District (Hessen-Darmstadt)

The district had been a state administrative unit in the Grand Duchy of Hesse and subsequently in the People's State of Hesse since 1832 , a level between the municipalities on the one hand and the central administration or the provincial administrations - depending on the subject - on the other. The district council was at the head of the circle .

prehistory

In the 19th century, the Grand Duchy of Hesse was also faced with the task of securing its territorial gains from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt and other legal predecessors through the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, the territorial gains on the occasion of joining the Rhine Confederation in 1806, those taken over by France in 1810 (predominantly formerly Electoral Hessian ) Territories and the areas collected as a result of the Congress of Vienna to form a unified, modern state. Initially was from the Middle Ages and the early modern period stemming Office Constitution , which was used in all those parts of territory taken over. The functions of administration and jurisdiction of the first instance were not separated in the offices.

In an administrative reform that extended from 1820 to 1823, on the one hand, jurisdiction and administration were separated. District courts were set up for jurisdiction, and administration was shifted to district districts . The main thrust of the reform took place in 1821. At the same time, an attempt was made to combine the partially scattered parts of the offices into geographically coherent units. What was disturbing was that there were areas embedded in the state's jurisdiction in which the patrimonial jurisdiction of noble families continued to exist. In contrast to the designation, it was not only about jurisprudence, but also to a large extent about police tasks in the area of public security and order . The state tried to overcome this "competition" with two strategies: On the one hand, it concluded contracts with smaller patrimonial judges with the aim of allowing them to exercise the rights associated with the patrimonial court - albeit in the name of patrimonial rule - by state courts and authorities . On the other hand, he urged the owners of larger patrimonial courts - such as the princes and counts of Isenburg or Solms - that they organize their rights at least analogously to the state structure.

The reform from 1820 to 1823 soon proved to be insufficient. The units of the “middle level”, the district councils, still proved to be too small, too labor-intensive and too expensive. So there was another regional reform in 1832, in which "circles" were created, which usually happened by merging two districts.

All of this took place in the two provinces of the Grand Duchy on the right bank of the Rhine, Starkenburg and Upper Hesse . The province of Rheinhessen on the left bank of the Rhine , on the other hand, brought with it a modern administrative system from the time it belonged to France , jurisdiction and administration had long been separated here and privileges of the nobility, such as patrimonial jurisdiction, were eliminated. So the reform here was not so urgent. In order to achieve uniformity throughout the state, it was nevertheless carried out in 1835. In Rheinhessen, the districts were a combination of the cantons that had existed until then.

Made in 1832

By edict of June 6, 1832, the district councils were abolished and geographically more extensive districts were formed. Shortly afterwards, their layout was defined in a further regulation .

province	circle	Former districts / cantons	annotation
Upper Hesse	Alsfeld district	District District Alsfeld District District Kirtorf
Rheinhessen	Alzey district	Canton Alzey Canton Wörrstadt	since 1835
Starkenburg	Bensheim district	Bensheim District District Heppenheim District
Upper Hesse	Biedenkopf district	District of Battenberg District of Gladenbach District of Vöhl	1866 to Prussia
Rheinhessen	Bingen district	Canton Bingen Canton Oberingelheim Canton Wöllstein	since 1835
Upper Hesse	Büdingen district	District District Büdingen Enzheim Glauberg Hainchen Lindheim	since 1852; without staden
Starkenburg	Großgerau district	District District Dornberg District District Langen (without the places that came to the Offenbach District)
Starkenburg	Darmstadt district	Darmstadt District District
Starkenburg	Dieburg district	District of Dieburg District of Reinheim
Starkenburg	District of Erbach	District Court District Michelstadt (partially) Amt Erbach (partially: District Court District Beerfelden	since 1852
Upper Hesse	Friedberg district	District District Friedberg District District Vilbel
Upper Hesse	Pouring circle	City of Giessen Koenigsberg Krumbach Rodheim Frankenbach Hermannstein Raunheim Fellingshausen Bieber Waldgirmes Heuchelheim Kleinlinden Allendorf
Upper Hesse	Grünberg district	District district Grünberg District district Gießen (without the places that came to the district of Gießen)	Disbanded in 1874
Upper Hesse	Lauterbach district	District District Lauterbach District District Schlitz	since 1852
Starkenburg	Lindenfels district	District of Lindenfels District of Hirschhorn District of Wimpfen	Disbanded in 1874
Rheinhessen	Mainz district	Canton Mainz Canton Oppenheim Canton Niederolm	since 1835
Starkenburg	Neustadt district	District Court District Höchst	since 1852; Disbanded in 1874
Starkenburg	Offenbach district	Offenbach District District Seligenstadt District District Langen (partially)	From the district of Langen: Dietzenbach Niederroden Ober-Roden Eppertshausen Messenhausen
Rheinhessen	Oppenheim district	Justice districts Oppenheim (from Mainz district) Justice district Wörrstadt (from Alzey district)	since 1852
Upper Hesse	Circle bulkheads	District of Laubach District of Schotten District of Ulrichstein (partially)	since 1852; Disbanded in 1874
Upper Hesse	Vilbel district	District District Friedberg (partially)	1852 spun off to the extent of the district court district Groß-Karben and Rödelheim ), dissolved in 1874
Upper Hesse	District of Vöhl	spun off from the Biedenkopf district	since 1852; 1866 to Prussia
Starkenburg	Circle Wimpfen	former district Wimpfen
Rheinhessen	District of Worms	Canton Worms Canton Pfeddersheim Canton Osthofen	since 1835

