Casimir III (Poland)

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King Casimir the Great, donor figure from 1464 to the Basilica of Wiślica
The royal seal of King Casimir the Great
Kingdom of Poland 1333-1370

Casimir the Great ( Polish Kazimierz III Wielki , Latin Casimirus III Magnus ; born April 30, 1310 in Kowal , † November 5, 1370 in Krakow ) was the youngest son of King Władysław I. Ellenlang from his marriage to Hedwig von Kalisch , daughter of Bolesław , Duke of Greater Poland . Casimir came from the dynasty of the Kujavian Piasts and was from 1333 as Casimir I , King of Poland (as Duke of Poland - dux Regni Poloniae - III.). He settled inherited conflicts with the Bohemian neighbors by dropping territorial claims primarily on Silesia , and focused on the expansion of the Kingdom of Poland to the east. The king's remains were buried in the Wawel Cathedral in Krakow. With his death the royal line of the Piasts died out.

Prince Casimir

education

Kazimir was born on April 30, 1310 in Kowal as the youngest son of Władysław I. Ellenlang and Hedwig von Kalisch . At baptism he was given the name of his grandfather - Casimir of Kuyavia . Kasimir had two older brothers, Stefan and Władysław, who died in 1306 and 1312 respectively - Kazimierz became Ellenlang's only heir at the age of two. He also had three sisters - Kunegunda, Elżbieta and Jadwiga.

The future heir to the throne was brought up in the Wawel . There is no information about his educators in the sources, but it is widely believed that they were Władysław's trusted diplomat Spycimir Leliwita , an eminent intellectual and lawyer - Jarosław Bogoria from Skotniki, or possibly a Franciscan. When the prince was 10 years old his sister Elizabeth was with the Hungarian King Charles I married. In the following years, Kasimir was a frequent guest in a mansion in Buda, the then cultural and political center of the region.

Marriage plans

In June or July 1315, at the age of five, Casimir was betrothed to the Bohemian Princess Jutta , born on May 20, daughter of John of Luxembourg . Marriage to the daughter of Johann was intended to solve the problem of Luxembourg's claims to the Polish throne, but when the Bohemian king's two sons were born, he decided to maintain his claims. The Bohemian side probably broke off the engagement in 1318 or 1319. On May 22, 1322, Jutta was betrothed to Prince Friedrich II of Meissen . Eventually Jutta married her sixth fiancé - the Duke of Normandy, John the Good .

Casimir was betrothed to Anna, daughter of Frederick the Fair , probably in 1321 or 1322 . The marriage project probably collapsed after September 28, 1322, ie. after Frederick's defeat in the battle of Mühldorf. In order to seal the newly concluded alliance with Lithuania, the prince married the daughter of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas Aldona on October 16, 1325 at the age of 15 , who was baptized and took the name Anna on April 30 before her wedding .

illness

In 1327 or shortly after the wedding, the future king became seriously ill. The prince's illness must have endangered his life, as the queen decided to entrust him to the patron saint of the Andrei dynasty - St. Ludwik, whose holiday fell on August 19th. This could indicate that the illness started on that day. The only source about this time in Kasimir's life is the partially destroyed bull of Pope John XXII , which was issued between November 14th and December 13th, 1327. The document was in response to a letter from the Queen of Poland in which the Pope expressed his joy at Casimir's recovery.

Events in Hungary

In the last years of his life, Władysław I. Ellenlang began to introduce his son to the exercise of power. In 1329 he sent him to the Hungarian court in Visegrád to receive military support or to tighten the alliance against the German-Bohemian coalition. The prince's first diplomatic mission was successful.

