glove

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Finger gloves for men made of leather

The glove is an item of clothing that completely or partially covers the hand, mainly to protect the wearer's hand from harmful environmental influences, more rarely to protect the environment from harmful influences through the hand.

The hand, as the most important work device and “tool” for humans, should not only be protected against cold, heat, friction and chemical influences by gloves, but their functionality should also often be improved.

history

Man with the Glove (Titian; around 1523)

Gloves to protect hands against the cold were available quite early on. Made from raw skins with bone braces, they were an item of clothing for prehistoric people. The Bible already mentions it in connection with Jacob, when he cheated on his brother Esau of his father's blessing. Probably the first news about a glove can be found in the fourth chapter of the book of Ruth about 3000 years ago . However, gloves were not widespread consumer goods among the Jews, they were only part of the ceremonial vestments of the Kings. Egyptians, Medes, Persians, Greeks and Romans used the glove. Greeks and Romans already knew gloves with and without fingers. The original shape of the gloves was baggy, gloves with a separate thumb part (mittens) and finger gloves were only added later. Gloves were already in use in ancient Egypt . The pharaohs wore them as a symbol of their prominent position. Howard Carter discovered , among other things, 27 pairs of leather gloves in the grave of Tutankhamun († approx. 1323 BC) in 1922 .

All three glove shapes were already known in antiquity. The Romans called the finger gloves Digitales , without fingers they were called Chirotocae , winter gloves were called Mufsulae , they were made of linen or silk. The philosopher Gaius Musonius Rufus fought against the fashion of the elegant glove : "It is shameful that perfectly healthy people cover their hands and feet with soft, hairy coverings." In the Odyssey , Herodotus and Pliny the Younger mention them. Xenophon and Homer write about gloves used by the Persians and Greeks. Marcus Terentius Varro calls gloves in his work De re rustica. ("Olives that were picked with the uncovered hand are preferable to those that were picked with the glove.") Pliny the Younger reported about his uncle Pliny the elder that his secretary and stenographer wore gloves.

Gladiators put on gloves for battle to better hold their oil-anointed opponents.

In other cultures too, gloves were worn when eating, as forks were not yet in use, they made it easier to touch hot food. For example, women in ancient Egypt used a kind of mitt to protect their hands when eating and working. Even in the Middle Ages, people sometimes ate with gloves, and often only a kind of finger cot made of thin, fine tissue was pulled over the fingers.

Gloves also had a symbolic meaning in ritual acts, later also in the Catholic Church; in the Middle Ages especially in feudal affairs . The glove of the Christian ruler was used, for example, as an outward sign when conferring market rights . In the Sachsenspiegel , the most important legal book of the Middle Ages, written around 1220, it was stipulated: “No place may build a market unless the king sends his right glove as a sign of the ban on the law and his protection.” Should a city be founded in the Middle Ages , the ruler sent a pair of gloves as a token of his agreement. Gloves received from emperors, kings or clerical dignitaries were a special sign of favor . On the other hand, it was an act of homage when the people or the estates presented the regent with gloves. On the other hand, the gauntlet thrown at my feet was an explicit challenge to the duel . Slapping someone in the face with a glove was a huge insult that also had to be avenged. If a knight received a glove from a lady, it had a completely different meaning, it was a symbol of benevolence and favor. The knight then wore this glove in a special pouch around his neck. The glove also served as a pledge of love between knights and noble ladies. However, one could also terminate love by throwing it back, as Friedrich Schiller described it in the ballad The Glove .

The presentation of a glove to a knight (e.g. by the king) meant that he became the vassal of the person presenting it. In the case of the Lombards , the bride was presented with a glove and a sword by the groom as a sign of loyalty for the wedding ceremony.

Bishops wore gloves knitted with gold thread, while priests in lower ranks wore only white gloves, which were supposed to symbolize purity. At the beginning of the 9th century, the Church asserted its authority among the clergy on the wearing of gloves: monks were prohibited from wearing gloves other than sheepskin.

