Health Risks in American Football

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Due to the harshness of American football , participating in this sport poses significant health risks .

Illnesses and Consequences

No sport has more brain injuries (concussions) than American football. The players often have a mass of over 100 kg and can run at speeds of around 30 km / h. Despite padded uniforms and protective helmets, there are great dangers for affected parts of the body. With a total mass of 250 kg shared by two colliding players and a relative speed of 16 m / s, the force (the impulse) is 250 kg * 16 m / s = 4000 kg * m / s = 4000 Newton seconds. If the impact time (braking time) is 100 ms, the force is 40000 Newtons (4000 Ns / 0.1 s).

In addition to the brain, other organs are often affected by the collisions, and injuries with fatal consequences are relatively common. Between 1931, when research began in the United States, and 1990, there was not a single year in which no football player was killed while playing the sport. Five players died in 2014, including a broken neck during a punt return. Multiple deaths were also reported in 2015, affecting players in various positions.

Scientific studies have found a connection between the very hard headbuttings in American football and diseases such as Alzheimer's , chronic traumatic encephalopathy , depression and dementia , which are said to be caused by concussions and numerous brain trauma. These diseases are often long-term effects and only appear ten to 20 years after the end of a career. An increasing number of scientists assume that the brain trauma can also be the result of sub-shaking shocks. The aggressive behavior through which some football players become conspicuous and criminal in their private lives can also be caused by brain injuries.

A 2007 study of 2,552 former NFL players conducted at the Center for the Study of Retired Athletes at the University of North Carolina found a very strong association between the number of concussions and the rate of diagnosed depression. It found that of 595 former NFL players who had three or more concussions in their active careers, 20.2% suffered from depression. In addition, the 2,552 people examined were found to have a 37% higher risk of developing Alzheimer's than other men of the same age.

Cases of demented and depressed NFL players

The following former football professionals have been shown to be depressed and / or demented:

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) / dementia pugilistica

Significantly, chronic traumatic encephalopathy ( CTE ) was called dementia pugilistica = boxer's syndrome until the 1960s . Dementia pugilistica was first mentioned by name as early as 1928, by the pathologist Harrison Martland from New Jersey. Martland mentioned symptoms such as slow movement, tremors, confusion, and trouble speaking in his publication. In 1966 the term CTE first appeared in medical literature. In 1973, post mortem, the typical neuropathological brain changes associated with CTE were found in 15 previous boxers.

Scientists at the Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy at Boston University (BU CTE Center), led by neuropathologists Ann McKee and Robert Cantu, have found post mortem CTE in 68 of 85 ex-athletes examined (as of 2012) that repeatedly Suffered brain trauma, including 34 of 35 football professionals examined. One such athlete was former Boston College linebacker Ronald Anthony Perryman, who died of respiratory failure in 2011 at the age of 43. In 2015, the numbers were updated to 87 out of 91 NFL players (96%) and an additional 33 CTE cases were reported where those affected had played college or high school football. Updated data in November 2016 names CTE diagnoses in 90 of 94 brains examined (97%) of former NFL players. An even higher number, 110 cases of CTE in 111 brains of former NFL players examined, was found in a publication released in July 2017. It should be noted, however, that only players with previous signs of CTE were screened.

The first scientific report on CTE in a former NFL player ("Iron" Mike Webster) appeared in 2005. The autopsy, which was carried out in 2002, was the neuropathologist Bennet Omalu at the University of Pittsburgh. Webster, a four-time Superbowl winner who had been active in the NFL for 16 years, died in 2002 at the age of 50 after a heart attack. He had previously sued the NFL for pension payments that he wanted to receive as compensation for the mental and physical impairments he had suffered.

The second scientific report on CTE in an American football player appeared in 2006 and was republished by Bennet Omalu and his colleagues. The player described in it (Terry Long) had played football for 14 years, suffered from severe depression after retiring and committed suicide in 2005, 12 years after retiring, at the age of 45.

