Lazarus effect

The title of this article is ambiguous. For the term in solid state physics see Lazarus effect (physics) ; for further meanings see The Lazarus Effect .

The Lazarus effect is the recovery of animal species that were thought to be extinct . The term is borrowed from the biblical story of the resurrection of Lazarus through Jesus Christ .

The term is first used by US paleontologist David Jablonski in lectures on mass extinction given at two symposia in the US in 1983 . Some taxa do not appear here immediately after the event, but reappear in the fossil record a few million years later . Reasons can include gaps in geological records as well as actual recovery from near extinction. This effect makes it more difficult to pinpoint the actual reasons for the triggering extinction event and to distinguish mass extinction from “normal” extinction events. It was only later that the term was also transferred to living (recent) species that were rediscovered after having been considered extinct for a long time, although this is actually not an "effect".

In a review in 2011, based on an evaluation of the scientific literature, 103 species of mammals, 144 bird species and 104 amphibian species were identified that had been rediscovered after an assumed extinction in the previous 122 years. On average, there was an interval of about 60 years between reporting the extinction and its recovery. Most of the rediscovered species live in remote regions of the tropics. Almost 90 percent of the rediscovered species were so rare that they subsequently had to be assessed as critically endangered.

Examples of animals

Mammals

• Juan Fernández fur seal ( Arctocephalus philippii ): Declared extinct in 1824, rediscovered in 1965.
• Galápagos fur seal ( Arctocephalus galapagoensis ): declared extinct in the 19th century, rediscovered in 1932.
• Guadalupe fur seal ( Arctocephalus townsendi ): Declared extinct in 1894, rediscovered in 1949.
• Antarctic fur seal ( Arctocephalus gazella ): Declared extinct in the 1830s, rediscovered in the 1930s.
• Hörnchenbeutler or Leadbeater Possum ( Gymnobelideus leadbeateri ): Not sighted between 1909 and 1961.
• Bavarian short-eared mouse ( Microtus bavaricus ): declared extinct in the mid-1960s, rediscovered in 2000.
• Parmawallaby ( Macropus parma ): Rediscovered on the island of Kawau in 1966 and six years later on mainland Australia.
• Chaco peccary ( Catagonus wagneri ): for a long time only known from fossil finds, was rediscovered in 1974.
• Laotian rock rat , known only to fossils before a living specimen was discovered in 2005.
• Bergbilchbeutler ( Burramys parvus ). first proven fossil, 1966 discovered living animals.
• Dinagat bark rat ( Crateromys australis ): no records between 1975 and 2012
• Presbytis hosei canicrus (sometimes referred to as "Dracula Monkey" in English), a subspecies of the panty langur , has been considered lost since 2005, but was rediscovered in Borneo in early 2012 . In April 2019, the animal filmmaker Forrest Galante made the first film recordings as part of the Animal Planet documentary series Extinct or Alive .
• Redhead tree rat ( Santamartamys rufodorsalis ) from the family of sting rats , known only from two specimens shot in Colombia in 1898; Detected again in 2011 in the north of the country using one specimen
• New Guinea long-eared bat ( Pharotis imogene ), bat species from New Guinea, no sightings between 1890 and 2012.
• Machu Picchu Inca rat ( Cuscomys oblativus ), described in 1916 on the basis of two 15th century skulls discovered in Inca tombs, rediscovered in 2009.
• Black-tailed Luzon tree rat ( Carpomys megalurus ), described in 1895 on the basis of six specimens, rediscovered in 2008.
• The Vietnam Kantschil ( Tragulus versicolor ) was rediscovered twice: 1990 after 84 years and 2019 after 30 years.
• The wondiwoi tree kangaroo ( Dendrolagus mayri ) was rediscovered in 2018 after 90 years.
• The Cyprus spiny mouse ( Acomys nesiotes ) was considered lost from 1980. In 2007 four specimens were rediscovered near Levkosia .
• Flat-headed mouse-eared mouse ( Myotis planiceps ). Bat species from Mexico, no sightings between 1996 and 2004.

