Counts of Lauffen
The Counts of Lauffen were a high medieval noble family that ruled the middle and lower Neckar and parts of its hinterland from the 11th to the early 13th century . Because of their leading name Poppo or Boppo, which can be proven in every generation , they are also called Popponen , whereby a descent from the older Babenbergers of the same name is commonly assumed. A second lead name was Heinrich .
The first representative to be assigned to the gender was mentioned in 1011. The seat was initially in Lauffen , in the course of the 12th century the counts increasingly oriented themselves to the lower Neckar area. The Counts of Lauffen were representatives of the king and bailiffs for the property of the bishopric of Worms on the right bank of the Rhine . With their castles they ruled the lower Neckar as a trade route. The home monastery of the Counts of Lauffen was Odenheim in Kraichgau .
With the death of the last Count Boppo (V) at the beginning of the 13th century, the rule fell apart. The allodial went in much of the Lords of Dürn about that Reichslehen pulled the Staufer a royal house.
history
Parentage and early mentions
The Carolingians founded a royal court in Lauffen . Like the royal courts in Heilbronn and possibly in Kirchheim , it served to secure Franconia's southern border towards Swabia . The court probably existed until at least the 10th century. It is not known whether there was a noble family that was enfeoffed with the court throughout. The older Babenbergers in Grabfeldgau had the same lead name as the Counts of Lauffen, Boppo, and provided two Würzburg bishops . The Grenzgraf Ernst from the Nordgau, mentioned in the Regiswindis legend as the owner of Lauffen in the 9th century, also came from the environment of the Babenbergs. Continuous rule over Lauffen from the 9th century to the era of the Counts of Lauffen and family ties to the Swabian ducal house with Ernst I and Ernst II would therefore be conceivable.
In 1003 a castle was first mentioned in Lauffen in connection with the intended establishment of a monastery by the Würzburg bishop Heinrich I. It was the Franconian-Ottonian old castle around today's Regiswindiskirche . It is not known which noble family sat on this complex in 1003.
The borders of the dioceses of Würzburg , Speyer and Worms met at Lauffen . It is possible that the ancestors of the Counts of Lauffen - as well as the Counts of Calw who were associated with them - came to the Neckar area before the turn of the millennium when the two Rhenish dioceses were attacked. This could have been made possible by the lack of royal influence in the Franconian-Swabian border region. The foundation of the monastery in 1003 in favor of the diocese of Würzburg, which was close to the king, would have been a royal measure against this formation of rule.
The earliest known ancestor is a Count Boppo (I.). He was mentioned in a document on May 9, 1011 as the owner of a fiefdom in Haßmersheim , which could have been the count's seat for the Wingarteiba . At that time, Boppo was presumably Gaugraf of the Wingarteiba and the Lobdengau . As part of the documented process, Heinrich II gave this fiefdom and the Wingarteiba to Bishop Burchard von Worms . Another, similar document of the same date refers to the Lobdengau. It is assumed that Boppo was enfeoffed in turn by the Bishop of Worms with the count's rights for both Gaue and thus indirectly received the count's rights back. In 1012 Boppo (I.) was mentioned as a count when he mediated a dispute between the diocese of Worms and the Lorsch monastery about the Lorsch wildbann . The next generation is assigned a Heinrich, who was mentioned in 1023 in the deed of foundation for the Michaelskloster belonging to Lorsch on the Heiligenberg as Count in Lobdengau. He and a Boppo - probably his brother - were 1027 witnesses of the award of a game ban in the Murrhardter Forest to the diocese of Würzburg, where they ceded their own hunting rights.
The Öhringer foundation letter dated to the year 1037 is considered to be the first mention of a Count Boppo "von Lauffen". However, according to formal criteria, the document must be regarded as a subsequent forgery - possibly from the time of the investiture dispute (1075 to 1122) - and the twilight situation only emerged at the turn of the 11th to the 12th century. The document mentions the Count as a witness in connection with the establishment of the Canons' Monastery in Öhringen . According to the document, it was by Adelheid von Metz and her son, the Regensburg Bishop Gebhard III. founded. Occasionally, Boppo is identified as Adelheid's second husband and Gebhard's father.
