Ritterstift Odenheim

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The Stifterhof near Odenheim goes back to the former knight's monastery
The free-standing medieval tower reminds of the once fortified character of the complex

The knight monastery Odenheim was founded around 1110–1118 on the Wigoldesberg (today's name: Greifenberg ) as a Benedictine monastery and house monastery of the Counts of Lauffen and moved to a nearby valley near Odenheim before the middle of the 12th century . It was converted into a secular canon monastery in 1494 and relocated to Bruchsal in 1507 . In the meantime, colleges still existed in Odenheim, the old monastery complex was destroyed in the German Peasants' War in 1525 and then used as a quarry for building projects in the village. The last structural remains were in a dairy farm in the 17th century, which after the destruction of Bruchsal in 1676 once again housed the canons and also included two churches. The pen was abolished in the course of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss . Depending on which phase of its existence is meant, the terms Kloster Odenheim , Herrenstift Odenheim , Ritterstift in Bruchsal or Ritterstift Odenheim zu Bruchsal are also used .

history

Founding years

Coat of arms monastery Odenheim

Around the years 1110 to 1118 the Counts of Lauffen founded a monastery on the Wigoldesberg near Odenheim of the Diocese of Speyer after they had taken over the Count's office for the Kraichgau around 1103 and then apparently relocated their count's seat from Wigoldesberg near Bretten. With the founding of the monastery, they followed the tradition of many noble families since the end of the 11th century. The monastery was first mentioned in a document from 1122 (the year of the Worms Concordat, which was favorable for the founding of monasteries ) or 1123, when Heinrich V confirmed the foundation of Archbishop Bruno based on the Hirsauer form and his brother Boppo (III.) Agreed to the foundation .

The Counts of Lauffen donated their own property to the monastery in Odenheim, Tiefenbach , Aglasterhausen , Großgartach , Hausen an der Zaber , Neckarwestheim , Poppenweiler and Neckargartach and later added other property to the facilities, for example in Weiler an der Zaber . The Hirsauer form guaranteed the Lauffenern inheritable bailiwick rights. The first abbot Eberhard came from Hirsau . It is not known whether the burial place of the Lauffener was in Odenheim.

The monastery could have been founded against the background that Bruno and his brother Boppo (III.) Had divided their inheritance among themselves and Bruno had brought his share into the monastery. The monastery was founded on new property in a place that was remote from the heartland. The donated goods were located in the Zabergau, on the middle Neckar and in the Kraichgau and thus also in the periphery of the Lauffener territory, especially since the Counts of Lauffen increasingly oriented themselves towards the lower Neckar area during this phase. The connection to the Hirsau Monastery indicates that the Counts of Lauffen could have been closer to the Hirsau Reform Circle during this time than to the emperor-loyal environment of the Diocese of Würzburg.

The foundation shows parallels to the founding of the Gottesaue monastery , whose foundation as a family monastery of the Counts of Hohenberg was also confirmed in 1110 using the Hirsau form. Like the Lauffeners, the Hohenbergers sold off property that was further away, the establishment was also carried out by a cleric in the family. Gottesaue was also in the Diocese of Speyer, and the monastery there was also closely connected to Hirsau.

The monastery was moved from Wigoldesberg to a valley two kilometers away before the middle of the 12th century. The monastery complex there, which consisted of a monastery church, residential and farm buildings , was built by the same Hirsauer Bauhütte that had previously built the Paulinzella monastery , which is why the structures at Odenheim and Paulinzella were structurally similar.

In 1161 the extensive possessions of the monastery were confirmed by Emperor Friedrich I (Barbarossa), especially in Zabergäu and on the Neckar , but also in Elsenz , Ubstadt , Hambrücken , Bruchsal , Forst , Rettigheim and Östringen . Many of the possessions are mentioned for the first time in this document, but were probably already included in the founding equipment, but were only made arable for the first time since the monastery was founded (or after a long fallow since the Hungarian invasions in 954).