The third report, published in 2010, came from Omalu. It concerned the player Andre Waters, who committed suicide in 2006 at the age of 44.

Another case of CTE in American football, also diagnosed by Omalu, involved former NFL player Justin Strzelczyk, who died in a car accident in 2004 at the age of 36 and whose brain autopsy found degenerations similar to those in boxers with dementia or in 80-year-olds. 2015, this story was and the other football professionals, especially Mike Webster and Dave Duersons, film Shocking Truth (Concussion) processed in the Will Smith , the role of the doctor Omalu plays.

At the age of 45, John Grimsley died in 2008, who had played 133 NFL games as a linebacker in nine seasons from 1984 to 1993. After his death, he was also diagnosed with CTE. The histological analysis of his brain showed the characteristic deposits of tau proteins in the form of neurofibrillar aggregates in the amygdala and the adjacent temporal cortex .

Chris Henry , from 2005 to 2009 wide receiver for five seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals, died in December 2009 at the age of 26 of the consequences of a car accident. He was posthumously diagnosed with CTE. He was probably the first still active NFL player to develop CTE.

Former NFL player Dave Duerson , who suffered from chronic headaches, visual impairment and memory loss, committed suicide by gunshot in the chest at the age of 50 on February 7, 2011 and had previously donated his brain for research purposes. In the post mortem examination of his brain was diagnosed CTE.

The suicide of former NFL star Junior Seau in 2012, who also suffered from a degenerative brain disease according to studies by the National Health Institute (NIH), is attributed to the numerous collisions during his football career. Linebacker Adrian Robinson , who hanged himself in May 2015 at the age of 25 during his ongoing career, was also diagnosed with CTE during the autopsy. However, no direct, causal relationship between CTE and an increased risk of suicide in former athletes has been proven.

In Germany, on April 8, 2017, the Süddeutsche Zeitung reported for the first time on the connection between American football and CTE in Europe. The first quarterback of the German national team, Erich Grau from Ansbach, has been showing symptoms typical of CTE for almost twenty years.

Nevertheless, the Consensus statement on concussion in sport - the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016 : "The potential for developing chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) must be a consideration, as this condition appears to represent a distinct tauopathy with an unknown incidence in athletic populations. A cause-and-effect relationship has not yet been demonstrated between CTE and SRCs or exposure to contact sports. As such, the notion that repeated concussion or subconcussive impacts cause CTE remains unknown ".

Cases of CTE among NFL players

Since CTE can only be identified beyond doubt by an autopsy post mortem, diagnoses in those who are still alive, such as NFL player Brett Favre , are speculative.

Brain researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles who in 2012 using PET - brain mapping allegedly detected CTE in surviving ex-professionals, showed signs of altered mood and cognitive impairments. With five players (43–73 years of age) and five control persons, the sample was quite small, and autopsy data were also not yet available, so that the results should initially be interpreted with caution. However, one of the CTE diagnoses, namely that of the linebacker Fred McNeill, was confirmed posthumously by a brain autopsy.

Also with the help of positron emission tomography ([ 18 F] -FDDNP for the detection of tau protein deposits) it was shown in a follow-up study by the technique called TauMark that the brains of 14 former and living American football players with suspected CTE others show neuropathological changes than Alzheimer's patients, in whom similar cognitive defects occur as in CTE. Protein deposits in the brainstem found in football players did not occur in Alzheimer's patients or healthy volunteers. However, they are very similar to the aggregates of PHF dew proteins that are found post mortem in brain autopsies of CTE sufferers. There is therefore great hope that the method will soon be able to be used for clinical diagnoses, including in longitudinal studies .