During Casimir's stay at the Hungarian court, according to some sources, his participation caused a moral scandal. Historians aren't sure what happened, or if anything happened at all. According to one of the versions, the Polish prince had a hidden affair with the beautiful Klara Zach, the maid of his sister Elizabeth . Another assumption was rape. After the prince left, the case came to light, allegedly through German spies. On April 17th, 1330 Felicjan Zach - Clare's father, knight and royal envoy - entered the royal chamber of Elizabeth and Charles with a sword . He wanted revenge and attacked the queen. He cut off four of her fingers and wounded the king who was trying to protect her. When he pounced on the princes, he was killed by Johann Cselenyi, the queen's courtier. The king ordered the assassin's body to be dismembered and made available to the public in large Hungarian cities. Zach's relatives were killed and their property was robbed. Clare herself was disfigured and taken to the cities of the country. The rest of the Zach family fled to Poland.

None of the sources at the time connects the attack in any way with the person of Casimir and does not mention the shame of Clare as the cause of the attack. This happens through much later sources of the German Knights as well as through the message of an anonymous Venetian chronicler and a rhymed chronicle by Henryk von Mügeln. Jan Długosz drew from these sources when he presented his version of the events in his chronicle. It can therefore be doubted whether the events described in later works are related to one another. Especially since the Teutonic Knights saw the discrediting of Casimir as a method to lower the reputation of the Kingdom of Poland. Jan Dąbrowski believes this is a rumor. Jerzy Wyrozumski limits his assessment to the statement that the explanation of the rumors by Jan Dąbrowski is convincing.

Governor of Greater Poland, Sieradz and Kujaw

Even before Casimir was sent to Hungary, he took part in his father's armed expedition to the Kulmerland in February 1329 . On May 26, 1331 Władysław I. Ellenlang appointed his son Casimir as governor of Greater Poland, Sieradz and Kujawy at a rally in Chęciny . It is not clear what the king wanted to achieve with it. It is possible that it was a preparation for the simultaneous attack by the Teutonic Knights and Bohemia, which was probably predicted by Władysław. According to Feliks Kiryk, the prince's task was to organize the defense of the administered land against the Teutonic Knights, and Stanisław Szczur sees it as an element of the attempt to reform the administration undertaken by Władysław and the office of the Starost through a governor from the Piast dynasty to replace. According to Jerzy Wyrozumski and Feliks Kiryk, the governorship was only nominal, as nothing is known about documents issued by Kasimir as governor.

Casimir's appointment as governor was the reason for the betrayal of the current governor of Greater Poland and Kujawy. He made contact with the Margrave of Brandenburg and promised him that if he was attacked by the king, he would take his side against Poland. This man is also accused of bringing about the German invasion of Wielkopolska in July and informing his commanders that Kasimir had little cover in Pyzdry . The German Knights attacked the city on July 27th. Fortunately, the prince escaped alive.

The German-Luxembourg coalition has planned a decisive war for September. However, John of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia, became immersed in other matters. After the news of the unexpected death of Primislaus II , the prince of Głogów , John went from Luxembourg to Głogów and began his siege. The city surrendered on October 2, 1331. This delay proved quite sufficient to prevent the merger of the Bohemian and German troops near Kalisz .

Due to the lack of allied troops, the Teutonic Knights broke off the siege and began a retreat, during which the Battle of Płowce took place, in which Casimir also took part. From many, albeit ambiguous, sources, the most likely version of the course of the battle is the one in which the clash between Władysław and the German troops participating in the expedition to Poland is mentioned (the others went to Brześć Kujawski , which they besieged). In the first phase, the Poles used the element of surprise and won. The second, which began after the arrival of the German reinforcements, turns out to be unsettled. The German Knights' propaganda later announced that Casimir had fled the battlefield in a panic. It is possible that he withdrew at the behest of his father - this version was first included in Jan Długosz's chronicle. Even so, based on the tone of the report, the version about the escape seems most likely in the yearbook of Lesser Poland and the yearbook of Traska. Sources report that some of the Polish knights left the battlefield before the final decision.