The first legal document to mention a glove is in France. Around 790 Charlemagne granted the abbot and the monks of the Sithin Monastery (now Saint-Omer in northern France) unlimited hunting rights, so that they could use the hunted game as leather for making gloves, belts and book covers. After abbots and monks generally wore such suede gloves, the bishops intervened and insisted on their exclusive privilege for such gloves. The council of Aachen , under the rule of Ludwig the Pious , ordered around 820 that lower clergymen were no longer allowed to wear suede gloves, but only sheepskin gloves .

In the 13th century it became a custom to enclose a pair of gloves with a petition. These were previously filled with corresponding sums of money and thus gave the request appropriate emphasis.

They only became tangible as artefacts in the Middle Ages, from which feuding gloves and metal armor gloves are known, among other things . The glove has been a symbol of rule and law since the 8th century. The first gloves for women appeared around 1000; according to other sources from the 12th or 13th century. These were usually perfumed, intricately embroidered, and often decorated with jewels and pearls. In the late Middle Ages the garment became a fashion item for the upper classes.

A red glove adorned with jewels was a symbol of the Holy Roman Empire. Judges always wore gloves when speaking right. Spanish nobles did not have the right to wear gloves in the presence of the Pope or the King, nor in churches, at funerals, in times of mourning and at ceremonies.

Early gloves were made by needle binding or sewn from leather or woven fabric. The fit was still rather bad.

France was the birthplace of commercial glove manufacturing. The first French guild for glove makers was founded in 1190; the Huguenots then brought glove manufacturing to Germany.

After England was conquered by the Normans in the 11th century, gloves became popular there too, especially among nobles and dignitaries as a status symbol of power and wealth. In the 11th century, glove production expanded into England, where one of the oldest glove makers' guilds was founded. Matthew Paris reported that Henry II of England was buried in 1189 with gloves in his hand.

From the beginning of the 17th to the end of the 18th century, the French masters were leaders in the glove market. Under the influence of Napoleon, the French opened their technological secrets to the rest of Europe. Glove production spread from Grenoble to Germany at the end of the 17th century; the centers were Magdeburg, Halberstadt and Erlangen. Later Vienna, Prague, Berlin, Dresden and Altenburg also became known for it. Large quantities of knitted gloves were produced in Saxony.

In the 10th and 11th centuries, the glove- making trade in Austria belonged to the furriers ' and armaments guild. It was not until the 14th century that the glove makers formed an independent guild.

Knitted gloves appeared in the 13th century. Very finely crafted models decorated with embroidery and sequins have survived from the 17th century . The most precious pieces come from the Irish city of Limerick . They were sewn from the skin of unborn sheep (virgin parchment). Leather gloves were partially perfumed, probably to mask the tannic smell.

Gloves came to Germany and Scandinavia in the 13th and 14th. Century. Up to the beginning of the 18th century you can see them quite often in pictures, worn by men and women, afterwards only rarely until around 1800. Medical protective gloves were first described in 1758.

It was only with the short-sleeved fashion of Directoire and Empire that long women's gloves that reached up to the upper arm regained importance and remained practically mandatory for ball wear until the middle of the 20th century. In the 19th century, gloves were again a fashion must for men. They became part of professional uniforms (coachman, chauffeur , servant , waiter , undertaker, etc.). A novelty of the 19th century were gloves that left the fingertips uncovered. From the end of the 19th century, a lady without a glove was not properly dressed. The Lord also always wore gloves and a stick. It was not proper to take off gloves with the help of your teeth, nor was it proper to shake hands with someone or to grip something with your gloved hand. Gloves were removed for eating and playing cards. Ladies were not allowed to take off their evening gloves during a ball. In the event that the gloves were damaged, they took a pair of spare gloves with them. Nor was it proper to put on gloves in public. The rings were worn over the gloves, which made taking them off more cumbersome.

Often, however, the gentlemen only held the gloves in their hands. In the 19th century there was a rule that a true gentleman would change his gloves six times a day. The women also put on fresh gloves several times a day.

1807 invented James Winter of Stoke-sub-Hamdon in the county of Somerset , a device in which the gloves were clamped in the production. His gloving donkey revolutionized glove production. The work went faster now and the seams became more even. Since all gloves were made by hand at that time, an even seam was an important quality feature.