A study of 42 former NFL players, ages 42-65, who had cognitive problems for at least 6 months, found that half who started tackle football when they were 12 had major memory and thinking problems than the other half. Both groups were below the averages in many tests, and the difference between the two groups was about 20% in some tests. Robert Stern, the author in charge of the study, said: “Being hit in the head repeatedly through tackle football during a critical time in brain development may be associated with later-life cognitive difficulties. The take-home message is, the earlier you start, the more issues you may have. "

History of the brain trauma debate in the NFL

In 1994, Joe Torg, then the Philadelphia Eagles team doctor, stated:

"I know of no football player who has had residual neurological impairment from repeated insults to the head."

"I don't know of any football player that he has suffered permanent neurological damage from repeated head injuries."

That same year, the NFL called a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI) Committee and installed rheumatologist Elliot J. Pellman , team doctor for the New York Jets , as chair. Since Pellman had no neurological training, this decision repeatedly led to criticism. Pellman often downplayed the risk of head injuries associated with American football:

"Concussions are part of the profession, an occupational risk."

"Concussions are part of the job, an occupational risk."

In 2005, Pellman played down the dangers of concussions:

"Return to play does not involve a significant risk of a second injury either in the same game or during the season."

"Anyone who takes part in the game again is not exposed to any significant risk of a second injury, either in the same game or during the rest of the season."

In March 2005, the New York Times listed a number of false or misleading statements Pellman had made about his medical training. He had neither completed his studies in Guadalajara, Mexico, nor his internship at Stony Brook University as an MD.

In May 2006, the MTBI Committee identified Omalus' autopsy study on Mike Webster's brain that had detected CTE as severely defective and requested a retraction. The authors of this dubious publication by the MTBI Committee were Elliot Pellman and his colleague Dr. Ira Casson, a neurologist; and David Viano, a biomechanics engineer. In 2007, Elliot Pellman resigned as sole spokesman for the MTBI Committee, but remained an influential member of that committee, which was chaired by Ira Casson and David Viano.

In the fall of 2009, the US Congress conducted a survey of the parties involved to address the NFL's head injuries, introduce limits and compensate for sick players and their families. In October 2009, several experts in the NFL's dementia study, led by Pellman, raised statistical and systemic problems as well as conflicts of interest. Under increasing pressure, Casson and Viano resigned as co-chairs of the MTBI Committee. When asked whether there was any evidence of a connection between brain trauma and any long-term problems, Casson replied:

“In NFL players? No. ”

"With NFL players? No."

In March 2010, the NFL disassociated itself from Pellman, Casson, and Viano and established a new committee for concussion research called the NFL Head, Neck and Spine Medical Committee . The neurosurgeons Dr. Hunt Batjer from Northwestern University and Dr. Richard G. Ellenbogen from the University of Washington . Batjer now works (as of 2016) at the Southwestern Medical Center of the University of Texas in Dallas .

The NFL was sued in federal court in Philadelphia in August 2011 by more than 4,500 former players and the survivors of more than 1,500 deceased professionals. The NFL officials, so the allegation, have ignored or denied a connection between football and brain damage and not warned the players of long-term consequences. Plaintiffs included players Tony Dorsett , Kevin Turner and Ray Easterling , Super Bowl winner and quarterback Jim McMahon, and the family of Pro Bowl linebacker Junior Seau . The players asked for a total of US $ 2 billion in compensation.

In 2013, NFL officials admitted that many former NFL players had CTE, and the NFL donated US $ 1 million to the Boston University CTE Center in 2010 to help fund research in the field CTE to help. According to NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell , the NFL wanted to donate an additional US $ 30 million to the NIH for brain research.

In August 2013, the NFL and the plaintiffs agreed to distribute US $ 765 million over 17 years to 18,000 former football players for brain injuries caused by concussions. The preliminary settlement included at least $ 675 million for monetary aid, $ 75 million for medical testing and monitoring, and $ 10 million for research. For each of the 32 NFL clubs, this resulted in less than US $ 1.5 million per year for the term of the contract. A top player earned 10 times as much per season in 2013. The NFL's annual budget for the 2013 season was US $ 9.2 billion and is expected to increase to US $ 25 billion by 2027. In the 2014 season it rose to US $ 9.6 billion and in 2015 to US $ 11.1 billion. For 2016, US $ 13.2 billion was calculated, more than 50% above the 2010 budget.

