German guild body

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Deutsche Gildenschaft (DG) is a corporation association . It currently unites six college guilds (three of which are active) called colored and non- striking student associations . The DG is a member of the Convent of German Corporations Associations (CDK) and the Convent of German Academic Associations (CDA). In contrast to most traditional corporations, their member associations also accept women ( see also: Mixed student association ).

history

prehistory

In the first two decades of the 20th century, numerous students who came from the Wandervogel movement and who were influenced by the youth and life reform movement rejected the classic corporation and therefore either joined existing reform associations such as the German Association of Abstinent Students or founded their own organizations such as the German Academic Association Freischar , both of which were among the inviting organizations of the First Freideutschen Jugendtag in 1913. With the outbreak of the First World War , these organizations largely ceased their activities.

During the war, the umbrella organization Verband Freideutscher Jugend, which emerged from the First Freideutschen Jugendtag, split into a left, pacifist and a right, folk wing, which further weakened the few remaining student groups due to the associated conflicts.

Founded in 1920

In the spring of 1918, the medical student Albrecht Meyen, who belonged to the völkisch wing of the youth movement, presented his ideas for a new student community in a circular. Meyen wanted “to preserve the ideals of the wandering bird”, but he wanted to avoid the “existing forms of youth movement because of their informality and unconventionality “Discard. The traditional connections with "their" dashing demeanor "and their solid cohesion through the principle of the vital bond" seemed more exemplary to him , even though he also rejected their forms of life. The aim of the new foundation should be the development of a “strong, internally stable personality with a sense of social responsibility and an external perfection” who professed to be “German nationality ”. For the members of the proposed "German Academic Guild" the principle of conditional satisfaction should apply. Membership of women was refused.

After several guilds had been founded as loose associations according to Meyen's ideas in 1919, the German Academic Guild (DAG, also German Academic Guild ) was formed in Quedlinburg in 1920 as a joint corporation. In 1923, the DAG merged with Austrian guilds and the “Böhmerländischen Freischaren” in Hofbieber to form the umbrella association of Greater German Guilds ; the Austrian and some of the Sudden German groups also joined the DAG directly in the following years. In 1927, the ring of academic freelancers, which is closely related to the German Freischar , joined the umbrella organization of the Greater German Guild . In 1930 the Großdeutsche Gildenring followed as a student organization of the Großdeutschen Jugendbund (or the Freischar Junge Nation ).

The guilds wanted, so it was said, "to educate their members to be able-bodied men through hiking trips, gymnastics and fencing" and demanded from their members "a sense of responsibility towards the German national community ". At the time it was founded, the company described itself as the avant-garde of a new “ethnic community” and, in contrast to free German circles, oriented itself to the “young German movement” led by the Young German Federation . At this time women were denied membership and had an increasingly ethnic orientation. In terms of university policy, the guild movement called for “elite education” instead of “massification” and, according to Haar, “a racist admission practice that excluded Jewish students”. As a “spiritual target community” and “gymnastics community hardened in physical competition”, the exclusively male student body must stand up for a new, “fighting” science.

Together with paramilitary groups, Gildenschafter took part in the border fighting in the Baltic States , the uprisings in Upper Silesia and the Carinthian defensive battle . In 1923, guild members, primarily as members of the federal Oberland , took part in the Hitler-Ludendorff putsch . Guild brothers were closely connected to the ethnic-radical spectrum of the Weimar Republic through double membership. In the 1920s, numerous Viennese guild members joined the “Comradeship Association for National and Socio-Political Education” of Konrad Henlein confidante Heinrich Rutha . The guild movement distinguished itself from the traditional corporations and fraternities through its "radical-folkish gesture". Until 1929 it comprised all national currents of the Weimar Republic , from national revolutionaries around Ernst Niekisch to national Bolsheviks and young conservatives to National Socialists . This juxtaposition of political positions repeatedly led to disputes over direction within the federal government. In 1930, under the leadership of Ernst Anrich, the National Socialist German Gildenschaft Ernst Wurche with boys' guilds (local groups) in Bonn, Heidelberg, Tübingen and Vienna left the association and joined the National Socialist German Student Union . In 1932 another 14 guilds split off at the Bundestag in Hohnstein , and they did not want to support the national revolutionary course. In 1933 there was a reunification and the merger with the academic young team of the Greater German Federation to form the Bündische Gildenschaft . The guild body existed until 1935 and was dissolved at the Bundestag in Natternberg .