Extension of the dominion
In 1065 Count Boppo (II.) In Lobdengau was mentioned in a document from Heinrich IV. In 1067 Wiesloch was named "in Lobdengau in the county of Heinrich, son of Boppos". The Kraichgau, the Zabergau and the Neckargau were also the main rulers of the Counts of Lauffen . In the southern Neckargau (which also included Heilbronn), in the Zabergau and in the Gartachgau , they had property in parallel with the Counts of Calw, which is why family relationships can be assumed. Zabergau and Gartachgau were presumably administered jointly by them. Because they had the same name, they were possibly also represented with counts' rights in Kochergau (Heinrich, mentioned 1024-1042) and Ramstalgau (Boppo, mentioned 1080). The family continued to rule in the Wingarteiba, where they only owned goods in the south-west, and they owned rulership rights in Enzgau . The claims in the Neckar, Zaber and Murrgau imply relationships with the Murrhardt Monastery .
In the 11th century, the Zeisolf-Wolframe were counts in Elsenz and Kraichgau. For 1100 a Count Bruno, who cannot be assigned to any noble family, is mentioned as Count of Elsenz and possibly also of Kraichgau. Around 1103 the Lauffeners inherited the Zeisolf-Wolframe in Kraichgau and Anglachgau , but not in Elsenzgau. In 1109 the location in the documents changed from "Kraichgau" to "in comitatu Bretheim", ie "in the county of Bretten ". This is considered a clue that the Lauffener had relocated the administrative seat after the division of the rule from Wigoldesberg Castle to the more centrally located Gaugrafenburg near Bretten . Later, the Lauffeners or the Counts von Eberstein, who succeeded them as owners of Bretten, built a castle in the city, the tower of which has been preserved to this day as the steeple of the Bretten collegiate church . In 1138, the Counts of Katzenelnbogen took control of the Kraichgau and Anglachgau. Around the same time, the allodial estates of the Counts of Lauffen passed to the Counts of Eberstein as inheritance or marriage property.
The majority of the property in Lauffen were fiefdoms of the diocese of Worms. In addition, they had fiefdoms from the Diocese of Würzburg, and from the Lorsch Monastery they also received bailiwick rights. All in all, the Counts of Lauffen succeeded in establishing a rule with which they could control the traffic on the Neckar from the Swabian-Franconian border to its mouth and the roads in the central Neckar area via Bruchsal to Speyer. Apart from the Öhringer foundation letter, a "Count von Lauffen" was mentioned in writing for the first time in 1127 when the enfeoffment of Konrad was confirmed after the death of his father Boppo (III.). It can therefore be assumed that the Lauffener Grafenburg existed at this point at the latest. Lauffen itself was only a fiefdom of the diocese of Würzburg on the edge of the dominion, but was strategically located due to its location on the Neckar. Lauffen's location on the border with the dioceses of Worms and Speyer was also an advantage.
Bruno von Lauffen and the Odenheim Monastery
The most important representative of the Lauffen family of counts was Bruno von Lauffen (* around 1045), who held the office of Archbishop of Trier from 1102 to 1124 and was involved in the negotiations to settle the investiture dispute . Bruno's mother Adelheid could have been related to Nellenburgers , so that his presumed uncle Uncle Udo von Nellenburg , who held the office from 1066 to 1078, would have made Bruno's election possible.
Around the year 1103 the Counts of Lauffen took over the count's office for the Kraichgau. After they had apparently moved the count's seat from Wigoldesberg near Odenheim to Bretten and the Wigoldesberg was a new allodial property, they donated a monastery to the Diocese of Speyer around 1110 to 1118 . In doing so, they followed the tradition of numerous other noble families from the end of the 11th century. The monastery was first mentioned in a document from 1122 or 1123, when Heinrich V , based on the Hirsau form, confirmed the foundation of Archbishop Bruno and his brother Boppo (III.) Approved the foundation. The Counts of Lauffen donated property to the monastery in Odenheim, Tiefenbach , Hausen an der Zaber , Neckarwestheim , Poppenweiler and Neckargartach, among other things , and later supplemented the furnishings with other property, for example in Weiler an der Zaber . The Hirsauer form guaranteed the Lauffenern inheritable bailiwick rights. The first abbot Eberhard came from Hirsau . It is not known whether the burial place of the Lauffener was in Odenheim.
