List of National Treasures of Japan (documents)

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Part of the oldest surviving and complete manuscript of the poetry anthology Kokin Wakashū

The term national treasure has been used since 1897 to denote particularly important cultural assets. Although the definition and criteria for national treasures have changed over time, the list below follows the provisions of the currently valid Cultural Property Protection Act of 1951. The national treasures were recognized by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology because of their "particularly high historical or artistic value ”.

It was not until around AD 400 in the form of Chinese works with immigrant scribes from the mainland via Korea to Japan. In the 5th and 6th centuries the ability to read and write remained at a low level, but in the 7th century learned aristocrats like Prince Shōtoku began to use Chinese for official documents and to promote Buddhism. As a result, reading and writing became an integral part of the lives of the nobility and the intellectual elite, especially those in government offices and religious institutions, in the late 7th century. The earliest extensive works in Japan are the Kojiki (712) and the Nihon Shoki (720). The early writings of Japan from the Nara period also include biographies of Prince Shōtoku, geographical directories ( Fudoki ) and the Man'yōshū , the first anthology of poetry. These early scripts are either written in Chinese or in a mixed Japanese-Chinese style based on Chinese. Classical Japanese literature began in the 9th century with the development of its own Japanese script, the Kana . This development led to a number of new Japanese literary genres and forms, such as stories ( Monogatari ) or diaries ( Nikki ). Due to the extraordinary interest and sympathy of the court in the Heian period, writing flourished particularly in the 11th and 12th centuries.

The following list includes various types of Japanese written documents compiled during the Asuka and Kamakura periods . More than half of the 68 works listed are poetry and prose. In addition, there is a section with historiographical writings, for example manuscripts of Kojiki and Nihon Shoki , but also (usage) texts such as dictionaries, legal texts, biographies and sheet music can be found in this section. The manuscripts designated as a national treasure were created in the period from the early Heian period (9th century) to the Edo period. They are housed in Buddhist temples, museums, libraries or archives and universities or are privately owned.

The Japanese documents listed here represent about a third of the 223 national treasures in the "Documents" category. In addition, 56 Chinese books and 99 “other” documents belong to the national treasures of this category.

Key figures

Repositories of national treasures in the Japanese documents category.
prefecture city Number of
national treasures
Aichi prefecture Nagoya 1
Fukuoka Prefecture Dazaifu 1
Kagawa Prefecture Takamatsu 1
Kochi Prefecture Kochi 1
Kyoto Prefecture Kyoto 27
Miyagi Prefecture Sendai 1
Nara prefecture Nara 2
Tenri 3
Osaka prefecture Izumi 1
Kawachinagano 2
Minō 1
Osaka 2
Saga prefecture saga 1
Shiga prefecture Ōtsu 1
Tokyo prefecture Tokyo 22nd
Yamaguchi Prefecture Hofu 1
Time period National treasures
Heian period 50
Kamakura time 16
Namboku-cho 2

Legend

The columns in the table below can be sorted, with the exception of the Notes and Image columns.

  • Title : Designation of the national treasure according to the database of national cultural assets
  • Author : Name of the author
  • Note : Type and content of the manuscript
  • Date : time of origin, sorted by year. If only the time segment is known, the beginning of the segment is used as the sorting criterion.
  • Format : type, technique and dimensions, sorted according to the following document types : scroll (including letters and handscrolls), book (includes albums, books with standard binding and books with Fukuro-toji binding) and others (also includes hanging scrolls)
  • Place of storage : temple, shrine, museum - city - prefecture, sorted by prefecture
  • Image : Image of the manuscript

National treasures

Japanese documents

The adoption of the Chinese script, which came to Japan in the 5th or 6th century, and the subsequent development of its own writing system, the Japanese language, is reflected in classical Japanese literature and the old written documents from the 7th to 13th centuries . Century. This process also causes the emergence of unique genres of Japanese literature that go back to the Chinese model. The earliest evidence of Japanese literature goes back to the 7th century. These are Japanese poems ( Waka ) and poetry written in Chinese by Japanese poets ( Kanshi ). While the latter had less literary value than the extensive Chinese anthologies , the Waka poetry made great strides in the Nara period and found its first climax in the Man'yōshū , an anthology of around 4,000 tanka ( short poems ) compiled by the Mid-7th to mid-8th centuries.

Until the 9th century, the so-called Man'yōgana , Chinese characters that were used according to their sound value and less according to their meaning, were used to write Japanese texts . Because texts were long and unwieldy as a result, the Man'yōgana began to be used for poetry, while the Chinese were reserved for prose. Consequently, the prose sections of Man'yōshū are in Chinese, while the poems and songs of Kojiki are written in Man'yōgana, for example. Another revolutionary achievement was the development of the kana , an independent Japanese script from the mid to late 9th century. This new script made it easier for Japanese authors to write in their own language and it led to new forms of prose literature such as the monogatari and the diary ("Nikki").

Due to the revival of traditional values ​​and the high esteem the imperial court attached to literature, Waka poetry and Japanese prose reached their peak around the 10th century. Therefore, the Heian period (from 794 to 1185) is also generally considered to be the age of classical Japanese literature. The Genji Monogatari of the lady-in-waiting Murasaki Shikibu is considered an impressive achievement of this time .

Another genre of narrative literature is the Setsuwa , originally oral myths, legends and folk tales. As such, the Setsuwa are the oldest Japanese narrative form, shaped by Buddhist themes and with an instructive style. The oldest collection of such Setsuwa is the Nihon Ryōiki from the early 9th century. Further compilations then come from the late 11th century beginning with the Konjaku Monogatarishū . The Genji Monogatari influenced many literary works of the 11th and 12th centuries. In the early Kamakura period (around 1200) a large number of monogatari and poetological writings were created.