Re-establishment in 1958

After the Second World War , the former members of the “Böhmerland Freischaren” gathered in the “Altherrenschaft Bündischer Studentenverband” (AHBStV) and those of the German guilds in the “Bund Alter Gildenschafter” (BAG). The papers of the German Guild of the BAG have been published since 1957 .

AHBStV and BAG merged on June 15, 1958 with the “Working Group Sudeten German Students” (ASSt) to form the umbrella organization of the German Guilds. The association's activities consisted of six local groups of the ASSt and two or three BAG young guilds that were being founded, while the AHBStV joined the BAG as a future legal entity of the association.

The re-establishment was only supported by some of the former members. Sun refused Theodor Schieder , who was from 1926 to 1933-34 member of the Munich Guild gripping and 1949 temporarily a relief fund for needy guild steward managed, from participation because it was "impossible, the then spirit and its internal and external conditions in any way to be able to restore ”. The leading participation of old fighters of the NSDAP , including Ernst Anrich , made a new foundation “[v] ollends intolerable” from Schierer's point of view.

In 2012, the German Guild, together with the Freibund , the Sturmvogel and the Traveling Journeyman, were excluded from preparing for and participating in the centenary of the First Free German Youth Day in 2013 as the “völkischer wing of the youth movement” .

Political orientation

The German guild of both the Weimar Republic and the Federal Republic is viewed as a representative of völkisch nationalism in contemporary formulations. When the company was founded in 1920, the guidelines contained a mixture of "ethnic sentiments, a soldierly attitude and the urge to confess with young people."

The German ideology of the German Academic Guild in the 1920s had three dimensions. The admission of members was also based on ethnic-racist criteria and in practice meant the exclusion of Jewish students. The Volkish idea combined the social with the national question and interpreted them in an anti-democratic way. Third, it crossed borders and was largely German . The state reorganization of Europe after the First World War was rejected. The commitment to the ability to defend itself and thus to soldiery could easily tie in with the greater German idea.

After 1958, the programmatic orientation of the German guild for the next 30 years was largely shaped by Herbert Böhrsch , a former SS officer and employee of the SD . Under Böhrsch's aegis, the DG had the claim "to provide the national and state community with well-educated, prepared and qualified university graduates as future managers for work in the state, politics, economy and culture".

In the Salzburg Declaration of the German Guilds of 1992 it says:

"The Deutsche Gildenschaft [is] an academic educational community with national convictions and an alliance tradition."

In recent years, the German Guild body has been mentioned again and again in connection with right-wing extremism . In January 2010, in response to a small request from Left MP Pia-Beate Zimmermann , the Lower Saxony state government announced that the currently available information about the German guild did not justify its classification as an observation object for the protection of the constitution . However, "the Office for the Protection of the Constitution is following the development with great attention to check whether the line to anti-constitutional efforts has been exceeded."

After disputes about Karl-Eckhard Hahn (CDU), member of the German Guild and government spokesman for the Thuringian state government , the Thuringian Minister of the Interior, Jörg Geibert , announced in August 2013 that the Conference of Interior Ministers would check "whether the DG is part of the liberal-democratic spectrum" be. Hahn subsequently let his membership in the German guild body rest until the examination was completed. The audit showed that the constitutional protection authorities of the federal states and the federal government did not classify the German guild as anti-constitutional. According to the journalist Andrea Röpke, the DG displeases the Bundestag youth “because of its right-wing orientation”.

The leadership of the New Right included or included several guild members. Dieter Stein , Götz Kubitschek and Karlheinz Weißmann are founders and directors of the weekly newspaper Junge Freiheit , the Institute for State Policy (IfS) and the publishing house Edition Antaios , which social scientists assign to the New Right. In the opinion of Helmut Kellershohn , a network that cooperates with one another based on the division of labor has emerged with these three “institutions”.

Membership development

In comparison to other corporation associations, the German Guilds never had a large number of members. In 1925 it had 280 members in 19 guilds. With the establishment of new guilds and the inclusion of other corporation associations coming from the youth movement, the number of members rose to 611 active and 622 old men in 30 guilds by 1930 , including seven German groups in Austria, Czechoslovakia and the Baltic States. In terms of membership, it was ranked 31st among a total of 53 German student associations. Before the association split up in 1932, 42 guilds were members of the DG. When the German Academic Guild was dissolved in 1935 as part of National Socialist conformity, it still had 30 guilds.