Flowering time around 1200

1184 allowed Pope Lucius III. the Benedictine abbey to have the pastoral care in the parish church of Odenheim provided by monks. The church, its goods and its tithe rights were thus incorporated into the monastery. 1191 took Pope Celestine III. the monastery under his protection and made it independent of the mother monastery of the Benedictine order and the Speyer bishop. A short time later, Odenheim founded the monastery in Kirchheim am Neckar , which was made up of the Odenheimer Gütern u. a. with the town of Häfnerhaslach .

The monastery experienced its heyday around 1200 and brought about an economic upswing in the entire village of Odenheim. After the Counts of Lauffen died out in the male line 1216–1219, the Hohenstaufen kings, as evidenced by a document from Emperor Friedrich II. , Retained the bailiwick of the Odenheim monastery, making it an imperial bailiwick. However, the charter also forbade the construction of castles, fortifications and the founding of free cities in the area of ​​the monastery, which would later have an unfavorable effect on the development of Odenheim, as the place was never fortified and expanded into a city.

From 1225, the monastery (re) established the village of Eichelberg , where initially there were only vineyards, but from that year they were no longer cultivated by the monastery but by farmers on a long lease . In 1237 Frederick II confirmed further monastic possessions in Waldangelloch , Michelfeld and Zeutern .

After seemingly continuous growth, the monastery first had economic problems in the middle of the 13th century. Several sales of goods and rights took place between 1249 and 1261. In 1273 Odenheim was granted market rights , which made the place an important transshipment point for cattle and agricultural products from the monastery.

In the early 14th century, the monastery handed over numerous properties that were once self-cultivated. Many goods in the immediate vicinity were assigned to several newly built courtyard buildings in Odenheim as farmland. Agriculture flourished when these farms were given to serfs or tenants. In addition to the old monastery mill (the later Upper Mill ), two more mills were built near Odenheim.

Pledging of the Imperial Bailiwick to the Speyer Monastery in 1330

In 1330 the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire pledged their bailiwick rights over the monastery to Albrecht Hofwart von Kirchheim , who also had property in Münzesheim . In 1338 the then Bishop of Speyer , Gerhard von Ehrenberg , acquired the umbrella bailiwick of the monastery and the income from the box bailiwick of Odenheim for the bishopric of Speyer . In 1349, the pledge to Odenheim was linked to the Landau in der Pfalz and Waibstadt pledges, which were also owned by Speyer , so that in future only joint redemption or re -pledging should be possible. In 1350, the emperor allowed a partial pledge, which the Speyr bishops soon made use of to cover their war costs in those years. Within the fragmented pledge, the former levies in kind were now financially regulated.

Defense-like expansion of the monastery complex from 1377

The political instability and uncertainty led under Abbot Dieter von Helmstatt from 1377 to the fortified expansion of the monastery complex. Under him, who also acquired the castle and town of Rohrbach am Gießhübel from the Lords of Sickingen , the main structure of the monastery was surrounded by a moat based on the model of Rohrbach Castle, and the monastery church was given a fortified porch. His successor Dietrich III. von Venningen finally had the farm buildings around the monastery walled up around 1400 and the fortified towers still preserved.

Abbot Dietrich II von Angelach acquired the village of Landshausen for the monastery in 1427 from the Lords of Mentzingen , but had to pledge part of the monastery property due to the debts accumulated by his predecessors. The following places belonged to the monastery between 1430 and 1440: Odenheim with Tiefenbach and Eichelberg , Rohrbach am Gießhübel , Rettigheim , Landshausen , 9/10 from Großgartach , half of Waldangelloch and Häfnerhaslach including Kirchheim . At that time, the monastery also had estates and serfs in various other places, including Östringen, Michelfeld , Eichtersheim , Cleebronn , Elsenz and Massenbachhausen .

Under the influence of the Hussite Wars, Dietrich II also pushed ahead with the expansion of the monastery in Odenheim. He had the monastery fortifications supplemented with additional gate towers. The expansion was so expensive that Dietrich sold the monastery in Kirchheim, which had meanwhile become the abbot's summer residence, to the monastery in Frauenzimmern to cover the costs .