Waka

Waka (literally "Japanese poem") or Uta (song) are important genres in Japanese literature. The name came from the Heian period and was used to distinguish poetry written by the Japanese in the Japanese language from those in the Chinese language ( Kanshi ). Waka were initially passed down orally in stories, at festivals and rituals until they were also recorded in writing in the 8th century. In the Asuk and Nara period Waka comprised still a variety of poetic forms, such as the Tanka , the choka ( "long poem"), the Bussokusekika ( "Buddhafußspurgedicht"), which Sedōka and Kata-Utah, of which up to 10 In the 19th century only the tanka with its 31 mora survived. The Man'yōshū is the first and earliest record of Japanese poetry and the first Waka anthology . With approx. 4,200 tanka, 260 chōka and 50 sedōka, it comprises the three main forms of poetry from a period of approximately a century until its completion in 759.

For the private and public advancement of courtiers and nobles in the Heian period, it was crucial to be as familiar with the writing and evaluation of Waka poems as to have a thorough knowledge of music and calligraphy. Poetry was part of witty conversations, invitations, expressions of thanks and condolences as well as correspondence between friends and loved ones. Some of the finest examples of Heian period poetry came from court ladies and middle-service officials. From the year 885 onwards, poetry contests ( utaawase ) were held, which from the 10th century became an integral part of life at court and in which a poem was written on a given topic and judged by a judge. Judging in these contests gave rise to theoretical treatises on Waka poetry. These critical considerations and poems, which were included in the imperial anthologies , formed the basis for judgments in poetry contests, which continued as a social rather than a literary event into the late 22nd century. Waka were collected during the Heian period either in extensive anthologies such as the Man'yōshū or the Kokinshū or in smaller, private collections of works by individual poets. In addition, they were often part of prose works, for example, the Genji Monogatari contains 800 waka.

Even if the court nobility had to cede their political and economic influence to the war nobility ( Buke ) at the end of the Heian period , they remained the guardian of culture and literature. The longing for the past court life of the Heian period, which was favorably opposed to the Chinese classical period as Japanese Classics, led to a renaissance of the arts in the early Kamakura period and to a renewed bloom of Waka poetry. Poets with middle and lower office ranks such as Fujiwara no Shunzei , Saigyō Hōshi and Fujiwara no Teika examined the early works, wrote critical comments and added new aesthetic values to the Waka poetry, such as the principle of Yūgen. Some of the best anthologies produced by imperial orders, such as the Korai fūteishō by Shunzei, originated in this way in the early Kamakura period. The circle of poets expanded from the nobility to high-ranking warriors and priests. With the 14th century the chain poems ( Renga ) supplanted the Waka poetry in its meaning.

The table below includes 24 national treasures from 14 waka collections and two poetological writings compiled between the 8th and 13th centuries. The two poetological writings are the Wakatai jisshu (945) and the Korai fūteishō (1197). The waka collections include: the first anthologies created by imperial decree Kokin-wakashū (905, "Collection of ancient and modern poems") and the Gosen-wakashū (951, "gleanings"), plus seven private collections: the Man'yōshū (759), the Shinsō Hishō (1008), the Nyūdō Udaijin-shū collection (before 1065), the Sanjūrokunin Kashū (around 1112), the Ruijū Koshū (before 1120), the Shūi Gusō (1216), the Myōe Shōnin Kashū (1248) and documents on five poetry contests ( utaawase ). The latter documents include the Konoe edition of the fictional competition of the poet princes ( Kasen utaawase ) in ten roles, the Ruijū competition, which was held in 29 rounds in the Hirota Shrine , and the records of a competition in 15 rounds.