After August 15, 1332, Casimir took part in a retaliatory expedition (which, according to Jan Dąbrowski, he himself ordered), but which was organized by Władysław to the Kulmerland. However, under pressure from the Pope, an armistice was concluded (both parties agreed to transfer the dispute to arbitration by Charles I and John of Luxembourg). Then Polish troops attacked the Dukes of Głogów, who had sabotaged the order. The offensive against the city of Kościan was led by Prince Casimir, who commanded the Hungarian reinforcements. He took it by storm and ordered the crew to be reduced. According to Jan Długosz's chronicle, Casimir carried out the operation near Kościan on his own initiative and even against his father's will. This could indicate that Władysław did not want to expose his only son to the dangers of war.

coronation

Władysław I. Ellenlang died on March 2, 1333 (according to the most widely accepted version today). Before his death, he ordered his son to regain Kujawy, which was lost to the German Knights, along with the country Dobrzyń and probably Pomeranian . At the Congress of Polish Knights, Casimir was unanimously appointed the new ruler and the date of his coronation was set. Queen Hedwig was unexpectedly in the way. She opposed the coronation of her daughter-in-law Anna, believing that there could only be one queen in the country. In the end, however, she let Kasimir plead with her and resigned to withdraw from the political scene in the Poor Clare Monastery in Stary Sącz . On April 25, the Archbishop of Gniezno, Janisław, crowned the royal couple in Kraków.

Foreign policy

Situation at the time of accession to the throne

When the 23-year-old Casimir began his government in 1333, the Polish state was in a very dangerous position. It covered an area of ​​just over 100,000 km² (in the historiography you will find different estimated numbers: 115,000 and 106,000) and consisted of two provinces - Małopolska (Lesser Poland) and Wielkopolska (Greater Poland), divided by the feudal principalities of Sieradz and Łęczyca. Sieradz was ruled by Przemysł and Łęczyca by Władysław Garbaty. These Łokietek nephews were loyal to their uncle, but it was not clear whether they would submit equally to a younger member of the dynasty. Kujawien , Dobrzyń-Land and Pomeranian were occupied by the Teutonic Order , with which the armistice was in force until Pentecost, i.e. until May 23, 1333. Relations with Brandenburg were not very good, despite the Landsberg Treaty. The Kingdom of Poland was formally at war with Bohemia . The duchies in Silesia recognized the Czech sovereignty as well as the principality of Płock. The other Mazovian principalities remained independent. Bolesław Georg II of Halych-Volhynia himself needed more support than he could have given. Relations with the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania were good, but an alliance with them could lead to the international isolation of the Kingdom of Poland, as happened at the end of Łokietek's reign. Only the alliance with Hungary helped the Polish monarch, but it was an asymmetrical agreement, because for Hungary the alliance with Poland was just one of several. In addition, the question of the royal title arose - in the eyes of the world Casimir was only the King of Cracow, and the rightful King of Poland was John of Bohemia .

Relations with Luxembourg and Wittelsbach

After the accession to the throne, the most pressing matter for the king was to prevent the resumption of the war, especially on two fronts. Even fighting on a border should be avoided, as both the Teutonic Order and the Luxembourgers were more powerful than the Kingdom of Poland. The dispute with the former was to be settled through arbitration between the Hungarian and Bohemian monarchs. The position of Johann von Böhmen from Luxemburg as judge would certainly have been unfavorable for Poland, so it was necessary to make peace with him as soon as possible. It was not an easy task, because on August 26, 1332, the Bohemian king issued a document in which he promised the German knights not to make any agreements with the king of Cracow. To control the enemy, an attempt was made to enter into an alliance with the Wittelsbachers . The first step towards closer cooperation was the conclusion of a two-year agreement on border cooperation against looting and robbery on July 31, 1333 with the Margrave of Brandenburg and son of Emperor Ludwig . When Heinrich von Kärnten died in April 1335, the struggle for his inheritance began in the German Empire between Luxemburgers, Habsburgs and Wittelsbachers. The agreement between the Habsburgs and the Wittelsbachers against the former made the King of Poland an important potential ally against John of Bohemia / Luxembourg for both sides. The allies wanted to encircle the Luxemburger's sphere of influence, which the Bohemian king could not allow. On May 16, 1335, the Polish delegation from Greater Poland concluded a provisional alliance with Margrave Ludwig von Brandenburg in Frankfurt an der Oder (which was to be concluded on June 24). John of Luxembourg was aware of the threat and decided to start negotiations with Casimir and send his son Karl to negotiate with him. The negotiations ended with the signing of the armistice in Sandomierz on May 28, 1336. This also affected Poland's allies: King Charles I of Hungary , Przemysł von Sieradz and Władysław Garbaty. It was also found that violations of the armistice would be punished by specially appointed courts in Kalisz and Wroclaw . The Teutonic Order was not allowed to negotiate, which was a major success of Polish diplomacy. The Bohemian king had previous obligations to them, but the favorable international situation for Poland contributed to the end of the coalition between the Teutonic Order and the Luxembourgers, although this did not mean the cessation of cooperation between them.