The subsequent abbot, Eberhard II von Flehingen, had further defensive structures built. In 1461 the fortified complex withstood an attack by Martin Werner von Haberschlöcht.

Conversion to Ritterstift 1494 and relocation to Bruchsal 1507

In the last third of the 15th century, with increasing material wealth, the morality of the monks fell. The clergy tried several times to carry out a reform in order to remedy the grievances. The first attempt was made in 1468 by the Bishop of Speyer, Matthias von Rammung , and his successor Ludwig von Helmstatt made the second in 1472. All efforts to restore a monk-ascetic way of life failed. In 1472 Abbot Johann Schenk von Winterstetten, who had also failed with this undertaking, resigned from his office. His successor Ulrich von Finsterlohe, who moved from Sinsheim Abbey to Odenheim, managed at least 14 years to reorganize the inheritance relationships of the Odenheim estates. In 1486, he had an archive building built in the monastery for the large amount of documents that were produced. Nevertheless, the monastery had almost no monks left. Under Abbot Ulrich, their number increased again from two to seven, but monastic life was no longer attractive for later-born nobles. When the few older monks who remained in Odenheim were to be accepted into the Bursfeld congregation in 1491 , four apologized for their frailty, so that in the end only two monks remained, while the remaining brothers were excluded. The Odenheim convent was re-staffed with monks from the Gottesau, Sponheim and Hirsau monasteries.

At the urging of the noble monks and at the request of the Roman-German king and later Emperor Maximilian I, Pope Alexander VI walked . In 1494 the monastery of Odenheim was converted into a noble collegiate chapter while retaining all freedoms, possessions, rights and income. The knight's foundation consisted of five dignitary ( provost , dean , scholaster , cantor , custos) and twelve canons (ten nobles and two doctors or licensors) as well as seven, later ten vicars . The name Ritterstift is due to the fact that most of the canons had to be at least knights.

The monks excluded in 1491 returned to Odenheim, while the newly admitted monks were sent back to their mother monasteries. The last abbot Christoph von Angelach (in office since 1486) thus became provost, the prior dean. Christoph von Angelach's successor as provost was Melchior von Nieppenberg , who was one of the monks excluded in 1491. The provost had a seat and vote in the Upper Rhine Empire, which was founded in 1500.

After peasant unrest in the area and legal disputes between Odenheim and the noble knightly monastery, the latter was relocated to Bruchsal in 1507 at the urging of the canons and an order of the bishop of Speyer Philip I von Rosenberg , while retaining the name Odenheim and the freedoms, possessions, rights and income of the monastery . As the seat he gave the monastery "freely and fully" the city ​​church of Bruchsal , which received the rank of a knight's church. With this relocation, Odenheim's market rights were lost. In the Latin school, which was also relocated from Odenheim to Bruchsal in 1507, the altar boys were trained for choral service.

Thanks to the reorganization of the economic situation under Abbot Ulrich, which was not carried out until 1486, the relocation of the monastery and the settlement of its relations with the city of Bruchsal succeeded extremely quickly.

In 1517, Emperor Maximilian I redeemed the pledged Landau, while the Odenheim and Waibstadt monasteries remained pledged to the Speyer monastery.

Destruction of the monastery in Odenheim in 1525

During the Peasants' War in 1525, there were also unrest within the area belonging to the Speyer monastery. In Odenheim, the old school leader and farmer's leader Marx Hovwarth remembered that when the knight's monastery moved to Bruchsal in 1507, it was decided to put down the walls of the old monastery. He therefore directed the farmers who followed him to the old monastery buildings, which then fell victim to the flames. If part of the building had been torn down anyway, the destruction of the complex would mainly result in the total loss of the archive, which was only set up in 1486. The farmers there primarily wanted to destroy the interest books and tax registers. These were, however, already in Bruchsal, while the old monastery library with its archives with countless old books and manuscripts, including a copy of the Nibelungenlied and the monastery chronicle, was burned.