designation Author (s) annotation date format Repository image
Man'yōshū ( 万 葉 集 , Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves ) probably Fujiwara no Korefusa ( 藤原 伊 房 ), grandson of Fujiwara no Yukinari Also referred to as Aigami Edition (or Ranshi Edition ) after the blue colored paper on the roll; it is said that the entire text was written down within just four days (according to a post-writing of the first roll); written in a style that was untypically masculine for this period 1050late Heian period Fragments of a scroll (roll 9), ink on paper dyed with day flowers ( aigami ), dimensions: 26.6 × 1.133 cm Kyōto Kyōto Kyōto National Museum Kyoto National Museum , Kyoto Manyoshu Aigami.jpg
Man'yōshū ( 万 葉 集 , collection of ten thousand leaves ) or Kanazawa Manyō ( 金 沢 万 葉 ) unknown handed down by the Maeda , whose seat is in Kanazawa was 1000Heian period , 11th century (Part of roll no.3 (two sheets) and roll no.6 (five sheets)), ink on decorative paper in a five-color design ( 彩 牋 , saisen ), dimensions: 21.8 × 13.6 cm Tokyo Tokyo Maeda IkutokukaiMaeda Ikutokukai , Tokyo Kanazawa Manyo.jpg
Anthology of Ten Thousand Leaves, Genryaku Edition ( 元 暦 校本 万 葉 集 , Genryaku kōhon Man'yōshū ) variousVarious Man'yōshū edition with the largest number of poems 1000Heian period , 11th century; Roll No. 6: Kamakura period , 12th century; Postscript on roll no.20 of June 9, 1184 20 books bound with fukuro-toji binding, ink on decorative paper, dimensions: 25.0 × 17.0 cm Tokyo Tokyo National Museum Tokyo Tokyo National Museum , Tokyo Genryaku Manyosyu.JPG
Kokin-wakashū ( 古今 集 , collection of ancient and modern poems ) Fujiwara no KiyosukeAttributed to Fujiwara no Kiyosuke 1100Heian period , 12th century Two bound books Tokyo Tokyo Maeda IkutokukaiMaeda Ikutokukai , Tokyo
Kokin-wakashū ( 古今 集 , collection of ancient and modern poems ), Kōya edition unknown The oldest extant manuscript of the Kokin Wakashū 0905Heian period Part of roll 19 Tokyo Tokyo Maeda IkutokukaiMaeda Ikutokukai , Tokyo
Kokin-wakashū ( 古今 集 , collection of ancient and modern poems ), Gen'ei edition probably Fujiwara no Sadazane , grandson of Fujiwara no Yukinari Oldest complete manuscript of the Kokin Wakashū 1120-07-24Heian period , July 24, 1120 two bound books, ink on decorative paper, dimensions: 21.1 × 15.5 cm Tokyo Tokyo National Museum TokyoTokyo National Museum , Tokyo Kokin Wakashu Genei 2.jpg
Kokin-wakashū ( 古今 集 , collection of ancient and modern poems ), Manshuin edition unknown 1000Heian period , 11th century A scroll, ink on colored paper Kyōto Kyōto ManshuinManshuin , Kyoto
Kokin-wakashū ( 古今 集 , collection of ancient and modern poems ) Fujiwara no TeikaRecord of Fujiwara no Teika together with imperial letters from Tennō Go-Tsuchimikado , Tennō Go-Nara and the draft of a letter from Tennō Go-Kashiwabara 1226-04-09Kamakura Period , April 9, 1226 A hardcover book Kyōto Kyōto Reizeike Shiguretei BunkoReizei-ke Shiguretei Bunko ( 冷泉 家 時 雨亭 文庫 ), Kyōto Kokin Wakashu - Reizei-ke Shiguretei Bunko.jpg
Kokin-wakashū ( 古今 集 , collection of ancient and modern poems ), Kōya edition unknown The oldest extant manuscript of the Kokin Wakashū 1000Heian period , 11th century A scroll (No. 5), ink on decorative paper, dimensions: 26.4 × 573.6 cm Tokyo Tokyo PrivatePrivate ownership, Tokyo Kokin Wakashu Koya.jpg
Kokin-wakashū ( 古今 集 , collection of ancient and modern poems ), Honami edition unknown The name of the edition goes back to the painter Honami Kōetsu , in whose possession the scroll was once; includes 49 waka from the 12th scroll (with love poems II); written on imported china paper decorated with embossed bamboo motifs and apricot blossoms 1000late Heian period , 11th century Fragments of a roll (No. 12), ink on decorative paper, dimensions: 16.7 × 317.0 cm Kyōto Kyōto Kyōto National Museum Kyoto National Museum , Kyoto Kokin Wakashu Honami.jpg
Kokin Wakashū ( 古今 和 歌集 ), Kōya edition unknown The oldest extant manuscript of the Kokin Wakashū 1000Heian period , 11th century A scroll (scroll no.20) Kochi Kochi Tosa Treasure Collection Archives Yamauchi FamilyYamauchi Family Treasure Collection and Archives, Kōchi , Kōchi Prefecture Koyagire 20th.JPG
Kokin Wakashū ( 古今 和 歌集 ), Kōya edition possibly Fujiwara no Yukinari The oldest extant manuscript of the Kokin Wakashū 1000Heian period , 11th century A scroll (roll number 8), ink on decorative paper Yamaguchi Hofu Mori MuseumMōri Museum , Hōfu , Yamaguchi Prefecture Kokin Wakashu Mori.jpg
Preface to Kokin-wakashū ( 古今 和 歌集 序 , Kokin-wakashū-jo ) Attributed to Minamoto no Shunrai 1100Heian period , 12th century A scroll , 33 sheets, ink on colored paper Tokyo Tokyo Okura ShukokanŌkura Shūkokan , Tokyo Kokin Wakashu Okura.jpg
Gosen-wakashū ( 後 撰 和 歌集 , "gleanings") Fujiwara no Teikacompiled by Fujiwara no Teika 1425 poems, vornehmliche those who are not in the Kokin Wakashū recorded 1234-03-02Kamakura Period , March 2, 1234 a hardcover book Kyōto Kyōto Reizeike Shiguretei BunkoReizei-ke Shiguretei Bunko 冷泉 家 時 雨亭 文庫 , Kyōto Gosen Wakashu.jpg