In January 2014, judge Anita B. Brody at the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania rejected the US $ 765 million settlement and demanded improvements. Brody concluded in her statement that the deal did not go far enough to cater to every player who might need help. They assume that a total of 20,000 players can be eligible for NFL payments.

“I am primarily concerned that not all retired NFL football players who ultimately receive a qualifying diagnosis, or their related claimants, will be paid. Even if only 10 percent of retired NFL football players eventually receive a qualifying diagnosis, it is difficult to see how the monetary award fund would have the funds available over its lifespan to pay all claimants at these significant award levels. "

“My main concern is that not all former NFL players who are ultimately diagnosed or their relatives bringing lawsuits will be paid out. Even if only 10% of former NFL players get a proper diagnosis, it is difficult to see how the Disbursement Fund can raise the necessary resources throughout its life to deliver the substantial benefits to all claimants. "

In September 2014, the NFL admitted it expected about a third of all former players to develop long-term problems at the cognitive level. This was the result of calculations by insurance statisticians that the league had employed. In addition, the calculations showed that the problems will begin at a “considerably lower age” than in the rest of the population (“at notably younger ages than the generation population”). Players under the age of 50 have a 0.8% risk of dementia compared to less than 0.1% in the rest of the population. In the 50–54 age group, the rates are 1.4% and <0.1%, respectively. Approximately 5,900 (28%) of ex-players are calculated to become ill enough to be eligible for financial aid. Only 3,600 of them (60%) will probably make claims.

On April 22, 2015, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania came to a preliminary settlement regarding the payment claims between the NFL, NFL owners and former NFL players and their representatives. This includes

  • Basic medical examinations for former players to determine cognitive impairment (US $ 75 million),
  • monetary benefits after diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dementia and some cases of CTE after post-mortem diagnosis (maximum US $ 1.5 to 5 million per player, depending on the diagnosis), valid for 65 years,
  • American football safety education programs and initiatives (US $ 10 million).

The total amount agreed was US $ 1 billion. The NFL estimates that approximately 6,000 former players will receive payments, an average of US $ 190,000 each. 99% of the plaintiffs accepted the offer. However, a small remainder of players continued to oppose the deal and demanded further improvements, as it was a mistake to rule out CTE and its symptoms. This delayed guarantees of financial aid to affected players.

On April 18, 2016, the Court of Appeal (3rd Circuit) under the direction of Judge Anita Brody unanimously confirmed the agreement as fair and reasonable, so that up to US $ 5 million can now be paid out per former player in the event of Alzheimer's, ALS, Parkinson's, severe dementia, or have CTE before 2015. More than 8,000 NFL players were already registered for payment claims at the time, even though the process had not even started. The deal with the NFL does not help professional players who fall ill in the future, because they are now playing at their own risk.

On December 12, 2016, the Supreme Court denied another appeal, making the settlement final. This ended the five-year dispute between the NFL and players.

In December 2015 50 researchers from 17 institutions were, among others, the University of Arizona , the Banner Alzheimer's Institute, of Boston University , the Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Cleveland Clinic, a total of $ 16 million from the National Institutes of Health provided . The budget is intended for seven years and is primarily intended to enable CTE to be diagnosed before death. The NFL ultimately made no financial contribution to the research pot, contrary to its original intention, as it sees reservations about researchers at Boston University.

In February 2016, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell defended American football:

“If I had a son, I'd love to have him play the game of football. There's risk in life. There's risk in sitting on the couch. "

“If I had a son, I would enjoy playing American football. There are always risks in life. Risks remain even when you sit on the sofa. "

In March 2016, Jeff Miller, a senior NFL official as the NFL Vice President for Health and Safety, first recognized a connection between American football and CTE in a panel discussion. The Congressman Janice Schakowsky asked

"Whether there is a link between football and degenerative brain disorders like CTE?"