Birds

• Ivory woodpecker ( Campephilus principalis ): last recorded in 1944, declared extinct in 1996, possibly spotted again in 2004. An expedition to rediscover it started at the beginning of November 2005 and could not confirm the survival of the animal.
• Chapman's dwarf parrot ( Hapalopsittaca fuertesi ): last detected in 1911, rediscovered in 2002.
• Yellow-crowned pipra ( Pipra villasboasi ): last detected in 1957, rediscovered in 2002.
• Glossy Parakeet ( Neophema splendida ): Rediscovered in 1931.
• Edward's Pheasant ( Lophura edwardsi ): no sightings between 1923 and 1996.
• New Zealand petrel ( Oceanites maorianus ): since there were only three examples from the 19th century, it was declared extinct but rediscovered in 2003.
• Long-legged Bush Warbler ( Megalurulus rufus ): Rediscovered in Fiji in 2003 . The songbird was considered extinct since 1894.
• South Island Takahe ( Porphyrio hochstetteri ): considered extinct since 1898, was rediscovered in 1948.
• Madagascar snake goshawk ( Eutriorchis astur ): last sighted in 1930 before being rediscovered in 1990.
• Banggai crow (long known only from two museum specimens from the 19th century, rediscovered on Peleng in 2007 ).
• Flores scops owl (only known from three museum specimens for a long time, rediscovered in 1994).
• Príncipe Thrush , no sightings between the 1920s and 1997.
• Cebuschama ( Copsychus cebuensis ): no sightings between 1956 and 1981
• Four-color mistletoe ( Dicaeum quadricolor ): no sightings between 1906 and 1992
• Brownling , similar to other endemic bird species of Sao Tomes, including the monochrome finch , the dwarf olive ibis and the Newton shrike , the brownling was also thought to be lost for decades. No sightings between 1929 and 1990.
• The Antioquia bushhammer ( Atlapetes blancae ) was rediscovered in 2018 after 47 years.

Reptiles

Yunnan hinged turtle ( Cuora yunnanensis )

• Barkudia skink ( Barkudia insularisis ): Declared extinct in 1917, rediscovered in 2003.
• La Palma giant lizard ( Gallotia auaritae ) ( giant lizard in the Canary Islands )
• Antigua slender snake : rediscovered in the 1960s.
• Utila iguana : species of black iguana , not seen since 1901, rediscovered in 1994.
• Yunnan hinged turtle , last sighted in 1906 or 1940, rediscovered in 2004, but status initially not recognized by the IUCN, validity of the three animals discovered in 2007 confirmed by DNA analysis.
• Jamaican iguana ( Cyclura collei ), no records between 1940 and 1990
• Contomastix vittata ( Departamento Chuquisaca , Cochabamba , Santa Cruz , Potosí ( Bolivia ); last sighted over a century ago, until a few specimens were rediscovered in the early 2010s in areas that suggest a declining population)
• Fernandina giant tortoise ( Chelonoidis phantasticus ). Declared extinct in 1906. In February 2019, animal filmmaker Forrest Galante found a single female on the Galapagos island of Fernandina while filming the Animal Planet documentary series Extinct or Alive .