Poet contest ( 歌 合 , Utaawase ), ten-volume edition probably Prince Munetaka handed down by the noble family of the Konoe 1000Heian period , 11th century Five volumes (Vol. 1, 2, 3, 8, 10), ink on paper Tokyo Tokyo Maeda IkutokukaiMaeda Ikutokukai , Tokyo
Poet contest ( 歌 合 , Utaawase ), ten-volume edition probably Prince Munetaka handed down by the noble family of the Konoe 1000Heian period , 11th century A roll (No. 6), ink on paper, dimensions: 28.8 × 284.1 cm Kyōto Kyōto Yomei BunkoYōmei Bunko, Kyōto Utaawase Yomei Bunko.jpg
Poetry competition of the poet princes ( 歌仙 歌 合 , Kasen utaawase ) Attributed to Fujiwara no Yukinari Poems by 30 famous poets including Kakinomoto no Hitomaro and Ki no Tsurayuki , listed in two columns 1050Heian period , mid-11th century A scroll, ink on paper Ōsaka Izumi Kobuso Izumi Memorial and Art MuseumKobusō Memorial and Art Museum , Izumi , Osaka Prefecture Kasen Utaawase.jpg
Poems from a poetry contest of the Kanpyō period at the instigation of the Empress ( 寛 平 御 時 后宮 歌 合 , Kanpyō no ontoki kisai no miya utaawase ) probably Prince Munetaka Part of the fourth scroll belonging to the Ten Scrolls Poets Contest , which have been narrated by the Konoe family; this scroll includes 36 of the 43 remaining poems. 1000Heian period , 11th century A scroll, ink on paper, dimensions: 28.8 × 1133.2 cm Tokyo Tokyo National Museum Tokyo Tokyo National Museum , Tokyo Poetry Match Kanpyo.jpg
Review of own drafts ( 拾遺 愚 草 , Shūi gusō) Fujiwara no Teika Private anthology with 2,885 poems by Fujiwara no Teika 1216Kamakura period , 1216 Three bound books Kyōto Kyōto Reizeike Shiguretei BunkoReizei-ke Shiguretei Bunko, Kyōto Shuiguso.jpg
Korai fūteishō ( 古来 風 躰 抄 ) Fujiwara no Shunzei First edition 1197Kamakura period , 1197 Two bound books Kyōto Kyōto Reizeike Shiguretei BunkoReizei-ke Shiguretei Bunko, Kyōto Korai Futeisho.jpg
Recording of a poetry competition in 50 rounds ( 十五 番 歌 合 Jūgoban utaawase ) Fujiwara no Korefusa 藤原 伊 房 , grandson of Fujiwara no Yukinari - 1000Heian period , 11th century A scroll, colored paper, dimensions: 25.3 × 532.0 cm Tokyo Tokyo Maeda IkutokukaiMaeda Ikutokukai , Tokyo Jūgoban utaawase.jpg
Poetry competition in 29 rounds in the Hirota Shrine ( 広 田 社 二 十九 番 歌 合 Hirota-sha nijūkuban utaawase ) Fujiwara no Shunzei 1172Heian period , 1172 Three rolls of ink on paper Tokyo Tokyo Maeda IkutokukaiMaeda Ikutokukai , Tokyo
Wakatai jisshu ( 和 歌 躰 十種 ) probably Fujiwara no Tadaie Poetological writing on Waka with five examples in Hiragana; also referred to as Tadamine jisshu ( 忠 岑 十種 ) based on Mibu no Tadamine , the author of the work from 945; oldest surviving manuscript of this work 1000Heian period , circa 1000 A scroll, ink on decorative paper, dimensions: 26.0 × 324.0 cm; a hanging scroll (book fragment), ink on decorative paper, dimensions: 26.0 × 13.4 cm Tokyo Tokyo National Museum Tokyo Tokyo National Museum , Tokyo Wakatai Jisshu.jpg
Collection of (poems by) 36 prince poets ( 三 十六 人家 集 Sanjūrokunin kashū ), Nishi Hongan-ji edition unknown Attached to the nomination for the national treasure is a letter from Tennō Go-Nara 1100Heian period , around 1100 (32 hardcover books); Kamakura period (one hardcover book), Edo period (four hardcover books) 37 bound books Kyoto Kyoto Nishi Honganji Nishi Honganji , Kyoto 36poets collection SHIGEYUKI.JPG
36poets collection SOSEI.JPG
Poetry competition on various topics / collection of poetry competitions ( 類 聚 歌 合 Ruijū utaawase ), 20-volume edition compiled by Minamoto Masazane and Fujiwara no Tadamichi extensive collection of poetic content up to 1126; started by Minamoto Masazane and later continued in collaboration with Fujiwara no Tadamichi 1126Heian period , 12th century 19 scrolls, ink on paper, dimensions: 26.8 × 2406.4 cm (vol. 8) and 27.0 × 2637.1 cm (vol. 11) Kyoto Kyoto Yomei BunkoYōmei Bunko , Kyōto Ruiju Utaawase.jpg
Ruijū Koshū ( 類 聚 古 集 ) Fujiwara no Atsutaka ( 藤原 敦隆 ) New edition of Man'yōshū ; Poems are arranged according to themes such as season, sky and earth, and landscape; written in Man'yōgana and Hiragana . 1120Heian period , before 1120 16 bound books, ink on paper Kyoto Kyoto Ryukoku UniversityRyukoku University , Kyoto Ruijukoshu.jpg
Collection of poems by the priest Myōe ( 明 恵 上人 歌集 Myōe Shōnin Kashū ) Kōshin ( 高 信 ) Collection of 112 poems by the priest Myōe and 43 poems by other poets, compiled by Myōe's student Kōshin on the occasion of the 17th anniversary of Myōe's death 1248Kamakura period , 1248 One scroll , ink on paper, 27.8 × 1350 cm Kyoto Kyoto National Museum Kyoto Kyoto National Museum , Kyoto Myoe Shonin Kashu.jpg
Shinsō Hishō ( 深 窓 秘 抄 ) Fujiwara no Kinto Collection of 101 poems 1008Heian period , 1008 A roll of ink on paper, 26.3 × 830 cm Osaka Osaka Fujita Art Museum Fujita Art Museum , Osaka Shinso Hisho.jpg
( 入道 右 大臣 集 Nyūdō Udaijin-shū ) Minamoto no Shunrai and Fujiwara no Teika (6 and 7 pages each) Copy of an anthology of poems by Fujiwara no Yorimune ( 藤原 頼 宗 ) 1008Heian period A book, 31 pages with fukuro-toji binding ink on decorative paper in a five-color design ( 彩 牋 Saisen ) Tokyo Tokyo Maeda IkutokukaiMaeda Ikutokukai , Tokyo