The monastery could have been founded against the background that Bruno and his brother Boppo (III.) Had divided their inheritance among themselves and Bruno had brought his share into the monastery. The monastery was founded on new property in a place that was remote from the heartland. The donated goods were located in the Zabergau, on the middle Neckar and in the Kraichgau and thus also in the periphery of the Lauffener territory, especially since the Counts of Lauffen increasingly oriented themselves towards the lower Neckar area during this phase. The connection to the Hirsau Monastery indicates that the Counts of Lauffen could have been closer to the Hirsau Reform Circle during this time than to the emperor-loyal environment of the Diocese of Würzburg.
The foundation shows parallels to the founding of the Gottesaue monastery , whose foundation as a family monastery of the Counts of Hohenberg was also confirmed in 1110 using the Hirsau form. Like the Lauffeners, the Hohenbergers sold off property that was further away, the establishment was also carried out by a cleric in the family. Gottesaue was also in the Diocese of Speyer, and the monastery there was also closely connected to Hirsau.
Odenheim Monastery was relocated from Wigoldesberg to a valley two kilometers away before the middle of the 12th century. The monastery flourished in the 12th century, and after 1200 its importance declined. It existed until secularization in 1802/03.
Relocation to the lower Neckar area
The social rise of the Counts of Lauffen to one of the most important families in southwest Germany is reflected in the connections to many other noble houses: Such existed to the Nellenburgers, to the houses of Werl-Hövel , Hohenberg, Arnstein, Katzenelnbogen , Eberstein , Tübingen , Schauenburg and Dürn .
In the course of the 12th century, the Counts of Lauffen loosened their ties to the eponymous headquarters and shifted their sphere of influence to the northwest in the lower Neckar area. This can be interpreted as a consequence of royal interventions against the formation of territorial rulers across the Swabian-Franconian tribal border.
According to its statutes, the Lauffeners were bailiffs for the Odenheim monastery they founded in the 12th century. Around 1130 Konrad (I.) also had bailiff rights to the Lorsch branch monastery on the Heiligenberg. In 1220 they belonged to the heir of Lauffen, Gerhard von Schauenburg. In 1142, Boppo (IV.) Supported the diocese of Worms in founding the Cistercian monastery of Schönau by renouncing his feudal rights in the Steinach Valley and obtaining other fiefs in return, including those in Wimpfen , where he was Vogt of the knight's monastery . A similar process has been handed down for 1174, when Heinrich (IV.) Gave fiefs in favor of the Schönau monastery and received goods in the Schefflenz valley in return . In 1184 Konrad sold the village of Grenzheim to the monastery.
The Counts of Lauffen built the Vorderburg in Eberbach (1st half of the 12th century), Hornberg Castle (mid-12th century) and Dilsberg Castle (shortly before 1200). With the help of these castles they tried to gain control of the lower Neckar as a trade route. Konrad (II.) Was probably the builder of the central castle in Eberbach. He was mentioned in 1196 as "Count Konrad von Eberbach" and therefore possibly had his seat there.
In the conflict between the Staufers and the Guelphs , the Counts of Lauffen initially supported the Staufer, so in 1140 during the siege of Weinsberg Castle and around 1135–1150 against vassals of the Guelphs, who ruled a Neckar crossing from Burgstädel near Neckarhausen . In the reign of Konrad III. (1138–1152) Boppo (IV.) Protected the Lobenfeld Monastery from Guelph supporters. His son Boppo (V.), on the other hand, came into conflict with Friedrich Barbarossa at times when he tried to obtain bailiwick rights for the Lobenfeld monastery. On the other hand, Barbarossa intervened in 1187 by means of a letter of protection in which he threatened high fines. In addition, Boppo (V.) was involved in a dispute with the Worms Bishop Luitpold about the village of Lochheim .