The re-establishment in 1958 was carried out by eight or nine local groups. In 1992 there were eight guilds with 65 active members and 530 old men, which placed the DG in third from last place in the corporate statistics. In 2001, according to the information on its website, it comprised 13 active guilds, two of them in Austria, which were united in the "Academic Guilds (in) Austria".

In 2017, according to the DG, six "German University Guilds" (DHG) belonged to the DG, of which three, as so-called "old guilds", had only one old ruler:

Young guilds
Old guilds

Known members

  • Joseph Friedrich Abert (1879–1959), German historian and archivist
  • Ernst Anrich (1906-2001), German historian and politician (NPD)
  • Ernst Arnold (1903–1966), German politician (FDP) and former member of the Hessian state parliament
  • Volker Aschoff (1907–1996), German professor for communications engineering and rector of RWTH Aachen
  • Walter Assmann (1896–1964), German officer, most recently lieutenant general in World War II
  • Karl Astel (1898–1945), German physician and National Socialist eugenicist
  • Walter Becher (1912-2005), Sudeten German journalist and politician (German Community, GB / BHE, GDP, CSU)
  • Gerhard Becker (1910–2006), German Protestant pastor and local researcher
  • Klaus Betke (1914–2011), German pediatrician
  • Otto Friedrich Bollnow (1903–1991), German philosopher and educator
  • Walter Brand (1907–1980), Sudeten German politician
  • Ferdinand Brandner (1903–1986), Austrian engine designer
  • Heinz Brücher (1915–1991), German botanist and geneticist
  • Adolf Busemann (1887–1967), German educator and psychologist
  • Werner Conze (1910–1986), German historian
  • Rudolf Craemer (1903–1941), German historian
  • Ulrich Crämer (1907–1992), German historian
  • Helmuth Croon (1906–1994), German historian
  • Wilhelm Dantine (1911–1981), Austrian Lutheran theologian
  • Hellmut Diwald (1924–1993), German historian and publicist
  • Hans Dombois (1907–1997), Protestant lawyer, canon lawyer and member of the Confessing Church
  • Wolfgang Egerter (1930–2008), German expellee functionary and politician (CDU); from 1972 to 1988 first chairman of the DG.
  • Richard W. Eichler (1921–2014), German art historian
  • Kurt Essen (1904–1993), German Protestant pastor, member of the Confessing Church and persecuted by the Nazi regime
  • Peter Felser (* 1969), German entrepreneur, politician and vice chairman of the AfD parliamentary group in the German Bundestag
  • Ludolph Fischer (1900–1972), German tropical medicine specialist and university professor
  • Helmuth Flammer (1911–1980), German chemist. From 1978 to 1980 he was President of the Synod of the Evangelical Church in Württemberg
  • Rudolf Fleischmann (1903–2002), German physicist and member of the Göttingen Eighteen
  • Günther Franz (1902–1992), German historian
  • Robert Geisendörfer (1910–1976), Protestant pastor, church journalist and media pioneer
  • Hans Graul (1909–1997), German geographer and geologist. He was a professor of geography at Heidelberg University
  • Norbert Gürke (1904–1941), Austrian international lawyer
  • Karl-Eckhard Hahn (* 1960), German historian, press officer and author, from 1999 to 2004 spokesman for the Thuringian Parliament, 2004 to 2013 and since 2014 spokesman for the Thuringian CDU parliamentary group, 2013 to 2014 government spokesman in Thuringia
  • Gerhard Heberer (1901–1973), German zoologist, geneticist and anthropologist (SS- Forschungsgemeinschaft Deutsches Ahnenerbe )
  • Walter Heinrich (1902–1984), Sudeten German economist, sociologist and politician
  • Kurt Hotig (* 1941), German paleontologist and geologist
  • Eduard Hesse (1912–2011), German Protestant clergyman and member of the Confessing Church
  • Arthur R. von Hippel (1898–2003), German-American materials scientist and physicist
  • Hans Hosemann (1913–1994), German gynecologist
  • Otto Albrecht Isbert (1901–1986), German yoga teacher and writer, is one of the founders of yoga in Germany
  • Hanns Klatz (1914–2009), editor and founding member of the German Guild
  • Karl Kurt Klein (1897–1971), German journalist, theologian, Germanist and historian