Monogatari, Japanese-Chinese poetry, Setsuwa

Six works of Japanese prose and Sino-Japanese poetry compiled from the early 9th to the first half of the 13th centuries make up ten other national treasures. The documents in this section were written between the early 10th and the second half of the 13th centuries. The three volumes of Nihon Ryōiki were compiled in 822 by the Buddhist cleric Kyōkai. It is the oldest collection of mostly short Setsuwa narratives, which as such usually contain a Buddhist element. Two of the four different surviving but incomplete versions are declared national treasures. One of the oldest preserved documents of Japanese prose and at the same time the oldest work written in Cana is the "Tosa Nikki", a work written by Ki no Tsurayuki in 935 in the form of a diary. It is also the oldest document in travel literature, in which a journey from the ancient province of Tosa to Kyoto is described. It also contains almost 60 poems, embedded in narrative passages that explain the circumstances and the reason for the poetry. The Tosa Nikki was therefore seen as a prime example of Japanese poetry. The original manuscript of Ki no Tsurayuki was initially kept in the Rengeō-in , then passed into the possession of Ashikaga Yoshimasa , where its trace is then lost. All surviving manuscripts are copies of this original from the Rengeō-in. The oldest surviving copy, which dates back to 1235, comes from Fujiwara no Teika ; another copy made a year later goes back to his son Fujiwara no Tameie . Both copies are faithful copies of the text, the presentation, orthography and calligraphy.

The Sanbō Ekotoba ("Three jewels in words and pictures" or "Pictures and explanations to the three jewels") was created in 984 by Minamoto no Tamenori for entertainment for Sonshi Naishinnō, a daughter of Tennō, who had chosen a life as a nun. written. It is a guide for nuns and monks and contains stories about important celebrations and people of Buddhism. The document declared a national treasure, the Tōji Kanchiin from 1273, is the second oldest surviving version of the Sanbō Ekotoba. Unlike the Tōdaiji-gire version from the late Heian period, which has been handed down as a collection of fragments, the version listed here is almost complete.

The Wakan Rōeishū , a collection of 234 Chinese poems, 353 poems written in Chinese by Japanese poets ( Kanshi ) and 216 Waka - all arranged thematically - testify to the cultural exchange between Japan and China. The anthology compiled in the early 11th century by Fujiwara no Kintō is the first and most influential of its kind. The title component "Collection of Rōei " suggests that the poems were intended for recitation with musical accompaniment or for singing. Three manuscripts of the Wakan Rōeishū written on decorative paper were declared national treasures; including two scrolls that are in the Kyoto National Museum and a complete copy in the rare Ashide-e technique. represent. The Konoe edition in the Yōmei Bunko is an excellent example of the craftsmanship on karakami paper colored with the five-color technique ( saisen ). while the Ōtagire version is presented on colored paper with gold decorations.

The Konjaku Monogatarishū from 1120 is one of the most important surviving Setsuwa collections, the author of which is unknown and which gathers more than 1000 short stories. About two thirds of the stories tell the spread of Buddhism from India to China to Japan. This makes Konjaku Monogatarishū the first history of Buddhism written in Japanese. The nine scroll manuscript listed here is known as the Suzuka version, which includes Setsuwa from India (scrolls 2 and 5), China (scrolls 7, 9, 10) and Japan (scrolls 12, 17, 27, 29). It is the oldest surviving edition.

A commentary on the Genji Monogatari by Fujiwara no Teika , the Okuiri version, was also declared a national treasure. It was written in 1233 and is the second oldest commentary on the Genji Monogatari and as such an addition to the Genji Shaku from 1160.