"Is there a connection between American football and degenerative brain diseases like CTE?"

Miller's answer:

"The answer to this is certainly, yes."

"The answer is clear: yes."

In September 2016, in response to ongoing criticism of head injury management, the NFL unveiled a US $ 100 million package for new helmets and more medical research. US $ 60 million are to be used for technological development (e.g. new helmets) and US $ 40 million for funding medical research on head injuries. The money is to be used over the next five years to study the long-term effects of concussions, to record the incidence and prevalence of CTE, and to find measures to improve the health of long-term players.

Concussions

Between 1989 and 1993, the 28 NFL teams had reported 445 concussions in 341 players, the equivalent of four per weekend, or 2.5 per 1,000 plays.

The non-commercial US television network Public Broadcasting Service has been compiling the reported concussions in the NFL in a 'Concussion Watch' online since 2012. According to this, there were 171 concussions in 2012, 152 in 2013, 123 in 2014 and 199 in 2015 (as of January 15, 2016). In each of the four seasons, most of them appeared with the cornerbacks (26, 23, 24, 41). The NFL itself published the following numbers for all regular season games: 173 in 2012, 148 in 2013, 115 in 2014 and 182 in 2015. Including training and preseason, the NFL numbers are: 261 in 2012, 229 in 2013, 206 in 2014 and 271 in 2015 . The NFL reported 244 concussions in 2016 and a record 291 concussions in 2017 (235 in games, 56 in training). According to another source, the 2017 season was 281 concussions (224 in preseason and regular season games, 57 in training) and 214 concussions for the 2018 season (161 in preseason and regular season games, 53 in training).

A 2012 survey by The Sporting News of 103 NFL players from 27 teams found that 56 (54%) would hide a concussion for fear of being taken off the field and abandoning their team ("I feel like I'm letting my team down").

The NFL Head, Neck, and Spine Committee wrote several protocols for diagnosing and managing concussion (Protocols Regarding Diagnosis and Management of Concussion). As a result, a player who shows signs of a concussion on the field must be removed from the field and examined by the club's medical team. According to the Madden Rule, a player diagnosed with a concussion must be observed by qualified medical personnel in the locker rooms to give them recovery time without the distraction. After a positive diagnosis, he must not have any contact with press representatives until he is medically approved.

If a contact athlete continues his sport immediately after suffering a concussion, twice as much time elapses for his symptoms to regress than if he is immediately removed from the field (44 vs. 22 days).

Responses to the health risks

In the 2013-14 season , with a 31-1 vote from club owners, the NFL introduced a rule change to reduce the number of head injuries. Thereafter, both offensive and defensive players are prohibited from lowering their heads and hitting an opponent with their helmets when they are outside the tackle box. Such hits result in a 15 yard penalty from where the foul was committed. Hits within the tackle box do not fall under this rule. The rule change met with very different responses from the players.

In December 2014, West Virginia college quarterback Clint Trickett resigned from competitive sports over concerns about long-term problems. In the previous two seasons, he had suffered five concussions within 14 months, one of them in a match against Maryland. For a while he was then on the temporal side half of the field blind in his left eye. “Barely remember the game,” he says. He did not acutely mention his problem to anyone.

In March 2015, NFL talent Chris Borland , linebacker for the San Francisco 49ers, announced his retirement from professional football at the age of 24. After a single successful season, he ended his career early because he no longer wanted to expose himself to the risk of traumatic brain injuries and their consequences. He was followed in April 2016 by linebacker Aubrey Joseph "AJ" Tarpley, who resigned from professional sports at the age of 23 after an NFL season at the Buffalo Bills and cited fears of long-term consequences as the reason. He suffered two concussions in the 2015-16 season. He had previously suffered two other concussions as a college player at Stanford University.