Disintegration of rule
The last two male representatives of the noble family - Boppo (V) and his brother Konrad (II) - exchanged parts of Hornberg Castle with one another before 1184, with Boppo receiving his brother's share. Presumably, the Lauffener territory had previously been divided up between Boppo and Konrad in an inheritance division, with Boppo falling into the southeastern and Konrad the northwestern areas and Hornberg Castle was divided by its location in the middle of the dominion.
Konrad (II.) Was only mentioned in a document from 1184 to 1196 and probably died early. His brother Boppo (V.) was one of the first loyal followers of Frederick II in the conflict with the Guelph Otto IV. In October 1212, Boppo and his fiefdom Luitpold von Worms visited Friedrich II on the Palatinate in Haguenau ; this was repeated in February 1216. However, as early as 1212, Frederick II had returned the fiefs that had been awarded by the diocese of Worms to the counts of Lauffen as king, to the diocese of Worms in order to bring them under his own control bring. With this, Frederick II smashed the newly established territorial rule of the Lauffeners, and the Hohenstaufen gained control over the central Neckar area, which is strategically important for the Hohenstaufen because of its location between the Middle Rhine, Swabia and Lake Constance.
Boppo (V.) must have died between 1216 and April 6, 1219. Thus the Counts of Lauffen died out in the male line. The allodial goods fell to the lords of Dürn and von Schauenburg via two heir daughters of Boppos . The Staufer kept the bailiwick for the Odenheim monastery, and in this way it became an imperial bailiwick in 1219.
Boppos (V.) daughter Mechthild married Konrad I of Dürn around 1216/17 (adult 1222; † 1253). The lords of Dürn, who came from the building land, were able to extend their rule into the middle and lower Neckar valley with the Lauffen inheritance. So they lost property around Möckmühl and in the Neckar valley with goods around Mosbach (with the Hornberg Castle and in Auerbach , Diedesheim , Neckarburken , Neckarelz , Neckarzimmern , Neudenau and Schefflenz ), in Waibstadt , Michelfeld and Waldangelloch and up to Dilsberg Castle with property in Gaiberg , Neckargemünd , Waldwimmersbach , Wieblingen , Schönbrunn and Eberbach too. Mechthild died long after her husband in the 1270s, in any case before 1277. Boppo's second daughter, possibly called Agnes, was married to Gerhard von Schauenburg. It is unclear which genes he inherited. It was probably the property on Bergstrasse .
The Counts of Lauffen probably created the basis for the town of Lauffen on the right bank of the Neckar at the beginning of the 13th century. A granting of town charter has not been recorded, but the town was first mentioned as such in 1219 when Friedrich II pledged it and the castle to the margrave of Baden, Hermann V.
With the transition of the Electoral Palatinate to the Wittelsbacher , the Staufers lost influence on the lower Neckar in 1214. In 1225, the Wittelsbach Count Palatine Ludwig gained control of the former Lauffen areas there when the diocese of Worms enfeoffed him with the remains of the Lobdengau - now called "Grafschaft Stalbühl".
Castles of the Counts of Lauffen
The castles that the Counts of Lauffen built from the 11th to the early 13th centuries were important structures for the time. In addition to the well-preserved Grafenburg in Lauffen applicable Lower Castle Hornberg , the castle Eberbach and the mountain Dilsberg as foundations of Lauffener.
Lauffen
Around the year 1000 the old castle around the Regiswindiskirche was the center of Lauffen. If the ancestors of the Counts of Lauffen did not have their headquarters here, they probably at least had shares in this complex, whose property was fragmented. The ownership structure and the plans to found a monastery documented for 1003 could have given rise to the construction of a new, remote castle seat. It is located on an artificially created island in the middle of the breakthrough of the old Lauffener Neckar loop. The building findings of the residential tower confirm the dating to the early 11th century. The keep was built only in 1200 by stocking up the residential tower and falls thus likely to occur only in the time after the extinction of Lauffener.