Surname author Remarks date format Repository image
Nihon Ryōiki ( 日本 霊 異 記 ) Vols. 2 and 3 unknown Japan's oldest collection of Buddhist Setsuwa . Until the discovery of the volumes in 1973, there was no complete text version of the Nihon Ryōiki. A duplicate of the first volume, which is in the Kofuku-ji in Nara , is also declared a national treasure. 1100late Heian period , 12th century Two bound books (Vols. 2, 3), ink on paper Kyoto Kyoto RaigoinRaigō-in ( 来 迎 院 ), Kyōto Nihon Ryoiki Raigoin.jpg
Nihon Ryōiki ( 日本 霊 異 記 ) Vol. 1 unknown Japan's oldest collection of Buddhist Setsuwa . A duplicate of the second volume, which is kept in the Raigō-in ( 来 迎 院 ) in Kyōto , is also declared a national treasure. 0904Heian period , 904 A scroll (17 pages), ink on paper, 29.6 × 870 cm Nara Nara KofukujiKofuku-ji , Nara , Nara Prefecture Nihon Ryoiki Kofukuji.jpg
Tosa Diary ( 土 左 日記 , Tosa Nikki ) Fujiwara no TameieCopy from Fujiwara no Tameie Faithful copy of the original by Ki no Tsurayuki from the 10th century 1236Kamakura period , 1236 A bound book, ink on paper, 16.8 × 15.3 cm, 50 pages Osaka Mino Aoyama Elementary School OsakaAoyama Elementary School Osaka ( 大阪 青山 学園 , Ōsaka Aoyama gakuen ), Minō , Osaka Prefecture Tosa Diary Fujiwara no Tameie.jpg
Tosa diary ( 土 佐 日記 Tosa nikki ) Fujiwara no TeikaRecord of Fujiwara no Teika Faithful copy of the original by Ki no Tsurayuki from the 10th century 1235Kamakura period , 1235 A hardcover book, ink on paper Tokyo Tokyo Maeda IkutokukaiMaeda Ikutokukai , Tokyo Tosa nikki copied by Teika.JPG
"Three gems in words and pictures" ( 三宝 絵 詞 Sanbō Ekotoba ) unknown Illustrated interpretation of the three Buddhist concepts: Buddha , Dharma and Sangha , duplicate of the original by Minamoto no Tamenori ( 源 為 憲 ,? - 1011) 1273Kamakura period , 1273 Three books, ink on paper, dimensions: 27.5 × 16.7 cm Tokyo Tokyo National Museum TokyoTokyo National Museum , Tokyo Sanpo Ekotoba.jpg
Wakan rōeishū (Ashide-e technique) ( 芦 手 絵 和 漢 朗 詠 抄 , Ashide-e wakan rōeishō ) Fujiwara no Koreyuki ( 藤原 伊 行 ) Combination of writing and decorative elements (in the so-called Ashide-e technique): reeds, flying birds, rocks and wheels, in navy blue, green-blue, red-brown and silver 1160late Heian period , 1160 Two scrolls, ink on paper, 27.9 × 367.9 cm and 27.9 × 422.9 cm Kyoto Kyoto National Museum Kyoto Kyoto National Museum , Kyoto Wakan roeishu 1.jpgWakan roeishu 2.jpg
Wakan rōeishū , roll 2 ( 倭 漢 抄下 巻 , wakanshō gekan ), Konoe edition Fujiwara no YukinariAttributed to Fujiwara no Yukinari Written on paper with plant motifs and the designs of turtle shells 1000Heian period , 11th century Two scrolls, ink on decorative paper in a five-color design ( 彩 牋 , Saisen ) Kyoto Kyoto Yomei BunkoYōmei Bunko , Kyōto Wakansho gekan.jpg
Wakan rōeishū ( 倭 漢 朗 詠 抄 , wakan rōeishō ), parts of role 2 also Ōtagire ( 太 田 切 ) Fujiwara no YukinariAttributed to Fujiwara no Yukinari Narrated by the Ōta family, daimyōs of the Kakegawa fiefs 1075Heian period , early 11th century Two scrolls, ink on decorative paper, height: 25.7 cm, length: 337.3 cm and 274.4 cm Tokyo Tokyo Seikado Bunko Art MuseumSeikadō Bunko Art Museum, Tokyo Ohtagire WakanRoeiShu.jpg
" Collection of stories from now and then" ( 今昔 物語 集 , Konjaku Monogatarishū ) unknown "Collection of stories from now and then" 1184late Heian period Nine bound books with fukuro-toji binding (Vols. 2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 17, 27, 29) Kyoto Kyoto University of KyotoKyōto University , Kyōto Konjaku Monogatarishu.jpg
Commentary on the Genji Monogatari ( 源氏物語 奥 入 Genji Monogatari okuiri ) Fujiwara no Teika Oldest surviving commentary on the Genji Monogatari 1233Kamakura Period , ca.1233 A scroll, ink on paper Kyoto Kyoto private propertyPrivate ownership, Kyoto

History writings and historical narratives

The oldest Japanese written documents are extensive historical records such as the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki and the Fudoki , chronicles of the provinces of Japan , which were created by imperial order in the early 8th century. These texts served in particular to legitimize political rule in a developing centralized state structure by tracing the ancestral line of rulers back to the pantheon of the Japanese gods. In the Kojiki of Ō no Yasumaro, the mythological origins of Japan and historical events up to 628 are reported. The Nihon Shoki, which was created a little later, probably at the instigation of the Tenmu - Tennō , can be regarded as a more detailed version of the Kojiki, which includes dates and variants of the myths up to the year 697. It follows the Chinese model of the 24 dynasty stories in style and language more faithfully than the Kojiki. Both works also form the historical and historical basis of Shinto .

In 713, Empress Genmei caused the governors to write official reports on the history, geography and folk customs of their provinces. These reports are known as Fudoki; Of the more than 60 Fudoki made in the early 8th century, only five have survived: including the completely traditional Izumo Fudoki (733) and the fragmentarily traditional Bungo (around 730), Harima (approx. 715), Hitachi (714-718 ) and Hizen -Fudoki (around 730). In addition, the "Six Reichsannals" ( Rikkokushi ), the first of which was the Nihon Shoki, were written based on the Chinese model and over a period of 200 years . On the basis of these imperial annals, Sugawara no Michizane put together the thematically and chronologically structured Ruijū Kokushi , which was completed in 892.

With the cessation of the official embassies to China and the departure from Chinese institutions and customs in the late 9th century, the model of Chinese dynasty histories also turned away when compiling chronicles and historical works. With the development of the Kana script, forms of literature peculiar to Japan, such as the monogatari, emerged. One of the new forms that emerged during the reign of the Fujiwara clan was the rekishi monogatari , the historical narrative, the feature of which was the scenic design, influenced by fictional literature such as the Genji Monogatari, and fundamentally differentiated it from earlier historical writings. The oldest historical tale is the Eiga Monogatari , which praises the Fujiwara family from 946 to 1027 and especially Fujiwara Michinaga . It is believed that it was written by the court lady Akazome Emon shortly after Michinaga's death in 1027.

In the category of historical records and narratives, eleven documents are declared as national treasures: including a manuscript by Kojiki, five by Nihon Shoki, Harima and Hizen Fudoki, two manuscripts by Ruijū Kokushi and one by Eiga Monogatari . With the exception of the Eiga Monogatari, all of these national treasures are later copies that have been compiled and derived from various fragmentary manuscripts.