In contrast to many other peasant acts in the area, the destruction of the monastery had no legal consequences for the Odenheim farmers. Peasant leader Hovwarth was also pardoned in 1526 by Bishop Georg von Speyer.

In the following period the ruins of the monastery were used as a quarry for the construction of buildings in Odenheim. Stones from the monastery were used in the church in Odenheim, which was renovated in 1543, as well as in the plebany that was built a little later and in the hunter's house . Even entire cellar vaults were dismantled in the monastery and rebuilt in the place.

In 1569, with the completion of the Odenheimer Amtshaus, the administration of the monastery property and agriculture was relocated to the town. In 1546 the monastery sold the village of Rettigheim to Bishop Philip II of Speyer for the construction project in Odenheim. The monastery drew further funds from newly created taxes, such as the change levied on draft wine in 1588 . Because of such taxes, but also because of reformatory activities in Odenheim, there were riots around 1600, which led to an occupation of the Odenheim rule by the Electoral Palatinate from 1609 to 1615 .

Construction of the Stifterhof in Odenheim in 1671

After the destruction of the Thirty Years' War, Provost Heinrich Hathard von Rollingen († 1719) ordered a dairy farm to be built in the old cloister courtyard of Odenheim in 1671 . Parts of the defensive walls and storage buildings were still there, a single-nave Peter and Paul Church and residential buildings were added. After the destruction of Bruchsal by the French in 1676, the canons also returned to Odenheim for a while and had a prelature and a small Marienkapelle built in the monastery courtyard. The old archive building was converted into a knight's hall.

Secularization 1802/03

In 1802/03 the possessions of the knight monastery fell to Baden in the course of secularization on the Upper Rhine . Church and prelate chapel were demolished. You can still see an estate and two towers of the medieval complex.

Abbots

Coat of arms of Abbot Dieter II von Angelach at the Stifterhof in Odenheim
  • Eberhard (1122–1146?)
  • Heinrich (1146–1157?)
  • Burkhard (1157–1190?)
  • Siegfried (1190-1213)
  • Berengar (1213-1224?)
  • Deinhard (1224-1245?)
  • Heinrich II. (1245–1275?)
  • Albert von Michelfeld (1275-1313?)
  • Morhardt (1313-1325?)
  • Burkard Röder (1325-1341?)
  • Dietrich (1341-1365?)
  • Dietrich II of Ubstadt (1365-1377?)
  • Dieter von Helmstatt (1377–1398)
  • Dietrich III. von Venningen (1398–1424)
  • Dieter II of Angelach (1424–1445?)
  • Eberhard von Flehingen (1445–1458?)
  • Philipp von Flehingen (1458? –1468)
  • Johann Schenk of Winterstetten (1468–1472)
  • Ulrich von Finsterlohe (1472–1491)
  • Christoph von Angelach (1491–1503)

Capitulars

Bailiffs

  • until 1549 Thomas Schnee
  • 1581–1598 Ulrich Ernst Ruff
  • 1602–1609 Johann Conrad Vogell
  • 1613 Melchior Vögler
  • 1614–1619 Adam Hertzog
  • 1626–1631 Johann Christoph Brüning
  • 1655 Salomon Buchinger
  • 1673–1702 Henrich Henrici
  • 1702–1725 Johann Gottfried Henrici
  • 1731–1755 Anton Philipp Bauer
  • 1755–1776 Franz Christoph Fick
  • 1776–1803 Theodor von Meßbach