Boards
The castle in the Burgwäldle was probably built in the first half of the 11th century under the Zeisolf tungsten. The main building of the castle was replaced by a residential tower around the year 1100. During this time, around 1103, the Counts of Lauffen took control of the Kraichgau and chose the castle as their county seat. The archaeological findings indicate that the area was used from the late 10th or 11th century to around 1300 and a brief renewed use in the late 14th or 15th century. The Counts of Lauffen, but more likely the Counts of Eberstein who followed them in Bretten, built a castle in the city in the 12th century and may have moved their seat there.
Hornberg
Today's Lower Hornberg Castle was built by the Counts of Lauffen around the middle of the 12th century. It is therefore around 150 years younger than the castle in Lauffen. In the late era of the Counts of Lauffen, Hornberg Castle was possibly their most important seat thanks to its central location. Compared to Lauffen, the once three-story Hornberg Tower Palace was much higher with a height of over 20 meters (without a roof). It had at least three Romanesque biforic windows . After the Counts of Lauffen died out, the castle passed to the Lords of Dürn.
Eberbach
The first construction phase for the front of the three castles in the complex in Eberbach can be dated to the first half of the 12th century. Under Konrad von Lauffen (also: von Eberbach), the brother of the last Lauffen count, intensive construction work began in the last third of the 12th century, during which Konrad expanded the area into his mansion for the western part of the Lauffen rule. To do this, he combined the front castle and the area of the later central castle into one complex. With his death after 1196 or at the latest with the extinction of the family, a building ruin remained, which was later divided into the front and middle castle - possibly due to a competitive situation between different legal successors of the Lauffen family.
Dilsberg
The Dilsberg Castle may have been built in the second half of the 12th century as a residential tower. It was first mentioned in 1208 in connection with Boppo (V.), but could already have been a residence of Boppo (IV.). Since Boppos (V.) brother Konrad administered the northwestern part of the Lauffener rule at the end of the 12th century, it is assumed that he had died in 1208. Although the castle was inhabited by the Counts of Lauffen, it was less important than Lauffen, Hornberg and possibly Eberbach. Via Dilsberg Castle, the Counts von Lauffen demonstrated their presence to the Count Palatine in Heidelberg and in the direction of Elsenzgau. In its current form, the Dilsberg mountain fortress was created in the late Middle Ages using older stone blocks.
coat of arms
.svg)
The coat of arms of the Counts of Lauffen has not been passed down directly. Circumstances suggest that it represented a beam accompanied at the top by a striding lion or leopard . The heir daughter Mechthild of the last Lauffener Count Boppo (V.) brought her share into the marriage with Konrad I. von Dürn. While three 2: 1 split shields were initially handed down as the coat of arms of the Lords of Dürn, two of Mechthild's three sons adopted a walking lion or leopard, first documented in 1248. One of these two sons - Boppo I. von Dürn - had received the Lauffen property around Dilsberg Castle as a nickname in addition to the lead name in Lauffen. He also took over the title of Graf from Lauffen and later called himself "Graf von Dilsberg" instead of "Boppo von Dürn". The other son - Rupert II - inherited the Lauffen property around Forchtenberg . The adoption of names, titles and claims of the Counts of Lauffen is seen as an indication that the coat of arms with the leopard or lion walking on a beam was also adopted by the Counts of Lauffen.
The district of Heilbronn , whose territory was once largely ruled by the Counts of Lauffen, was given a new coat of arms in 1955. It shows a mutilated eagle and was suggested by the archivist at the main state archive in Stuttgart, Hansmartin Decker-Hauff, on the assumption that it was the coat of arms of the Counts of Lauffen. However, it goes back to the oldest surviving seal of the city of Lauffen am Neckar, which probably shows an imperial eagle, and probably dates from the late 13th century.