Surname author Remarks date format Repository image
"Record of old events" ( 古 事 記 ), Kojiki , Shinpukuji manuscript ( 真 福寺 本 ) KenyuCopy of the monk Ken'yu ( 賢 瑜 ) Oldest surviving copy of the Kojiki 1371Namboku-chō , 1371-1372 Three bound books Aichi Nagoya OsukannonŌsukannon ( 大 須 観 音 ) Hōshō-in ( 宝 生 院 ), Nagoya , Aichi Prefecture Kojiki Shinpukuji.jpg
“Chronicle of Japan in Individual Scriptures” ( 日本 書 紀 ) Nihon Shoki , Maeda edition unknown Part of the "Six Empire Stories" ( Rikkokushi ), handed down by the Maeda family 1000Heian period , 11th century Four scrolls (scroll nos. 11, 14, 17, 20), ink on paper Tokyo Tokyo Maeda IkutokukaiMaeda Ikutokukai , Tokyo Nihon Shoki Maeda.jpg
"Chronicle of Japan in Individual Scriptures" ( 日本 書 紀 ) Nihon Shoki , Iwasaki edition unknown Part of the "Six Empire Stories" ( Rikkokushi ), handed down by the Iwasaki family 1100Heian period , around 1100 Two scrolls (roll nos. 22 and 24: "Empress Suiko ", "Tennō Jomei "), ink on paper Kyoto Kyoto National Museum KyotoKyoto National Museum , Kyoto Nihon Shoki Iwasaki.jpg
The Age of the Gods, chapter from the “Chronicle of Japan” ( 日本 書 紀 神 代 巻 , Nihon Shoki jindai-kan ), Yoshida edition Urabe Kanekata 卜 部 兼 方 With a postscript by Urabe Kanekata, handed down by the Yoshida branch of the Urabe family, part of the "Six Empire Stories" ( Rikkokushi ) 1286Kamakura period , 1286 Two scrolls (scroll nos. 1 and 2), ink on paper, dimensions: 29.7 × 3012 cm and 30.3 × 3386 cm Kyoto Kyoto National Museum KyotoKyoto National Museum , Kyoto Postscript from The Age of Gods chapter, The Chronicles of Japan (1286) .jpg
The Age of the Gods, chapter from the “Chronicle of Japan” ( 日本 書 紀 神 代 巻 , Nihon Shoki jindai-kan ), Yoshida edition Urabe KanekataCopy and postscript by Urabe Kanekata Narrated by the Yoshida branch of the Urabe family, part of the "Six Empire Stories" ( Rikkokushi ) 1303Kamakura period , 1303 Two scrolls (scroll nos. 1 and 2), ink on paper, 29 × 2550 cm and 29 × 2311 cm Nara Tenri Library Tenri UniversityTenri University Library , Tenri , Nara Prefecture Nihon Shoki Yoshida Tenri.jpg
“Chronicle of Japan in Individual Scriptures” ( 日本 書 紀 ) Nihon Shoki , Tanaka edition unknown The oldest surviving copy of Nihon Shoki, the reverse contains a collection of Kūkai's writings from the late Heian period 0800Heian period , 9th century Pieces (nine of eleven leaves, first and last page lost) of a scroll (roll 10: "Tennō Ōjin "), ink on paper, 28.0 × 566.0 cm Nara Nara National Museum NaraNara National Museum , Nara , Nara Prefecture Nihonshoki tanaka version.jpg
Harima Fudoki ( 播 磨 国 風土 記 , Harima no kuni fudoki ) unknown Copy of the regional chronicle of the Harima province from the early Nara period , oldest surviving Fudoki manuscript 1184End of the Heian period A scroll, ink on paper, 28.0 × 886.0 cm Nara Tenri Library Tenri UniversityTenri University Library , Tenri , Nara Prefecture Harima Fudoki.jpg
Hizen Fudoki ( 肥 前 国 風土 記 , Hizen no kuni fudoki ) unknown Copy of the regional chronicle of the Hizen province from the early Nara period 1185Kamakura time A hardcover book Kagawa Takamatsu Museum KagawaPrivately owned, kept in the Kagawa Historical Museum , Takamatsu , Kagawa Prefecture
Ruijū Kokushi ( 類 聚 国史 ) unknown Collection of Maeda Tsunanori , one of the oldest surviving manuscripts of Ruijū Kokushi 1100Heian period , 12th century Four scrolls (scrolls no.165, 171, 177, 179), ink on paper Tokyo Tokyo Maeda IkutokukaiMaeda Ikutokukai , Tokyo Ruiju Kokushi Maeda.jpg
Ruijū Kokushi ( 類 聚 国史 ) unknown Formerly owned by Kanō Kōkichi, a doctor of literature from the University of Kyoto , one of the oldest surviving manuscripts of Ruijū Kokushi 1100late Heian period A scroll (No. 25), 27.9 × 159.4 cm Miyagi Sendai Tohoku UniversityTōhoku University , Sendai , Miyagi Prefecture Ruiju Kokushi Tohoku.jpg
"Tale of splendor and splendor" ( 栄 花 物語 , Eiga Monogatari ) unknown Tale ( Monogatari ) of the life of the aristocrat Fujiwara no Michinaga , oldest surviving manuscript, passed on by the Sanjōnishi family 1185Kamakura period (Ōgata edition: middle -, Masugata edition: early Kamakura period) 17 bound books: 10 from the Ōgata edition (up to roll 20), 7 from the Masugata edition (up to roll 40), ink on paper, 30.6 × 24.2 cm (Ōgata edition) and 16.3 × 14.9 cm (Masugata edition) Fukuoka Dazaifu National Museum KyushuKyushu National Museum , Dazaifu , Fukuoka Prefecture Eiga Monogatari.jpg

Other

This section contains a total of 18 documents that have been declared a national treasure and that cannot be assigned to any of the preceding sections. The documents belong to 14 different types of text, including biographies, legal texts and rulebooks, temple records, sheet music, a medicine book and dictionaries. Two of the oldest works are biographies of the regent Shōtoku Taishi from the Asuka period . The Shitennō-ji Engi , supposedly an autobiography of Shōtoku Taishi, describes the Shitennō temple.