After the agreement with Bohemia, Casimir took steps to postpone the ratification of the agreement with the Wittelsbachers. He sent his deputies, Staroste Mikołaj from Biechów, the voivodes from Posen, Jarosław from Iwno, the castellan from Posen and Otto, the chancellor of Greater Poland, to Chojna , where they met Emperor Ludwig IV of Bavaria and his son on June 20 Margrave Ludwig made detailed agreements (such as the extent of mutual support against enemies). The date and place of ratification of the treaty and the exchange of documents between the King and the Margrave of Brandenburg were also set - on September 8 in Wieleń or Dobiegniew (Stanisław Szczur only gives Wieleń). In this way, Casimir continued to put pressure on John of Luxembourg. In the end, Casimir apologized in a letter to ratify the treaty, which was worded so that if negotiations with the Luxembourgers failed, it would be possible to revert to the plan of an alliance. After the conclusion of the agreement with Luxembourg, the Polish-Brandenburg alliance became unnecessary for Casimir. Relations with the Wittelsbachers began to cool. They became open enemies when a conflict broke out between John of Luxembourg and Louis IV in 1338. At this time Casimir supported his ally and relied on his help in the disputes with the Teutonic Order.

In 1335 King John waived the Polish crown for 20,000 shock (1.2 million) Prague groschen , while at the same time Casimir abandoned his dynastic claims in the Treaty of Trenčín "for all time" in order to weaken the alliance between the Luxembourgers and the Teutonic Order Silesia fall. After unsuccessful negotiations with the Teutonic Order for Pomeranian and the Kulmer Land , he initiated a process before the papal curia . The trial took place in Warsaw , which was then an insignificant trading center. Since the favorable judgment of the Warsaw Trial of 1339 for Poland was not confirmed by the Pope, in the Peace of Kalisch in 1343 against the surrender of the Duchy of Kujawia and the Dobrin Land , which was occupied by the Order in 1332, Casimir waived the return of Pomeranian and the Kulmer Land, but without the Disclose legal title.

From 1341 he occupied some Silesian cities on the border (1341-1356 Namslau , Pitschen , Kreuzburg and Fraustadt ). In 1345 there were renewed clashes with the Luxembourgers over Silesia, at the end of which Casimir had to finally renounce his rights to Silesia in the Treaty of Namslau in 1348 . From 1343 he sought to consolidate his influence in Pomerania (alliance with the griffins of the Stettiner and Wolgast line), which led to the occupation of some Netze and Neumark districts with Zantoch , Driesen and Landsberg an der Warthe (until 1372) as well as the region around German- Crown and Tempelburg led in 1368.

Kasimir's main interest, however, lay in the Ruthenian principality of Halych-Volhynia , which he acquired with the support of Hungary after the death of the Piast Boleslaw-Trojdenowicz (named as Ruthenian prince George II or Jurii II) from 1340, partly directly, partly as a fiefdom until 1366 Rich almost completely incorporated. These included the cities of Halitsch , Lemberg , Chelm , Belz , Wolodymyr-Wolynskyj as well as the regions of Podolia and the Sanok region . In 1351 he subjugated the Mazovian duchies, which had been secularly independent for several years, partly as fiefdoms (Duchy of Warsaw-Rawa-Czersk) and partly directly (Duchy of Plock) to his suzerainty . This expansion policy gave Poland a powerful position in Central Europe .