Amphibians

Frogs

Atelopus balios

Atelopus ignescens

Micrixalus elegans

Micrixalus thampii

Pleurodema marmoratum

• Adenomus kandianus ( Central Province (Sri Lanka) ); in 1872 two specimens could be found, afterwards none until it became known in June 2012 that three years earlier, in October 2009, the species had been rediscovered in the central province of Sri Lanka after more than 130 years
• Amolops chakrataensis ( Uttarakhand ( India ); only one specimen was known, which was collected in 1985; the species was rediscovered 25 years later)
• Atelopus balios ( Province of Azuay , Cañar , Guayas ( Ecuador ); was not seen between April 1995 and October 2010; one specimen was found in October 2010, five males in March 2011 and another male in June 2012)
• Atelopus arsyecue ( Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta , Colombia ), 30 specimens were found in 2019 after this species was thought to be extinct for 28 years.
• Atelopus coynei ( Pichincha Province , Imbabura , Carchi ( Ecuador ); was last sighted in September 1984 and was considered extinct until the species was photographed on February 7, 2012)
• Atelopus ignescens ( Imbabura Province , Chimborazo , Bolívar ( Ecuador ); has not been seen since 1988 and was declared extinct; 27 specimens were discovered again in 2016)
• Cardioglossa cyaneospila ( Burundi , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda ; the species was last collected in Burundi in 1949 and was not found until 2009 when a photo turned up; in 2012 a single specimen was found in the Bururi Forest Nature Reserve ( Bururi ( Burundi)) to be collected)
• Craugastor escoces (on the Barva , Irazú and Turrialba volcanoes( Alajuela province , Costa Rica ); was last sighted around 1986 and declared extinct in 2004; extensive searches were unsuccessful until a female was rediscovered on September 19, 2016)
• Eleutherodactylus amadeus ( Massif de la Hotte ( Haiti ); last sighted in 1991, until early 2011 it was announced that the species had been rediscovered; now very common in a very limited range)
• Eleutherodactylus corona ( Massif de la Hotte ( Haiti ); fewer than 10 specimens were known; the last sighting was in 1991 until it was announced in early 2011 that the species had been rediscovered)
• Eleutherodactylus dolomedes ( Massif de la Hotte ( Haiti ); only a few specimens were known; the last sighting was before 1992, until early 2011 it was announced that the species had been rediscovered)
• Eleutherodactylus glandulifer ( Massif de la Hotte ( Haiti ); in 1991 the species was only moderately distributed, after which it was not seen until it was announced in early 2011 that the species had been rediscovered)
• Eleutherodactylus parapelates ( Massif de la Hotte ( Haiti ); last sighted in 1984 or 1996, until it was announced in early 2011 that the species had been rediscovered)
• Eleutherodactylus thorectes ( Massif de la Hotte ( Haiti ); one of the smallest frogs in the world; last sighted in 1991 until it was announced in early 2011 that the species had been rediscovered)
• Frankixalus jerdonii , Syn . : Polypedates jerdonii , Philautus jerdonii ( Darjeeling ( West Bengal , India ); was only collected once in 1872, the IUCN list does not provide any further information about it; however, the species was rediscovered 137 years later, i.e. in 2009)
• Nimba mountain reed frog ( Hyperolius nimbae ) ( Mount Nimba ( Ivory Coast ); this species from the family of reed frogs ( Hyperoliidae ) was considered extinct from 1967 until its rediscovery in 2010)
• Omaniundu reed frog ( Hyperolius sankuruensis ) (in the south of the Democratic Republic of the Congo ; this species from the family of reed frogs ( Hyperoliidae ) was considered extinct from 1979 until its rediscovery in 2010)
• Incilius holdridgei ( Province of Alajuela ( Costa Rica ); could not be spotted between 1987 and 2009, has been considered extinct since 2004; fewer than 50 living specimens are assumed)
• Indosylvirana aurantiaca , Syn . : Rana bhagmandlensis , Rana aurantiaca , Hylarana aurantiaca (southern Western Ghats ( India ), Sri Lanka ; according to only two specimens of Hylarana bhagmandlensis = Rana bhagmandlensis collected in 1921; according to IUCN in certain places in the south-western Ghats abundant in Sri Lanka)