  • Johannes Klevinghaus (1911–1970), German Lutheran pastor and member of the Confessing Church
  • Albert Krebs (1899–1974), German politician (NSDAP, GB / BHE)
  • Götz Kubitschek (* 1970), German small publisher, publicist and political activist. Kubitschek is no longer a member of the guild body.
  • Jörg Kudlich (1936–2009), Ministerialrat in the Bavarian State Ministry for Labor and Social Affairs, Family and Women, Sudeten German politician (CSU) and lawyer
  • Hermann Kutschera (1903–1975), Austrian architect
  • Georg Lanzenstiel (1909–1983), German Evangelical Lutheran clergyman, member of the council of the church leadership of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria and member of the Bavarian Senate
  • Siegfried Leffler (1900–1983), German Protestant theologian and representative of the radical Thuringian wing of German Christians
  • Rudolf Lempp (1887–1981), German architect and construction officer
  • Gottfried Wilhelm Locher (1911–1996), Swiss Reformed pastor and theologian
  • Wolfgang Marzahn (1911–1988), German Protestant pastor, member of the Confessing Church and author
  • Erich Maschke (1900–1982), German historian, advisor in the Rosenberg office
  • Albert Massiczek (1916–2001), Austrian author
  • Hellmuth Mayer (1895–1980), German legal scholar, criminologist and member of the Confessing Church in Mecklenburg
  • Ernst Mayr (1904–2005), German-American biologist and the main proponent of modern synthetic evolutionary theory
  • Heinrich Micko (1899–1969), Austrian writer and local poet
  • Andreas Molau (* 1968), German publicist and politician. Author of Junge Freiheit until 1995 , later functionary of NPD, DVU and Pro NRW until 2012. From 2005 to 2010 chairman of the Society for Free Journalism . According to the DG, Molau was excluded in April 2009. He has been involved in integration and inclusion projects since 2012.
  • Theodor Oberländer (1905–1998), German agricultural scientist and politician (GB / BHE, CDU), Minister for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims
  • Karl Heinz Pfeffer (1906–1971), German sociologist
  • André Pirson (1910-2004), German botanist, researcher and university professor
  • Günter Reichert (* 1941), Sudeten German functionary, former office manager of Alfred Dregger (CDU) and from 1992 to 1998 president of the Federal Agency for Civic Education
  • Wilhelm Rott (1908–1967), German theologian, resistance fighter (Confessing Church) and Protestant pastor
  • Theodor Schieder (1908–1984), German historian
  • Martin Schmidt (* 1966), German journalist, publicist and politician (AfD)
  • Helmut Schrätze (1922–2018), mineralogist
  • Ulrich Sporleder (1911–1944), German Protestant clergyman, pastor of the Confessing Church in Marienburg and Marienwerder, officer in the German armed forces and resistance fighter against National Socialism
  • Walter Staffa (1917–2011), German right-wing extremist politician, functionary in various organizations for displaced persons
  • Dieter Stein (* 1967), founder, publisher and editor-in-chief of Junge Freiheit
  • Lothar Stengel-von Rutkowski (1908–1992), German-Baltic doctor, poet and advocate of National Socialist eugenics
  • Hans Gerd Techow (1905–1992), German publicist, lawyer and publisher. He was in the planning of the assassination of Walther Rathenau involved
  • Karl Thums (1904–1976), Austrian internist, psychiatrist, neurologist, eugenicist and a leading figure in the Austrian wandering bird
  • Karl Ursin (1901–1973), Austrian physician and a leading figure in the Austrian migratory bird
  • Karl Vötterle (1903–1975), German music publisher and founder of Bärenreiter-Verlag . The association magazine Der Deutschen Bursch of the German Academic Guild appeared through this contact in the Bärenreiter publishing house, which is geared towards young people
  • Friedrich Weber (1892–1955), German veterinarian, wandering bird guide in Bavaria, participant in the Hitler-Ludendorff putsch
  • Karlheinz Weißmann (* 1959), German author, founder of the Institute for State Policy, Cato editor and member of the board of trustees of the AfD-affiliated Desiderius Erasmus Foundation
  • Giselher Wirsing (1907–1975), German economist, journalist and author, employee of the SD