Even after the 2015/16 season, some NFL players withdrew from professional football for health reasons. It was the running back Tylor Varga (Indianapolis Colts), the tackle Eugene Monroe (Baltimore Ravens) and the wide receiver Ricardo Lockette (Seattle Seahawks). Varga cited a concussion as the reason and that the risk of sustaining another bad head injury was just not worth it. Monroe also justified his decision with concerns about his health and the fear of developing CTE. Lockette had to end his career due to a neck injury.

Jim McMahon , former long-time quarterback for the Chicago Bears , attributes some of the symptoms he suffers from his football career: “My short-term memory seems to be hampered. Every once in a while I go through this period where I just don't remember things. Laurie (Navon, his girlfriend) has told me a lot of things that I don't remember doing. It's frustrating at times. ”McMahon also wants to leave his brain to the CTE Center at Boston University for research purposes.

Pessimistic voices predict an end to the NFL because of the head injuries, at least in its current form. President Obama and NFL player Bart Scott were also very critical in this regard. Obama said:

"I'm a big football fan, but I have to tell you if I had a son, I'd have to think long and hard before I let him play football."

"I'm a big football fan, but I have to tell you that if I had a son I would have to think long and hard about it before letting him play football."

Bart Scott, former linebacker for the New York Jets , refuses to allow his son to play American football:

"I don't want to have to deal with him getting a concussion and what it would be like later in life."

"I don't want to have to deal with the fact that he is suffering from a concussion and what effects it could have later in life."

In 2019, President Donald Trump also voiced his concerns about his son Barron in a CBS interview:

“I hate to say it, because I love to watch football. I think the NFL is a great product, but I really think that as far as my son - well, I've heard NFL players saying they wouldn't let their sons play football. So, it's not totally unique, but I, I would have a hard time letting him play. I mean, it's a dangerous sport and I think it's, I, it's really tough. "

After American football-related brain diseases became known, interest in the sport declined on several levels. For example, the number of 6-17 year olds playing tackle football fell by almost 20% from 3.96 million in 2009 to 3.21 million in 2015. Some American high schools ended their football programs.

Flag football has an increasing number of players. An increase of 8.7% was recorded in 2016. From 2015 to 2018 the number increased by 38% to over 1.5 million.

USA Football , the umbrella organization for amateur American football in the USA, launched three pilot projects called Heads Up Football (HUF) in 2012 , which are particularly geared towards youth sports organizations and school programs in middle and high schools. In the meantime (as of January 2017) more than 7000 youth and school programs are following this project to combat safety concerns and declining popularity in football. Research showing that HUF reduced the number of concussions by 76% proved to be flawed when checked.

The Pop Warner Youth League banned kickoffs for 5-10 year olds in the 2015 season.

Due to the increasing public opinion that American football is harmful to health, USA Football introduced a new game format in January 2017, which brings the style of play closer to flag football. The format is called Modified Tackle and stipulates that instead of 11 players per team there are only 6-9 players on the field, which is also much smaller. Kickoffs and punts are abolished, and the linemen start from a crouching position instead of the three-point stance. Despite these drastic measures, there is still resistance to the dimensions. A representative from Practice Like Pros, an interest group that advocates reducing collisions in youth football, said: “If there's tackling, then it doesn't matter if it's seven on seven or one on one. There's going to be contact with the other players and the ground. With the science available now, we find it surprising anyone would be promoting youth tackle football in any format. "

50 U.S. states have passed laws aimed at protecting teenagers from concussions. Further plans want to ban tackle football completely for under 13-year-olds.

See also

literature

  • Mark Fainaru-Wada and Steve Fainaru: League of Denial: The NFL, Concussions, and the Battle for Truth. Three Rivers Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-7704-3756-5 .

Web links

Individual evidence

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