literature

  • Anton Wetterer: The relocation of the collegiate knight monastery in Odenheim to Bruchsal. In 1507.Biedermann , Bruchsal 1907.
  • Robert Megerle: Ritterstift Odenheim. In: Robert Megerle: Heimatlexikon Bruchsal (= publications of the historical commission of the city of Bruchsal. Vol. 13). Verlag Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 1996, ISBN 3-929366-40-1 , p. 137.
  • Bernd Breitkopf: The old districts and their heads of office. The emergence of the offices and districts in today's district of Karlsruhe. Biographies of the senior officials and district administrators from 1803 to 1997 (= contributions to the history of the district of Karlsruhe. Vol. 1). Verlag Regionalkultur, Ubstadt-Weiher 1997, ISBN 3-929366-48-7 , p. 76.
  • Ralf Fetzer: The files of the Reich Chamber of Commerce as sources for home, local and family history. Examples from the trials of the knight's monastery in Odenheim in the 16th century. In: Kraichgau. Contributions to landscape and local research. Vol. 16, 1999, ZDB -ID 127933-6 , pp. 65-79.
  • Ulrich Bischoff: Bruchsal, Bretten, Durlach, Ettlingen and Pforzheim. Comparison of the city's history between 1000 and 1600. Siegen 2002 (Siegen, University, dissertation, 2002), online (PDF; 2.5 MB) .
  • Ralf Fetzer: Conflicts between subjects in the knight's monastery in Odenheim from the end of the Middle Ages to the end of the Old Kingdom (= publications by the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg. Series B: Research. Vol. 150). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-17-017334-0 (also: Heidelberg, Universität, Dissertation, 1999).
  • Ralf Fetzer: The Odenheim Knights' Foundation in Bruchsal between self-assertion and secularization. In: Volker Rödel, Hans Ammerich , Thomas Adam (eds.): Secularization on the Upper Rhine (= Upper Rhine Studies. Vol. 23). Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2004, ISBN 3-7995-7823-4 , pp. 183-197.
  • Johannes Weingart, Karl Josef Zimmermann: Two anniversaries of the knight monastery Odenheim zu Bruchsal (= writings of the Diocesan archive Speyer. Vol. 34). Pilger-Verlag, Speyer 2006, ISBN 3-87637-083-3 .

Web links

Commons : Odenheim Monastery  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Odenheim in the Topographia Palatinatus Rheni (Matthäus Merian)  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ludwig H. Hildebrandt: The counties of Elsenz and Kraichgau in the high Middle Ages, their counts and their castle seats with special consideration of Bretten . In: Bretten Yearbook for Culture and History . NF 5. Bretten 2008, p. 58 .
  2. ↑ Hildebrandt 2008, p. 60
  3. ↑ a b Hildebrandt 2008, p. 58
  4. ↑ Hansmartin Schwarzmaier : From the world of the Counts of Lauffen. Historical images from documents . In: Christhard Schrenk, Peter Wanner (eds.): Heilbronnica 5 . Sources and research on the history of the city of Heilbronn 20. Heilbronn City Archives, Heilbronn 2013, p. 71 ( PDF; 1.9 MB [accessed on February 21, 2014]).
  5. ↑ Hansmartin Schwarzmaier: The foundations of the monastery of Gottesaue and Odenheim and the Hirsauer form . In: Archives for cultural history . Festschrift for Hermann Jakobs on his 65th birthday. tape 39 / supplement, 1995, p. 219 f .
  6. ↑ Schwarzmaier 2013, p. 72f
  7. ↑ a b c d e Schwarzmaier 1995, p. 219
  8. ^ Hansmartin Schwarzmaier: History of the city of Eberbach am Neckar . tape 1 . Jan Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1986, p. 44 .
  9. ↑ Schwarzmaier 1986, p. 45
  10. ↑ Hansmartin Schwarzmaier: The Reginswindis tradition of Lauffen. Royal politics and aristocratic rule on the central Neckar . In: Journal for the History of the Upper Rhine / NF Volume 131 , 1983, ISSN  0044-2607 , pp. 187 ( PDF; 2.6 MB [accessed on February 21, 2014]).
  11. ↑ Schwarzmaier 1995, pp. 210f
  12. ↑ Source: Württ. Urkundenbuch Volume II., No. 375, pp. 134–136 WUB online
  13. ↑ Schwarzmaier 2013, p. 54
  14. ↑ LHAK order 1A no.1674
  15. ↑ Death note
  16. ↑ Death note


Coordinates: 49 ° 11 ′ 2.6 ″  N , 8 ° 46 ′ 34.6 ″  E