• Indosylvirana temporalis , Syn .: Rana flavescens , Rana temporalis , Rana intermedius , Hylarana temporalis , Hylorana temporalis ( Western Ghats ( India ), Sri Lanka ; according to only one specimen of Hylarana intermedius = Rana intermedius was collectedin 1937 in Karnataka ; according to IUCN abundant in certain places)
• Israelischer Scheibenzüngler (also Palestinian Scheibenzüngler, Hulesee-Scheibenzüngler, Schwarzbäuchiger Scheibenzüngler) ( Latonia nigriventer , Syn . : Discoglossus nigriventer ) ( Israel ; this species from the family Alytidae was last collected in 1955 and sighted until it was rediscovered in early 2011 ( but only three adults and two tadpoles))
• Megophrys parva , Syn .: Xenophrys monticola ( Sikkim ( India );the only two specimensof Xenophrys monticola were collected in 1860 and last sighted, but the species is now assigned to the species Megophrys parva (which occurs throughout Southeast Asia), however this assignment is still questionable)
• Micrixalus elegans ( Western Ghats ( India ); the holotype was found in 1937, but has been lost; not seen again until 2010, but is now quite common again)
• Micrixalus narainensis , syn .: Philautus narainensis ( Karnataka ( India ); the holotype was found in 1937, but has since been lost; never seen again afterwards; in 2014 it was found that this species and the also endangered species Micrixalus kottigeharensis are identical)
• Micrixalus swamianus , syn .: Philautus narainensis ( Western Ghats ( India ); here too only a single specimen was found in 1937, the holotype , which has now also been lost; never seen again afterwards; in 2014 it was found that this species and Micrixalus kottigeharensis, which is also threatened with extinction,are identical)
• Micrixalus thampii ( Silent Valley National Park ( Western Ghats , India ); only two specimens were known, the species was last sighted in 1981, rediscovered 30 years later)
• Nymphargus anomalus ( Napo Province ( Ecuador ); noisy between its discovery in 1971 and its rediscovery in 2009 in Llanganates National Park )
• Pseudophilautus hypomelas , Syn .: Philautus hypomelas ( Sri Lanka ; was first described in 1876, thereafter no sighting until 2010, when it was rediscovered in the central highlands of Sri Lanka after more than 130 years)
• Pseudophilautus stellatus , Syn . : Philautus stellatus ( Nuwara Eliya ( Sri Lanka ); the now lost holotype was collected in 1853, then never seen again until 2013, when this species was rediscovered after 160 years)
• Pleurodema marmoratum , Syn .: Phrynopus spectabilis ( Argentina , Bolivia , Chile , Peru ; the frog species Phrynopus spectabilis , which islisted as extinct, has now been assigned to the common species Pleurodema marmoratum )
• Raorchestes chalazodes , Syn . : Ixalus chalazodes ( Munnar ( Kerala , India ); according to only one specimen was collected in 1874; according to the IUCN, the species was rediscovered after 125 years in 2010/2011 and is considered local in its only known location common)
• Raorchestes tinniens , Syn . : Ixalus montanus ( Kudremukh National Park ( Karnataka , India ); Ixalus montanus was last sighted in 1876, but is now assigned to the species Raorchestes tinniens (which occurs in the vicinity of Ooty ( Tamil Nadu ), but this assignment is still questionable))
• Raorchestes travancoricus , Syn .: Philautus travancoricus ( Tamil Nadu , Kerala ( India ); one specimen was discovered in 1891 and the species was only spotted again in 2004)
• Scutiger nyingchiensis , Syn .: Scutiger occidentalis ( Jammu and Kashmir ( India );exactly 89 specimensof Scutiger occidentalis were collected in 1977 and last sighted, but the species is now assigned to the species Scutiger nyingchiensis (which is also found in China , Nepal and Pakistan occurs))
• Theloderma juggernaut , Syn. : Phrynoderma juggernaut ( Arunachal Pradesh ( India ); of Phrynoderma juggernaut were in 1912 collected two specimens and also last seen, the type but is now the kind Theloderma juggernaut assigned (which additionally in Assam (India) and Bhutan occurs ))
• Uperodon anamalaiensis , Syn .: Ramanella anamalaiensis ( Tamil Nadu ( India ); only the holotype ,which has since been lost,was known, which was collected in 1937; in 2010 the species was found again in the Parambikulam Tiger Reserve ( Kerala ))
• Uperodon montanus , Syn .: Hylaedactylus montanus , Ramanella montana ( Western Ghats ( India ); according to the last (and only) specimen was collected in 1854; according to IUCN only rarely and difficult to find)