In the 1930s, a long glove was part of the Charleston dress, just like the cigarette holder and high heels. In the past, white gloves were also worn by traffic policemen who acted as traffic posts to regulate traffic at intersections. A Coco Chanel costume that came into fashion from the mid-1950s was unthinkable without gloves.

Materials and manufacture

Fur mittens of the seeds , Lapland

Different professions can be involved in the manufacture of gloves, depending on the material used. Leather and fur gloves are made by the glove maker (in Saxony also called Beutler and in Bavaria also called Säckler), fur gloves are also made by the furrier . There were French glove makers in Berlin who were only responsible for dyeing and cutting the leather, but not for sewing. The leather gloves were sewn by hand or on a glove stitching machine.

Gloves made of textiles were made by the glove maker or hat tailor. In contrast , knitted , knitted or milled gloves were made by the hosiery or stocking knitter.

Gloves are made from a wide variety of materials:

The inner lining of gloves is very often made of cotton or other sweat-absorbing materials. There are also warm gloves with a wool or fur lining or made entirely of fur ( lambskin , rabbit fur , kidskin , regional reindeer fur and others).

Ergonomically cut gloves have a different fit for the left and right hand, they are mirror-symmetrical (opposite to each other). Only in the case of very simple glove models of mittens, knitted gloves and disposable gloves is it common that there is only one glove shape for the right and left side, as the elasticity of the material allows the gloves to be worn on both sides ("wearable with both hands"; "for the left and right hand fits ";" double-sided fit "; English ambidextrous ).

Glove trees keep the glove in shape, similar to shoe trees . Glove tensioners are also pulled over chain gloves so that they do not slip.

In order not to lose gloves, children's gloves and baby gloves in particular are often connected to one another with a cord that is passed through the sleeves of the coat or jacket. Sports gloves sometimes have small snap hooks that can be used to attach them to each other in pairs. There are also gloves with Velcro strips that can be attached to a Velcro strip on the sleeve. On other models, the glove can be attached to the sleeve cuff with 2-3 press studs.

Dimensions

To determine the glove size, the circumference of the hand is measured at the widest point. The thumb is not measured. The glove size can be read off in the table below. Glove sizes are not standardized. The specified sizes are guide values ​​and may differ depending on the manufacturer.

Hand circumference in cm size children Ladies Men's
12.00 1
13.00 2 XS
14.00 3
14.50 3.5 S.
15.00 4th
15.50 4.5 M. XS
16.00 5
16.50 5.5 L. S.
17.00 6th XS
18.00 6.5 XL M.
19.00 7th S.
20.50 7.5 L.
22.00 8th M.
23.00 8.5 XL
24.00 9 L.
26.00 9.5
27.00 10 XL
28.00 10.5
29.00 11 XXL

Types of gloves

Mittens
Gloves, here cycling gloves
Archery glove as a three-finger glove

Differentiation by shape

According to the shape of the gloves one differentiates:

  • Gloves with a separate sheath for each finger
    • Three-finger gloves (sometimes also called multi -finger gloves ) are available in the versions 1 + 1 + 3 (thumb, index finger, middle finger + ring finger + little finger), 1 + 2 + 2 (thumb, index finger + middle finger, ring finger + little finger) and 1 + 3 + 1 (thumb, index finger + middle finger + ring finger, little finger). The term two-fingered glove (2x2 fingers) is also used, whereby the thumb is not included in the count.
  • Mittens or mitts , are in which the finger enclosed together except the thumb in a common interior.
    • Folding mittens (synonymous: 2-in-1 glove or 2 + 1 glove , finger mittens , seldom slip-on mittens ), a finger glove with a mittens cover to fold away (a hybrid between finger mitt and mitt) - so the fingertips can if necessary be made free (e.g. hunter gloves)
    • Mittens with zip on the side (e.g. for biathlon)
  • Half gloves ( French: mitaine - see wrist warmer ), short finger gloves or fingerless or fingerless gloves. Gloves with open finger ends that only leave the fingertips / fingertips free.
  • Gauntlets with long cuffs that protect especially the wrist and forearm.