Further course

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848 - following the demands of the revolutionaries - on July 31, 1848, the provinces and districts were given up in favor of the establishment of eleven administrative districts. This reform was reversed in the reaction time after the revolution on May 12, 1852 and the previous division into provincial districts was fundamentally restored. However, there was a "minor regional reform": In some cases, changes to the territorial status compared to the status of 1848 were made. 26 circles were created across the board. The civil sovereignty that had been abolished in the revolution was not restored. From these areas further, new districts were formed: Erbach , Büdingen , Lauterbach , and Schotten . In addition, the Vilbel and Oppenheim districts were created by outsourcing them from other districts.

By territorial losses and gains in the wake of the War of 1866 who went Kreis Biedenkopf lost, other circuits by changing their cut, but the basic structure persisted.

In 1871 the Grand Duchy of Hesse became part of the German Empire . In 1874 it reformed the district constitution based on the Prussian model. The districts of Grünberg, Lindenfels, Neustadt, Nidda, Vilbel and Wimpfen were also dissolved and the layout changed for most of the districts in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse. The introduction of the republic in 1918 did not change the territorial division of the state, now known as the People's State of Hesse .

In 1938, as part of a nationwide standardization, the designation "district" was changed to "district". This took effect on January 1, 1939.

See also

• District Court (Grand Duchy of Hesse)

Individual evidence

1. ^ Ordinance on the division of the country into districts and district courts of July 14, 1821 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette, No. 33, July 20, 1821, p. 403ff.
2. ^ Ordinance on the formation of circles in the province of Rheinhessen from February 5, 1835. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 6, February 6, 1835, p. 44.
3. ↑ Art. 1 Edict, the organization of the government authorities subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior and Justice, relating to June 6, 1832. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 55, July 4, 1832, pp. 365-376 (365).
4. ^ Ordinance on the formation of circles in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse on August 20, 1832. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 74, September 5, 1832, pp. 561-563 (563).
5. ↑ Unless otherwise stated according to: Ordinance on the formation of circles in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse on August 20, 1832. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 74, September 5, 1832, pp. 561–563 (563).
6. ^ Ordinance on the formation of circles in the province of Rheinhessen from February 5, 1835. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 6, February 6, 1835, p. 44.
7. ↑ Art. 14 Peace Treaty between Prussia and Hesse of September 3, 1866 .
8. ^ Ordinance on the formation of circles in the province of Rheinhessen from February 5, 1835. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 6, February 6, 1835, p. 44.
9. ↑ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 30, May 20, 1852, pp. 224–228 (226).
10. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 30, May 20, 1852, pp. 224–228 (225).
11. ↑ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 30, May 20, 1852, pp. 224–228 (227).
12. ^ Ordinance on the formation of circles in the province of Rheinhessen from February 5, 1835. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 6, February 6, 1835, p. 44.
13. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 30, May 20, 1852, pp. 224–228 (225).
14. ^ Ordinance concerning the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 30, May 20, 1852, pp. 224–228 (228).
15. ↑ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 30, May 20, 1852, pp. 224–228 (227).
16. ↑ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 30, May 20, 1852, pp. 224–228 (226).
17. ↑ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 30, May 20, 1852, pp. 224–228 (227).
18. ↑ Art. 14 Peace Treaty between Prussia and Hesse of September 3, 1866 .
19. ↑ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 30, May 20, 1852, pp. 224–228 (226).
20. ^ Ordinance on the formation of circles in the province of Rheinhessen from February 5, 1835. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt , No. 6, February 6, 1835, p. 44.
21. ^ Edict on the organization of the government agencies subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior concerning May 12, 1852. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt No. 30 of May 20, 1852, pp. 221-223.
22. ↑ Law concerning the internal administration of the districts and the provinces of June 12, 1874. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt No. 29 of June 16, 1874, pp. 251–295.
23. ↑ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of June 11, 1874. In: Großherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt No. 28 of June 12, 1874, pp. 247-250.
24. ↑ § 1 Paragraph 3 Third Ordinance on the Rebuilding of the Reich of November 28, 1938 ( RGBl. I p. 1675 ).