Tail amphibian

Ambystoma leorae

• Ambystoma leorae ( México (State) ( Mexico ); this broad- headed salamander was last observed in 1983; however, there have been more sightings since 2017)
• Bolitoglossa jacksoni ( Departamento Huehuetenango , Guatemala ; this salamander from the lungless salamander family ( Plethodontidae ) was no longer sighted between 1975 and 2017, was already considered extinct until it wasrediscoveredafter 42 years in the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes )
• Cave splayfoot salamander ( Hidalgo ( Mexico ); this species from the family of pulmonary lots Salamander ( Plethodontidae ) subfamily Hemidactyliinae , genus calluses Salamander ( Chiropterotriton ) was from 1947 until its rediscovery 73 years later in 2010 as extinct)

Round mouths

• A native only in Oregon lampreys -Art ( Miller Lake Lamprey , Syn. : Lampetra minima ), ( Miller Lake , Oregon , USA ), was held since 1958 to be extinct, but rediscovered in the late 1990s.

fishes

Comoros coelacanth ( Latimeria chalumnae )

Ukliva Streamers ( Telestes ukliva )

• Pondicherry shark ( Carcharhinus hemiodon ) (coasts of India and Oman as far as the island areas of Southeast Asia around Vietnam , Indonesia and New Guinea ; the last scientific proof was in 1979, until a specimen was rediscovered near Sri Lanka in January 2016 )
• The coelacanth (Coelacanthiformes), a fish properly regarded as since the Cretaceous extinct (70 million years ago), but were at 1938 East London ( South Africa rediscovered). Another species was caught off Sulawesi in 1998 .
• Notropis amecae ( Río Ameca ( Jalisco , Mexico ); considered extinct since 1969, but a small population was rediscovered in 2001; they have been bred and reintroduced since 2015)
• Pseudogobiopsis tigrellus , syn .: Gobius tigrellus ( Mamberamo ( Western New Guinea , Indonesia ); this dwarf goby was not seen between 1939 and 2000)
• Ptychochromoides itasy ( Tsiribihina ( Madagascar ); not seen between the late 1970s and 2010)
• Rheocles pellegrini (west of the city of Andapa ( Madagascar ); between the 1930s and the 2000s not sighted)
• Deep sea char , Bodensee deep char ( Salvelinus profundus ) ( Bodensee ( Austria , Germany , Switzerland ); declared extinct in 2008 because it was last sighted in the 1970s; the species was rediscovered between 2010 and 2015)
• Siphateles bicolor isolata , Syn . : Gila bicolor isolata ( Independence Valley fault system ( Elko County , Nevada , USA ); this subspecies of Siphateles bicolor was still common in 1965, but disappeared within a decade; the species was rediscovered in 2000, but is still threatened)
• Stygichthys typhlops , Brazilian blind tetra, known for a long time only from the holotype from 1962, rediscovered in 2004.
• Ukliva streams ( Telestes ukliva ) (in the runoff of the Cetina ( Croatia ); thought to be extinct between 1988 and 1997)

insects

• Tinostoma smaragditis (English Kauai Green Sphinx moth ), a hawkmoth (butterfly) from Hawaii , was rediscovered in 1997.
• Xylotoles costatus , a longhorn beetle from Pitt Island , an island in the Chatham Islands , was declared extinct in 1996, but rediscovered in 2001.
• The tree lobster ( Dryococelus australis ) from Lord Howe Island was declared extinct in the 1920s, but was rediscovered in 2001 on the neighboring island of Ball's Pyramid .
• Lentil fly , extinct in Central Europe in the mid-19th century, rediscovered in Spain in 2009
• Rhyothemis splendens , a species of dragonfly from the Democratic Republic of the Congo that was not sighted between 1952 and 2014.
• Megachile pluto , the largest bee in the world, was thought to be missing between 1981 and 2019.