Differentiation according to protection purpose

According to the European Directive for Personal Protective Equipment (89/686 / EEC), protective gloves, like other personal protective equipment, are grouped into three categories. Gloves of the first category are to be used for low risks. This category includes simply built gloves such as garden or dishwashing gloves. Protective gloves of the second category are used for medium risks that cause repairable damage. The complexly constructed gloves of the third category are used when dealing with chemicals, radiation, heat> 100 ° C and cold <−50 ° C. It is assumed here that damage that occurs without protective gloves is irreversible or fatal.

Thermal protection

Folding mitten

The thermal protective function of the gloves is intended to improve the temperature comfort for the hand and protect the hand from frostbite or burns . Since fingers are only traversed by a capillary terminal area without anastomoses, they are particularly prone to frostbite. Even if there is no frostbite, the hand is already impaired in its grip strength and sensitivity by exposure to cold and the resulting circulatory disorders.

Such gloves are often particularly thick to keep them warm. It is also important that the gloves are not too tight under any circumstances, as this would otherwise disrupt the blood circulation and lead to cold fingers. Modern gloves for thermal protection are often made in several layers in order to keep you warm, based on the onion skin principle. Actually, such gloves do not warm, but they insulate against heat loss. Occasionally, a windproof layer is also incorporated as a wind stopper.

Mittens (synonym: mittens) generally protect better against the cold than finger gloves. Due to their much smaller surface that dissipates heat, they radiate much less heat. In addition, the insulating air space in the glove is larger and the fingers can warm each other.

Many gloves consist of an inner and an outer glove. The inner glove is accordingly close to the skin in order to increase the heat effect.

Gloves are also used to protect against heat, for example gloves for firefighters. These often consist of materials such as Nomex or Kevlar .

Examples:

  • Hunter gloves, often with a foldable mitten part (folding mitten)
  • Oven gloves , also known as pot holder gloves, grill and oven gloves or cooking gloves, are relatively new oven gloves made of silicone .

Mechanical protection

Mechanical protection gloves are designed to prevent injuries such as blisters, calluses, abrasions, cuts and stitches. These gloves are mostly finger gloves to ensure the independent mobility of the individual fingers when working. In the professional sector, leather is usually used as the basic material, often aramids (Kevlar or Twaron) or mixtures with steel fibers.

Examples:

  • Garden gloves made of fabric, possibly with rubber studs for a better grip
  • Butcher's gloves made of metal chain links
  • Cut protection gloves made of Kevlar
  • Combat gloves such as gauntlets ("knight gloves "), which belonged to medieval knight armor and fencing gauntlets, padded quartz sand gloves (impact gloves; English weighted-knuckle glove or SAP combat gloves ) are used today in fistfights

Chemical protection

Disposable gloves to protect against infections
Low temperature gloves for working with liquefied gases

Gloves in this group should form a barrier that is impermeable to chemicals, but offer the fingers the greatest possible freedom of movement. Chemical protective gloves are made from nitrile rubber , neoprene , polyvinyl chloride or polyvinyl alcohol , among other things .

Conversely, gloves protect objects from fingerprints or the corrosive excretions of the skin.

Infection protection

An allergen-free examination glove made from nitrile rubber

These gloves should offer the wearer or their environment the greatest possible protection against germs and impair mobility and the sense of touch as little as possible. These single-use gloves are available sterile in pairs and non-sterile in bulk packs. They usually consist of the thinnest possible rubber (latex gloves), nitrile or vinyl (vinyl gloves). Gloves that are firmly integrated in a glove box are a special form .