This is also shown by the “Congress” that took place in September 1364 on the occasion of the visit of Peter I of Lusignan , King of Cyprus, to Krakow, since he, as the titular king of Jerusalem, had been trying to bring about a crusade against the Mamluks of Egypt since 1363 . In addition to Casimir of Poland and Peter I of Cyprus, Emperor Karl IV , King Ludwig of Hungary , Duke Siemovit III. von Masovien , Otto V. Duke of Bavaria and Margrave of Brandenburg and several Silesian dukes took part. At the end there were only a few confirmations but a knightly tournament in which the King of Cyprus was declared the winner. This crusade against Alexandria took place in 1365 - albeit without Polish participation.

Domestic politics

The internal reforms were equally successful, including the settlement of desertions, the transfer of Magdeburg and Kulmer rights to towns and villages, a royal customs and tax policy and the opening up and securing of trade routes. In 1334 King Casimir confirmed and expanded the charter called Statute of Kalisch of his grandfather Bolesław the Pious with the Statute of Wiślica and extended its validity to the entire Kingdom of Poland. Kasimir's policy of protection was particularly aimed at the Jews and the peasantry. His reign is considered an era of great prosperity for Polish Jews. His contemporaries therefore also called him "King of the peasants and Jews". The Wiślica Statute is considered the first constitution of Malopolska , with the introduction of the General Starosteien with administrative and judicial powers, State Council and chancellery management. Kasimir secured the borders of his empire with 50 fortified castles, founded the University of Krakow in 1364 , opened salt pans , created its own courts of appeal for Magdeburg law and banned appellation to Magdeburg . His full rulership title reflects the extent and the claim of his rule: "King of Poland and Russia, lord and heir of the countries and duchies of Cracow, Sandomir , Sieradz , Łęczyca , Kujawien , Pomeranian " ( Rex Polonie et Russie, nec non Cracovie, Sandomirie , Siradie, Lancicie, Cuiavie, et Pomeranieque Terrarum et Ducatuum Dominus et Heres ). He is the only one of the Polish kings who is referred to as "the great".

Succession

As early as 1339 he signed a successor contract with his brother-in-law, the Hungarian King Karl von Anjou , which he renewed in 1355 in favor of his nephew Ludwig I and which was implemented after his death in 1370. The Capetian then ruled Poland in personal union . Ludwig was to inherit his daughters after his death (1382). The Polish throne went to the younger Hedwig. Due to the common threat posed by the order , Poland allied itself with Lithuania and the queen married the Lithuanian Grand Duke Jogaila . The marriage remained childless; after Hedwig's death Jogaila remained on the Polish throne as sole ruler. He was followed by his sons from a later marriage and thus the Jagiellonian dynasty .

Marriages and offspring

Casimir's first marriage (1325–1339) was Anna of Lithuania , daughter of Grand Duke Gediminas of Lithuania ; in second marriage from 1341 until declaration of invalidity in 1368 with Adelheid , daughter of Landgrave Heinrich II of Hesse ; third marriage for two years from 1363 to 1370 with Hedwig von Sagan , daughter of Duke Heinrich V von Sagan . All marriages remained without male offspring; Two sons and a daughter come from a love affair with the Jewess Esther.

From 1st marriage (14 years) with Anna of Lithuania:

From the second marriage (27 years) with Adelheid von Hessen no children were born.