Molluscs

• Aldabra snail ( Rhachistia aldabrae ), terrestrial land snail from Aldabra Atoll , Seychelles , declared extinct in 2009 but rediscovered in 2014.
• Leptoxis compacta , freshwater snail from Alabama, USA: no records between 1933 and 2011

Cnidarians

• Crambione cookii , umbrella jellyfish on the coast of Australia: no sightings between 1910 and 2013

Examples of plants

• Nubian desert palm
• Jellyfish tree
• Anogramma ascensionis
• Primeval sequoia
• Wollemia
• Bulbostylis neglecta (species of sour grass from St. Helena , was considered extinct between 1806 and 2008)
• Euphrasia arguta , (eyebright from the Australian state of New South Wales , no finds between 1904 and 2008)
• Asplenium dielmannii , (striped fern from the Hawaiian island of Kaua'i , no finds between 1900 and 2002).
• Deparia kaalaana , ( lady fern from the Hawaiian island of Maui , no finds between 1909 and 2013).

See also

• Species extinction
• Living fossil
• List of extinct animals and plants
• Red list of endangered species

Individual evidence

1. ^ Karl W. Flessa, David Jablonski (1983): Extinction is Here to Stay. Paleobiology Vol.9 No.4: 315-321.
2. ^ Emmanuel Fara (2001): What are Lazarus taxa? Geological Journal (Special Issue: History of Biodiversity) Volume 36, Issue 3-4: 291-303. doi : 10.1002 / gj.879
3. ↑ David A. Keith, Mark A. Burgman (2004): The Lazarus effect: can the dynamics of extinct species lists tell us anything about the status of biodiversity? Biological Conservation Volume 117, Issue 1: 41-48. doi : 10.1016 / S0006-3207 (03) 00261-1
4. Jump up ↑ Brett R. Scheffers, Ding Li Yong, J. Berton C. Harris, Xingli Giam, Navjot S. Sodhi (2011): The World's Rediscovered Species: Back from the Brink? PLoS ONE 6 (7): e22531. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0022531 (open access)
5. ↑ Contomastix vittata in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
6. ↑ Adenomus kandianus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
7. ↑ Extinct toad rediscovered after hiding for 133 years in Sri Lanka
8. ↑ Amolops chakrataensis in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
9. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} Lost! Amphibians of India
10. ↑ ^{a b c d e} India's 5 Lost Frogs Rediscoverd
11. ↑ Atelopus Balios in the endangered Red List species the IUCN .
12. ↑ Atelopus coynei in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
13. ↑ My frog is ALIVE! - Atelopus coynei
14. ↑ Atelopus ignescens in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
15. ↑ Boy finds 'extinct' frog in Ecuador and helps revive species
16. ↑ Cardioglossa cyaneospila in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
17. ↑ Photos: the aye-aye of frogs rediscovered after 62 years
18. ↑ Craugastor escoces in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
19. ↑ Heredia Robber Frog rediscovered - Craugastor escoces
20. ↑ Eleutherodactylus amadeus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
21. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Haiti earthquake: Rediscovered frog species offer signs of hope - gallery
22. ^ Eleutherodactylus corona in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
23. ↑ Eleutherodactylus dolomedes in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
24. ↑ Eleutherodactylus glandulifer in the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species .
25. ↑ Eleutherodactylus parapelates in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
26. ↑ Eleutherodactylus thorectes in the endangered Red List species the IUCN .
27. ^ 'Extinct' tree frog rediscovered in India after 137 years
28. ↑ Philautus jerdonii in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
29. ↑ Hyperolius nimbae in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
30. ↑ ^{a b c} 'Lost' frogs found after decades
31. ↑ Hyperolius sankuruensis in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
32. ↑ Incilius holdridgei in the endangered Red List species the IUCN .
33. ↑ Reconsidering Extinction: Rediscovery of Incilius holdridgei (Anura: Bufonidae) in Costa Rica After 25 Years - Incilius holdridgei
34. ↑ Indosylvirana aurantiaca in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
35. ↑ Indosylvirana temporalis in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