Differentiation according to use

Sports

Boxing gloves
Sailing gloves with layers (areas between the fingers) made of a different material
  • Baseball gloves for catching the ball in baseball
  • Bow gloves for archery like the Japanese yugake protect the back of the hand, thumb and forefinger of the hand holding the bow from injuries caused by wood splinters. The fingers of the tendon-pulling hand are either protected by three-finger gloves, which leave the thumb and little finger free ( skeleton glove ), or by full gloves .
  • Boxing gloves are divided into competition gloves , sparring gloves (training gloves) and punching gloves (for heavy bag and paw training).
  • Driver gloves are now only common in automotive sport and are made of textile and are usually also fire-resistant to protect the driver's hands in the event of a fire.
  • Cycling gloves
  • Fencing gloves protect the weapon hand from stray (with foil ) or deliberate hits (with rapiers and sabers )
  • Kayak gloves
  • Motorcycle gloves with knuckle protection made of carbon fiber, so the knuckles are padded against the consequences of a fall.
  • Riding gloves are cut so that the thumb can be placed on the closed fist for correct holding of the reins without strain or tension.
  • Shooting glove or trigger glove (1 + 1 + 3 gloves) for holding and using handguns and handguns. Mostly it has a foldable glove finger for the index finger and thumb to allow a good grip for safe shooting and reloading. Sometimes the glove fingers on the shooting glove cannot be opened, but the glove finger for the index finger is only lined with an extra thin layer so that it has a sufficient sense of touch when shooting.
  • Surf gloves are usually made of neoprene and on some models have an exposed inner surface to allow the hand to feel directly on the boom.
  • Sailing gloves
  • In diving , the diving glove or dry glove protects against the cold and water ingress into the dry suit .
  • Goalkeeper gloves z. B. in football

work and job

Cut protection glove for butchers
Sailmaker's glove
  • Antistatic gloves or ESD gloves ( electrostatic discharge ) as an electrician 's glove against high voltages, at low voltages, for example, for the assembly of microelectronic components as protection against electrostatic discharge . Such gloves are made of rubber or polyamide that is interwoven with carbon fibers . The fingertips and / or palms of these gloves may also be coated with polyurethane . Also, bomb squads need Antistatikhandschuhe whose palms of anti-static carbon fibers to dud to defuse.
  • Bite protection gloves (also bite protection gloves, dog bite gloves) against dog bites, for use and training with dogs, usually reinforced with kevlar and with special bite inserts. Instead of a bite protection glove, a bite arm (Hetzmanchette) is usually used for training with dogs, which protects the entire arm.
  • Chemical glove, a protective glove that protects the hand from contact with harmful chemicals. Chemical gloves are not permeable.
  • Data gloves reproduce the movement of the human hand and are data input and output devices for virtual reality for navigation in 3D simulations, an example in the gaming area is the Power Glove from Nintendo .
  • X-ray gloves (also radiation protective gloves or lead gloves) are worn by doctors (radiologists, surgeons) and medical-technical radiology assistants if they have to carry out manipulations in the vicinity of the beam path during an X-ray examination of the patient. Lead gloves are also worn when working with radioactive substances in nuclear medicine . Lead gloves are also worn when handling other radioactive substances or radioactive waste .
  • Cut protection gloves (chainsaw glove, saw protection glove, chainsaw safety glove) have a cut protection insert on the back of the hand. Cut protection gloves certified according to EN388 and EN 381 / Class 1 protect up to a chain speed of 20 m / s.
  • Sailmaker 's glove is an aid for sewing work on heavy canvas , for sewing leather and for rigging work (with a metal plate on the heel of the hand to move the difficult, coarse sailing needle forward against great resistance drive) - actually it is just a strong leather strap around the hand and wrist with a thumb loop to position a corrugated metal plate - "steel needle plate" - (often with a raised edge) correctly and safely on the ball of the hand. The sailmaker's glove has a protective effect similar to that of a thimble .
  • Camouflage gloves (or camouflage gloves), with a camouflage pattern , usually applied as a camouflage print, to camouflage the light hands.
  • white cotton gloves are commonly worn by magicians , clowns and Santa Claus actors. The white gloves attract the looks and attention of the audience, especially when the hands are moved. White gloves are often part of the parade uniform , and the drum major usually wears white gloves. In black light theater, the actors very often appear with white gloves, which are often (sometimes together with the face) the only thing that can be seen of the actors.
  • white snow camo overgloves as part of camouflage clothing in military units.