Family table
Due to the incomplete sources, the relationships are uncertain.
| Boppo (I.) 1011/12 Graf im Lobdengau uid Wingarteiba |
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| Heinrich | Boppo (II.) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Boppo 1080 Graf in Remsgau |
Heinrich 1067 (Filius Popponis) Count in Lobdengau |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Bruno 1100 Graf in Elsenzgau , Kraich- and Enzgau |
Arnold ∞ Adelheid nobilissima (v. Nellenburg ?) |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Heinrich ∞ Ida, TdGfen Bernhard von Werl |
Boppo (III.) Count von Lauffen 1122 ∞ Mathilde von Hohenberg |
Bruno , Archbishop of Trier 1102–1124 |
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| Konrad Graf von Lauffen ∞ Td Count Ludwig I. von Arnstein |
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| Boppo (IV.) 1139-1181 |
Adelheid ∞ Gf. Heinrich von Katzenelnbogen |
Konrad, Bishop of Worms (v. Steinach) 1150–1171 |
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| Heinrich 1174 |
Boppo (V.) 1181-AD 1212 |
Konrad 1184,1196 Count of Eberbach |
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| (Agnes) ∞ Gerhard v. Schauenburg |
Mechthilt ∞ Konrad v. Thin |
Willebirg ∞ Pfalzgf. Hugo of Tübingen |
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(to )
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Gerhard Lubich : Early and high medieval nobility between Tauber and Neckar. Genesis and shaping of aristocratic domains in the Franconian-Swabian border area . In: Rule and Legitimation: High Medieval Nobility in Southwest Germany . (= Writings on Southwest German regional studies. Vol 36). 2002, p. 19 .
- ↑ Hansmartin Schwarzmaier : The Reginswindis tradition of Lauffen. Royal politics and aristocratic rule on the central Neckar . In: Journal for the History of the Upper Rhine / NF Volume 131 , 1983, ISSN 0044-2607 , pp. 186 ( PDF; 2.6 MB [accessed on February 21, 2014]).
- ↑ a b c Schwarzmaier 1983, p. 188
- ↑ a b c d e f g Schwarzmaier 1986, p. 43
- ↑ a b c d Nicolai Knauer: The Grafenburg Lauffen am Neckar. Architectural historical study of the Lauffen residential tower from the early 11th century . Special print from the Zabergäuvereins magazine, issue 3/4, year 2007. Aspectus novus, Heilbronn 2007, p. 3 .
- ^ Nicolai Knauer: The castles of the counts of Lauffen in the Neckar valley . In: Christhard Schrenk , Peter Wanner (eds.): Heilbronnica 5 . Sources and research on the history of the city of Heilbronn 20. Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 2013, p. 83 ( PDF; 2.9 MB [accessed on February 21, 2014]).
- ↑ a b Hansmartin Schwarzmaier: From the world of the Counts of Lauffen. Historical images from documents . In: Christhard Schrenk, Peter Wanner (eds.): Heilbronnica 5 . Sources and research on the history of the city of Heilbronn 20. Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 2013, p. 60 ( PDF; 1.9 MB [accessed on February 21, 2014]).
- ↑ Lubich 2002, p. 33
- ↑ Lubich 2002, p. 29f
- ↑ Lubich 2002, p. 34
- ↑ a b c d e f Hansmartin Schwarzmaier: History of the city of Eberbach am Neckar . tape 1 . Jan Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1986, p. 35 .
- ↑ Schwarzmaier 1986, p. 33
- ↑ Schwarzmaier 1986, p. 37
- ↑ a b c Schwarzmaier 2013, p. 63
- ↑ Schwarzmaier 2013, p. 65
- ↑ Schwarzmaier 2013, p. 62
- ↑ a b Schwarzmaier 2013, p. 69
- ↑ a b Knauer 2013, p. 85f
- ↑ Schwarzmaier 1986, p. 43f
- ↑ Knauer 2013, p. 90
- ↑ Lubich 2002, p. 41
- ↑ Ludwig H. Hildebrandt: The counties of Elsenz and Kraichgau in the high Middle Ages, their counts and their castle seats with special consideration of Bretten . In: Bretten Yearbook for Culture and History . NF 5. Bretten 2008, p. 54 .