36. ↑ Latonia nigriventer on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
37. ^ Long Thought Extinct, Hula Painted Frog Found Once Again in Israeli Nature Reserve
38. ↑ Megophrys parva in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
39. ↑ Micrixalus elegans on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
40. ↑ Micrixalus narainensis in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
41. ↑ Micrixalus swamianus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
42. ↑ Micrixalus thampii in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
43. ↑ Nymphargus anomalus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
44. ↑ Anifibios del Ecuador (Spanish)
45. ^ Pseudophilautus hypomelas in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
46. ↑ Not seen in over 130 years, 'extinct' frog rediscovered in Sri Lanka
47. ↑ Pseudophilautus stellatus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
48. ↑ Starry frog rediscovered after thought extinct for 160 years (photos)
49. ↑ Pleurodema marmoratum in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
50. ↑ Raorchestes chalazodes in the endangered Red List species the IUCN .
51. ↑ Raorchestes tinniens in the endangered Red List species the IUCN .
52. ↑ Raorchestes travancoricus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
53. ↑ Scutiger nyingchiensis in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
54. ↑ Theloderma moloch in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
55. ↑ Uperodon anamalaiensis on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
56. ↑ The Sixth Extinction - Possibly Extinct Amphibians
57. ↑ Uperodon montanus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
58. ↑ Ambystoma leorae in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
59. ↑ Observaciones - Ambystoma leorae. iNaturalist, accessed January 13, 2019 (Spanish). 
60. ↑ Bolitoglossa jacksoni in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
61. ↑ Brilliantly colored 'lost' salamander rediscovered after 42 years
62. ↑ Chiropterotriton mosaueri in the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species .
63. ↑ Entosphenus minimus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
64. ^ ^{A b} Robert R. Miller, James D. Williams, Jack E. Williams: Extinctions of North American Fishes During the Past Century. Fisheries 14 (6), 1989, pp. 22-38 , accessed January 6, 2019 . 
65. ↑ Carcharhinus hemiodon in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
66. ↑ Malaka Rodrigo: 'Extinct' shark spotted in Menik Ganga In: The Sunday Times of February 14, 2016
67. ↑ Notropis amecae on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
68. ↑ Zoogoneticus tequila. Goodeid Working Group, accessed January 6, 2019 . 
69. ^ Mexico Fish Ark Project. Chester Zoo. Retrieved January 6, 2019 . 
70. ↑ Gobius tigrellus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN .
71. ↑ Helen Larson: Review of the gobiid fish genera Eugnathogobius and Pseudogobiopsis (Gobioidei: Gobiidae: Gobionellinae), with descriptions of three new species. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (1), 2009, pp. 127-181 , accessed January 6, 2019 . 
72. ↑ Ptychochromoides itasy in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
73. ↑ Helen Larson: Mad Fishes 2010. Toronto Zoo, accessed January 6, 2019 . 
74. ^ Rheocles pellegrini in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
75. ^ Salvelinus profundus in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
76. ↑ Eawag: Surprises from the depths of the Swiss lakes , January 9, 2019.
77. ↑ Siphateles bicolor in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
78. ↑ Siphateles bicolor isolata
79. ↑ Telestes ukliva in the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species .
80. ↑ D. Zanella, M. Mrakovčić, P. Mustafić, M. Ćaleta: Recovery of Telestes ukliva, an endemic species from the Cetina River, Croatia (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae). Journal of Fish Biology 73 (1), 2008, pp. 311-316 , accessed January 13, 2019 . 

Web links

• Researcher photographs living fossil. SPIEGEL Online, June 14, 2006, accessed November 15, 2018 . 
• Daniel Lingenhöhl: Biodiversity - Sometimes they come back. Spektrum .de, October 22, 2010, accessed on November 15, 2018 .