Private use in the home

Satin evening gloves
  • Because of the very little fingers, baby gloves are usually mittens, which are usually made without a separate glove finger for the thumb. In addition to protecting against the cold, they are occasionally put on to prevent "scratching" or nocturnal finger sucking.
  • Grooming gloves or grooming gloves for grooming, especially when changing fur to remove dead hair - e. B. for horses, dogs or rabbits.
  • Friendship gloves or Valentine gloves, in the hand-holding two hands can be inserted.
  • Neurodermatitis scratching gloves
  • Orthopedic gloves as individual custom-made products that are made in the event of injuries or deformities of the hand.
  • Wash gloves as an alternative to washcloths ; Massage gloves, peeling gloves (for mechanical peeling ) and sauna gloves.

Formal dress

Shell silk glove
  • Evening gloves that can reach up to the upper arms. Example: bridal gloves
  • Masonic glove. Gloves play an important role with the Freemasons . For them it symbolizes the purification of life, based on Psalm 24: 4 ("He who has innocent hands and is pure of heart ...").
  • Ice glove
  • Pontifical gloves. Until before the Second Vatican Council , celebrants with the rank of bishop (or priests who were granted a special privilege to wear pontifical robes, such as abbots or apostolic protonotarii ) wore so-called pontifical gloves at pontifical offices during the celebration of Holy Mass . These had the liturgical color of the day and decorated with embroidery (each with a cross on the back of the hand) and other jewelry. Due to the reforms to simplify liturgical vestments, they are rarely seen, mostly only at the celebration of Holy Mass in the Roman rite in the extraordinary form (the so-called Tridentine Mass ).
  • Mourning gloves are black and are worn as part of the mourning clothing at funerals and often during the scheduled mourning period.

Idioms

  • "Throwing the gauntlet on someone " - declaring "war" on someone
  • "Touch someone with ice-cream gloves (or: with kid gloves )" - Touch someone carefully or speak to someone

Other hand clothing

  • muff
  • Pulse warmer , a mixture of arm warmers and gloves
  • The liquid glove is not a glove, but just a hand protection foam that gives the hand the same protection as a glove.

literature

  • Reinhold Rühl: Make sure you choose the right protective gloves . (PDF) In: Tiefbau , 3/2007, pp. 166–169; Knowledge portal of the TU Dresden
  • Ingrid Loschek : Reclam's fashion and costume lexicon . 5th, updated and exp. Edition. Reclam, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-15-010577-3
  • Britta Wulfhorst, Hans Joachim Schwanitz: Skin diseases and skin protection . Munich 2001
  • JA Kment: The glove and its history. Verlag Austria, Drescher & Comp, Vienna 1890
  • Berent Schwineköper: The glove in law, public authorities, custom and popular belief, Sigmaringen 1981
  • The glove. A vademecum for people of taste. Verlag R. and P. Schaefer, 1914
  • Volker Lehmann: How the surgical glove came onto the market . In: Hamburger Ärzteblatt , 06/07, 2012, pp. 34–36
  • Glove . In: Meyers Konversationslexikon. Fourth edition. Publishing house of the Bibliographisches Institut, Leipzig / Vienna 1885–1892, p. 117
  • Glove . In: Johann Georg Krünitz : Economic Encyclopedia . 1788, p. 456 (also in modern script uni-trier.de )

Web links

Wiktionary: Glove  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
Commons : Gloves  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Origin and Antiquity of the Glove . In: William Hull: The history of the glove trade. London 1834
  2. ↑ a b I. R. Sobitschka: Origin and use of the glove. (P. 672) in: German work. Monthly for the intellectual life of Germans in Bohemia. VIII year, April 1909; 7th issue; Society for the Promotion of German Science, Art and Literature in Bohemia; Prague
  3. ↑ Picture of a linen glove from the tomb of Tutankhamun
  4. ↑ Andreas Wittmann: From goatskin gloves to double glove indicator systems. sifa-sibe.de, November 12, 2018; accessed on February 7, 2020.
  5. ^ The annual register for the year 1807. London 1809, p. 854, books.google.de
  6. ↑ Directive 89/686 / EEC of the Council of December 21, 1989 on the approximation of the laws of the member states relating to personal protective equipment .
  7. ↑ PPE categories ( Memento of the original from November 23, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dguv.de
  8. ↑ Inner and outer glove. Retrieved May 17, 2019 .
  9. ↑ Liturgical colors of the day are: white, green, purple, red or pink. If the day color was black, no pontifical gloves were worn