literature

  • Ingo Haar : "Revisionist" historians and youth movement. The Königsberg example . In: Peter Schöttler (Ed.): Historiography as a science of legitimation 1918–1945 . Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-518-28933-0 , pp. 52-103 .
  • Helmut Kellershohn : In “Service to the National Socialist Revolution”. The German Guild and its relationship to National Socialism . In: Yearbook of the Archives of the German Youth Movement . tape 19 (1999-2001) . Wochenschau Verlag, Schwalbach / Taunus 2003, ISBN 978-3-87920-176-1 , p. 255–292 ( online [PDF; 307 kB ]).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Sigrid Bias-Engels: Students at War. On the situation of the student youth movement in the First World War . In: Yearbook of the Archives of the German Youth Movement . tape 16 (1986-87) . Ludwigstein Youth Castle Foundation and Archive of the German Youth Movement, Witzenhausen 1988, ISBN 3-88551-011-1 , p. 241-243 .
  2. ^ A b Sigrid Bias-Engels: Students at War. On the situation of the student youth movement in the First World War . In: Yearbook of the Archives of the German Youth Movement . tape 16 (1986-87) . Ludwigstein Youth Castle Foundation and Archive of the German Youth Movement, Witzenhausen 1988, ISBN 3-88551-011-1 , p. 248 f .
  3. ↑ a b c d Helmut Kellershohn : In "Service to the National Socialist Revolution". The German Guild and its relationship to National Socialism . In: Yearbook of the Archives of the German Youth Movement . tape 19 (1999-2001) . Wochenschau Verlag, Schwalbach / Taunus 2003, ISBN 978-3-87920-176-1 , p. 255–292 ( online [PDF; 307 kB ]).
  4. ↑ Wandervogel, Volume 9/10, 1920, p. 213.
  5. ↑ Sigrid Bias-Engels: Between Wandervogel and Science - On the History of the Youth Movement and Student Body 1896–1920. Edition Archive of the German Youth Movement, Vol. 4, Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, Cologne 1988, p. 210.
  6. ^ Ingo Haar : "Revisionist" historians and youth movement. The Königsberg example . In: Peter Schöttler (Ed.): Historiography as a science of legitimation 1918–1945 . Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-518-28933-0 , pp. 52-103 (here: p. 57).
  7. ^ John Haag: "Knights of the Spirit": The Kameradschaftsbund , in: Journal of Contemporary History , Vol. 8, No. 3 (July, 1973), p. 136.
  8. ↑ Jürgen Reulecke : "I want to be like the ..." Men's associations in the 20th century . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt / New York 2001, ISBN 3-593-36727-0 , pp. 154 .
  9. ^ Dataset sheets of the German guild body in the catalog of the German National Library
  10. ↑ a b c Kurt Heißig: Wolfgang Egerter, an obituary . In: sheets of the German guild body . No. 1 , 2009, p. 19th ff .
  11. ^ Christoph Nonn: Theodor Schieder . In: Barbara Stambolis (Hrsg.): Youth moved shaped. Essays on autobiographical texts by Werner Heisenberg, Robert Jungk and many others . V & R unipress, Göttingen 2013, ISBN 978-3-8471-0004-1 , p. 615 f .
  12. ↑ Ulrich Linse : Völkisch youth movement settlements in the 20th and 21st centuries . In: Gideon Botsch , Josef Haverkamp (Ed.): Youth Movement, Anti-Semitism and Right-Wing Politics. From the “Freideutschen Jugendtag” to the present . De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Berlin / Boston 2014, ISBN 978-3-11-0306-224 , p. 72
  13. ↑ Helmut Kellershohn: The self-appointed elite . In: ders. (Ed.): The plagiarism. The Volkish Nationalism of Young Freedom. Duisburg 1994. pp. 51-116, especially pp. 63-71.
  14. ↑ Helmut Kellershohn: The self-appointed elite . In: ders. (Ed.): The plagiarism . Duisburg 1994. p. 64.
  15. ↑ Helmut Kellershohn : In "Service to the National Socialist Revolution". The German Guild and its relationship to National Socialism . In: Yearbook of the Archives of the German Youth Movement . tape 19 (1999-2001) . Wochenschau Verlag, Schwalbach / Taunus 2003, ISBN 978-3-87920-176-1 , p. 255–292 ( online [PDF; 307 kB ] here: p. 30 f. the online version).