From 3rd marriage (7 years) with Hedwig von Sagan:

  • Anna of Poland (Teck) (1366–1425), Polish princess, married to Count Wilhelm von Cilli (Slovenian Celje), whose only daughter was Anna von Cilli , who later became the wife of the Polish king Władysław II Jagiełło
  • Kunigunde (1367-1370), Polish princess
  • Hedwig (1368–1407), Polish princess

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ulf Dirlmeier / Gerhard Fouquet / Bernd Fuhrmann: Europe in the late Middle Ages 1215-1378. Munich 2009, p. 146.
  2. ↑ Bernd Roeck: The morning of the world . CH Beck, 2017, p. 405 .
  3. ^ Oswald Balzer: Genealogia Piastów . Avalon, Krakau 2005, ISBN 83-918497-0-8 , pp. 660 f .
  4. ^ Oswald Balzer: Genealogia Piastów . Avalon, Krakau 2005, ISBN 83-918497-0-8 , pp. 509-515 .
  5. ^ Oswald Balzer: Genealogia Piastów . Avalon, Krakau 2005, ISBN 83-918497-0-8 , pp. 649-660 .
  6. ↑ Stanisław Szczur: Historia Polski. Średniowiecze . Wydawnictwo Literackie, Krakau 2002, ISBN 83-08-03272-9 , p. 368 .
  7. ↑ a b c d e f Jan Dąbrowski: Kazimierz Wielki. Twórca Korony Królestwa Polskiego . Universitas, Krakow 2007, ISBN 978-83-242-0686-5 , p. 14-50 .
  8. ^ Oswald Balzer: Genealogia Piastów . Avalon, Krakau 2005, ISBN 83-918497-0-8 , pp. 654 f .
  9. ↑ a b c Kazimierz Jasiński: Rodowód Piastów śląskich. Piastowie wrocławscy, legnicko-brzescy, świdniccy, ziębiccy, głogowscy, żagańscy, oleśniccy, opolscy, cieszyńscy i oświęcimscy . Wydawnictwo Avalon, Krakau 2007, ISBN 978-83-60448-28-1 , p. 164-212 .
  10. ↑ a b c d e f Tomasz Tadeusz Nowakowski: Kazimierz Wielki a Bydgoszcz . Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2003, ISBN 83-7322-527-7 , p. 73-176 .
  11. ^ Oswald Balzer: Genealogia Piastów . Avalon, Krakau 2005, ISBN 83-918497-0-8 , pp. 664 .
  12. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski: Kazimierz Wielki . Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Breslau 1986, ISBN 83-04-01041-0 , p. 36 .
  13. ↑ a b Jerzy Wyrozumski: Kazimierz Wielki . Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Breslau 1986, ISBN 83-04-01041-0 , p. 21 .
  14. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski: Kazimierz Wielki . Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Breslau 1986, ISBN 83-04-01041-0 , p. 23-140 .
  15. ^ A b Henryk Samsonowicz: Łokietkowe czasy . Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Krakau 1989, ISBN 83-03-02745-X , p. 62, 69 .
  16. ^ A b Paweł Jasienica: Polska Piastów . Prószyński i S-ka, Warszawa 2007, ISBN 978-83-7469-479-7 , p. 293-351 .
  17. ^ Jan Dąbrowski: Kazimierz Wielki. Twórca Korony Królestwa Polskiego . Universitas, Krakow 2007, ISBN 978-83-242-0686-5 , p. 18-20 .
  18. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski: Kazimierz Wielki . Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Breslau 1986, ISBN 83-04-01041-0 , p. 24 .
  19. ^ Paweł Jasienica: Polska Piastów . Prószyński i S-ka, Warszawa. 2007, ISBN 978-83-7469-479-7 , pp. 283 .
  20. ↑ Henryk Samsonowicz: Łokietkowe czasy . Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Krakau 1989, ISBN 83-03-02745-X , p. 62 .
  21. ↑ a b Feliks Kiryk: Wielki król i jego następca . Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Krakau 1992, ISBN 83-03-03266-6 , p. 8 .
  22. ↑ Stanisław Szczur: Historia Polski. Średniowiecze . Wydawnictwo Literackie, Krakau 2002, ISBN 83-08-03272-9 , p. 423-424 .
  23. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski: Kazimierz Wielki . Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Breslau 1986, ISBN 83-04-01041-0 , p. 25 .
  24. ↑ Jerzy Sperka: Przemko . In: Stanisław Szczur, Krzysztof Ożóg, Tomasz Jurek (eds.): Piastowie. leksykon biograficzny . S. 635 .