- ↑ Hildebrandt 2008, p. 56
- ↑ a b c d Hildebrandt 2008, p. 60
- ↑ a b c Hildebrandt 2008, p. 58
- ↑ a b Hildebrandt 2008, p. 68
- ↑ Hildebrandt 2008, p. 70
- ↑ a b c Schwarzmaier 1986, p. 44
- ↑ a b c d e Schwarzmaier 1983, p. 187
- ↑ a b c Christian Burkhart: A short history of the counts of Lauffen from the 11th to the 13th century . In: Lauffener Bote . No. 33 . Lauffen am Neckar 2008, p. 4 ( PDF; 1.9 MB [accessed on February 21, 2014]).
- ↑ a b Schwarzmaier 1986, p. 47
- ↑ Schwarzmaier 2013, p. 70
- ↑ Schwarzmaier 1995, p. 221
- ↑ a b Hildebrandt 2008, p. 61
- ↑ a b Schwarzmaier 2013, p. 71
- ↑ Hansmartin Schwarzmaier: The foundations of the monastery of Gottesaue and Odenheim and the Hirsauer form . In: Archives for cultural history . Festschrift for Hermann Jakobs on his 65th birthday. tape 39 / supplement, 1995, p. 219 f .
- ↑ Schwarzmaier 2013, p. 72f
- ↑ a b c d e Schwarzmaier 1995, p. 219
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Schwarzmaier 1986, p. 45
- ↑ Schwarzmaier 1995, pp. 210f
- ↑ a b Schwarzmaier 2013, p. 73
- ↑ Lubich 2002, p. 39f
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Burkhart, p. 5
- ↑ a b c Knauer 2013, p. 97
- ↑ a b c d e f Knauer 2013, p. 91
- ↑ a b Knauer 2013, p. 97f
- ↑ Schwarzmaier 2013, p. 55
- ↑ Schwarzmaier 2013, p. 56
- ↑ a b c Schwarzmaier 1983, p. 191
- ↑ a b c d e Schwarzmaier 2013, p. 54
- ↑ Schwarzmaier 1983, pp. 190f
- ↑ a b c Helmut Neumaier: Dürn, noble family . In: Historical Lexicon of Bavaria . December 5, 2011 ( online [accessed April 1, 2015]).
- ↑ a b Drös 2013, p. 126
- ↑ a b Schwarzmaier 1986, p. 51
- ↑ a b Harald Drös: The eagle of the district of Heilbronn - coat of arms of the Counts of Lauffen? In: Christhard Schrenk, Peter Wanner (eds.): Heilbronnica 5 . Sources and research on the history of the city of Heilbronn 20. Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 2013, p. 127 ( PDF; 960 kB [accessed on February 21, 2014]).
- ↑ Schwarzmaier 1983, p. 195
- ↑ Schwarzmaier 1986, p. 59
- ↑ a b Knauer 2013, p. 108
- ↑ Knauer 2013, p. 82
- ↑ Knauer 2007, p. 4
- ↑ Knauer 2007, p. 1
- ↑ Knauer 2007, p. 8
- ^ Nicolai Knauer: The structural remains of the Bretten aristocratic seats . In: Bretten Yearbook for Culture and History . NF 5. Bretten 2008, p. 45 .
- ↑ Knauer 2008, p. 46
- ↑ Knauer 2008, p. 47
- ↑ Uwe Gross: The finds from the "Burgwäldchen". An attempt at an overview . In: Bretten Yearbook for Culture and History . NF 5. Bretten 2008, p. 21, 23 f .
- ↑ Knauer 2008, p. 33
- ↑ a b Knauer 2013, p. 92
- ↑ Knauer 2013, p. 96
- ↑ Knauer 2013, p. 101
- ↑ a b Knauer 2013, p. 100
- ↑ a b c Knauer 2013, p. 102
- ↑ Knauer 2013, p. 100f
- ↑ Drös 2013, p. 131
- ↑ Drös 2013, p. 133
- ↑ a b c Drös 2013, p. 128
- ↑ Drös 2013, p. 132
- ↑ Drös 2013, p. 114
- ↑ Drös 2013, pp. 114f
- ↑ Drös 2013, p. 121f
- ↑ Schwarzmaier 1986, p. 46