  16. ^ Helmut Kellershohn: The Institute for State Policy and the Young Conservative Hegemony Project . In: Stephan Braun, Alexander Geisler, Martin Gerster (eds.): Strategies of the extreme right . 2nd Edition. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2016, ISBN 978-3-658-01983-9 , pp. 451 .
  17. ↑ Salzburg Declaration, printed in: Blätter der Deutschen Gildenschaft 3/1992. Quoted in: Stephan Braun, Alexander Geisler, Martin Gerster (eds.): Strategies of the extreme right , VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2009, ISBN 978-3531159119 , p. 265.
  18. ↑ Annex 38. Answer of the Ministry of the Interior, Sport and Integration to Question 41 of Abg. Pia-Beate Zimmermann (LEFT). In: Stenographic Report. 60th session. Hanover, January 21, 2010 (PDF; 2.14 MB) Lower Saxony State Government, pp. 7608–7609 , accessed on October 10, 2013 .
  19. ↑ Claudia Ehrenstein: Tollhaus Thuringia: Lush retirement benefits and "right twilight". In: The world . August 20, 2013. Retrieved October 11, 2013 .
  20. ↑ Relief for government spokesman: German guilds are not observed by the protection of the constitution ( memento from November 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) , in: mdr.de, November 10, 2013.
  21. ↑ Andrea Röpke : It's a girl thing! - Women in the neo-Nazi scene. Christoph Links Verlag , Berlin 2011. ISBN 978-3-86153-615-4 . P. 205.
  22. ^ Compare: Stephan Braun, Alexander Geisler, Martin Gerster (eds.): Strategies of the extreme right: Backgrounds - Analyzes - Answers , VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2009, ISBN 978-3-531-15911-9 , p. 259.
  23. ↑ a b Helmut Kellershohn: An institute for ideological arming of the CDU: The German Guild and the establishment of the "Institute for State Policy" . In: DISS-JOURNAL 8 (2001) .
  24. ↑ a b c d e Helmut Kellershohn: In "Service to the National Socialist Revolution". The German Guild and its relationship to National Socialism. In: Yearbook of the Archives of the German Youth Movement , Volume 19 (1999–2004), Wochenschau Verlag, Schwalbach / Taunus 2004, pp. 255–292; here after the online version , pp. 1–2
  25. ^ A b Karl Thums , Günther Franz : The German Academic Guild . In: Werner Kindt (ed.): The German youth movement 1920 to 1933. The Bündische Zeit . Eugen Diederichs Verlag, Düsseldorf 1974, ISBN 3-424-00527-4 , pp. 1371-1374 .
  26. ↑ Helmut Kellershohn. Plagiarism p. 65.
  27. ↑ active guilds - German guild body. Retrieved May 31, 2017 .
  28. ↑ http://trutzburg-jena.de/trutzburgjena.html
  29. ↑ http://www.witiko-passau.de/geschichte.html
  30. ↑ Rainer Eisfeld (Ed.): Participated: Theodor Eschenburg's participation in "Aryanizations" under National Socialism . Springer, Wiesbaden 2016, ISBN 978-3-658-07215-5 , p. 45.
  31. ↑ Jan Eike Dunkhase: Werner Conze: A German historian in the 20th century . Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen 2014, ISBN 978-3-525-37012-4 , pp. 20-21.
  32. ↑ Karsten Jedlitschka: The "Party Official Examination Commission for the Protection of National Socialist Literature". In: Archives for the history of the book industry. Volume 62 (2008). ISBN 978-3-598-24858-0 , p. 214.
  33. ↑ Helmut Kellershohn (ed.): The plagiarism. The Volkish Nationalism of Young Freedom . Duisburg Institute for Language and Social Research, Duisburg 1994, ISBN 978-3-927388-44-4 . P. 70.
  34. ↑ Helmut Kellershohn: In "Service to the National Socialist Revolution". The German Guild and its relationship to National Socialism. In: Yearbook of the Archives of the German Youth Movement , Volume 19 (1999–2004), Wochenschau Verlag, Schwalbach / Taunus 2004, pp. 255–292; here after the online version , p. 19