  25. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski: Kazimierz Wielki . Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Breslau 1986, ISBN 83-04-01041-0 , p. 24-37 .
  26. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski: Kazimierz Wielki . Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Breslau 1986, ISBN 83-04-01041-0 , p. 30-31 .
  27. ^ Stanisław Sroka: Kazimierz III Wielki . In: Stanisław Szczur, Krzysztof Ożóg, Tomasz Jurek (eds.): Piastowie. leksykon biograficzny . S. 234 .
  28. ^ Jan Dąbrowski: Kazimierz Wielki. Twórca Korony Królestwa Polskiego . Universitas, Krakow 2007, ISBN 978-83-242-0686-5 , p. 21 .
  29. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski: Kazimierz Wielki . Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Breslau 1986, ISBN 83-04-01041-0 , p. 32 .
  30. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski: Kazimierz Wielki . Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Breslau 1986, ISBN 83-04-01041-0 , p. 37 .
  31. ↑ Feliks Kiryk: Wielki król i jego następca . 1st edition. Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Krakau 1992, ISBN 83-03-03266-6 , p. 10 .
  32. ↑ Henryk Samsonowicz: Łokietkowe czasy . 1st edition. Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Krakau 1989, ISBN 83-03-02745-X , p. 69 .
  33. ^ Paweł Jasienica (1909–1970): Polska Piastów . Prószyński i S-ka, Warszawa 2007, ISBN 978-83-7469-479-7 , p. 325 .
  34. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski: Kazimierz Wielki . Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich-Wydawnictwo, Breslau 1982, ISBN 83-04-01041-0 , p. 41 .
  35. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski: Kazimierz Wielki . Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich-Wydawnictwo, Breslau 1982, ISBN 83-04-01041-0 , p. 39 .
  36. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski: Kazimierz Wielki . Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich-Wydawnictwo, Breslau 1982, ISBN 83-04-01041-0 , p. 44 .
  37. ^ Jerzy Wyrozumski: Kazimierz Wielki . Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich-Wydawnictwo, Breslau 1982, ISBN 83-04-01041-0 , p. 55 .
  38. ^ Jan Dąbrowski (1890-1965): Kazimierz Wielki: twórca Korony Królestwa Polskiego . Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych Universitas, Kraków 2007, ISBN 978-83-242-0686-5 , p. 14-50 .
  39. ↑ a b Stanislaw Szczur: Historia Polski, średniowiecze . Wydawn. Literackie, Krakau 2002, ISBN 83-08-03272-9 , pp. 70 .
  40. ^ Klaus Zernack : Berlin and Warsaw. Urban history comparative studies and German-Polish relations. In: Czas, przestrzeń, praca w dawnych miastach. Studia ofierowane Henrzkowi Samsonowiczowi w 60 urodziny. Warsaw 1991, p. 191.
  41. ^ Jaroslaw Krawczyk: On Poland and Poles. Bellona, ​​Warszwa 2004, ISBN 978-83-11-13546-8 , p. 40.
  42. ^ Poznan Literary Society (ed.): Codex diplomaticus Majoris Poloniae documenta, et jam typis descripta, et adhuc inedita complecentens, annum 1400 attingentia . Vol. 3: 1350-1399 , Posen 1879, document no. 1340 (contract with Emperor Charles IV of May 1, 1356).

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Commons : Casimir III.  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
predecessor Office successor
Władysław I. A cubit long King of Poland
1333–1370 		Ludwig I.
personal data
SURNAME Casimir III
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Casimir III the great; Kazimierz III. Wielki
BRIEF DESCRIPTION last ruler of Poland from the house of the Piasts, King of Poland (1333-1370)
DATE OF BIRTH April 30, 1310
PLACE OF BIRTH Kowal
DATE OF DEATH November 5, 1370
Place of death Krakow , Poland