The national treasure "History of the Shitennō-ji " consists of two manuscripts: the presumed original, which was discovered in the Shitennō Temple in 1007, and a later copy by Tennō Go-Daigo The Jōgū Shōtoku Hōō Teisetsu, however, which was ordered by the imperial authority was written, is the oldest surviving biography of Prince Shōtoku. It gathers anecdotes, myths and wondrous natural events that focus on Shōtoku's Buddhist ambitions to justify his secular rule, thus marking the beginning of Setsuwa literature. Another national treasure is the Enryaku Kōtaishiki from 803, the oldest surviving document containing regulations on provincial governors from 782 to 803.

The Tenrei Banshō Meigi , which was compiled by Kūkai in 830 , was based on the Chinese dictionary Yupian (玉 篇) and is thus the oldest extant dictionary of characters of Japanese provenance. The Hifuryaku, on the other hand, is an extensive Chinese lexicon with 1000 fascicles that explains the use of words and characters on the basis of more than 1500 sample texts. Compiled by Shigeno Sadanushi in 831, it is the oldest Japanese dictionary. Also declared as two national treasures are the editions of Ishimpō , the oldest medical treatise compiled by Tanba Yasuyori in 984. It contains a variety of medical and pharmaceutical treatises on prescribing medicines, botany, hygiene, acupuncture , moxibustion , alchemy and magic.

An important source for the study of the imperial court in the Heian period is the Engishiki compiled by Tadahira between 905 and 927 , a manual of legal principles of the Ritsuryō system, which was created at the behest of Tennō Daigo . The three editions listed here include both the oldest surviving edition (the Kujō edition) and the oldest reliably datable edition (the Kongōji edition) of the manuscript. Also two papers on music, Kagura wagon hifu . the oldest Kagura songbook and a Saibara sheet of music ( Saibara fu ), which is commonly attributed to Prince Munetaka , but whose origin, based on calligraphy, can probably only be assumed to be in the middle of the 11th century, are declared national treasures.

Surname author Remarks date format Repository image
History of Shitennō-ji ( 四 天王寺 縁 起 , Shitennō-ji engi ) variousPrince Shōtoku (?) And Go-Daigo (transcript) Document about the origin of Shitennō-ji 0794Heian period and Namboku-chō , 1335 Two scrolls Osaka Osaka ShitennojiShitennō-ji , Osaka Shitennoji engi.jpg
Biography of the regent Shōtoku ( 上 宮 聖 徳 法王 帝 説 , Jōgū Shōtoku Hōō Teisetsu ) unknown Biography of Prince Shōtoku 1050Heian period , 1050 (parts of it from the early 8th century) A roll of ink on paper, dimensions: 26.7 × 228.8 cm Kyoto Kyoto Chionin Chion-in , Kyoto Jogu Shotoku Hoo Teisetsu.jpg
Enryaku Kōtaishiki ( 延 暦 交替 式 ) unknown Oldest surviving duplicate of the original from 803 0859Heian period , approx. 859–877 A scroll, ink on paper Shiga Otsu IshiyamaderaIshiyama-dera , Ōtsu , Shiga Prefecture
Character dictionary Tenrei Banshō Meigi ( 篆隷 万象 名義 ) unknown The oldest extant Kanji lexicon. Copy of the original by Kūkai , approx. 830–835 1114Heian period , 1114 Six bound books with fukuro-toji binding, ink on paper, dimensions: 26.8 × 14.6 cm Kyōto Kyōto KozanjiKōzan-ji , Kyōto Tenrei Bansho Meigi.jpg
Hifuryaku ( 秘 府 略 ) unknown Portions of the 1000 scrolls of Hifuryaku, the oldest Japanese dictionary from 831 0794Heian period A scroll, ink on paper, roll # 868 Tokyo Tokyo Maeda IkutokukaiMaeda Ikutokukai , Tokyo
Ishimpō ( 医 心 方 ), Nakarai edition unknown Passed on by the Nakarai family, oldest surviving copy of the work 1100Heian period , 12th century 30 rolls, a fukuro-toji-style book, ink on paper. Dimensions of roll 1: 27.7 × 248.0 cm Tokyo Tokyo National Museum Tokyo Tokyo National Museum , Tokyo Ishinpo Nakarai.jpg
Ishimpō ( 医 心 方 ), Ninna-ji edition unknown It is believed that this version is closer to the original than the Nakarai edition because it contains fewer annotations 0794Heian period Five bound books, Vols. 1, 5, 7, 9, part of Vol. 10 Kyoto Kyoto Ninnaji Ninna-ji , Kyoto Ishinpo Ninnaji.jpg
Ceremonies from the Engi period ( 延 喜 式 ) Engishiki , Kujō edition unknown (several people) Passed down by the Kujō family, on the back of 23 rolls there are 190 letters, the oldest surviving and most extensive edition of the Engishiki 1000Heian period , 11th century 27 scrolls, ink on paper; Dimensions of roll 2: 27.5 × 825.4 cm, dimensions of roll 39: 28.7 × 1080.2 cm, dimensions of roll 42: 33.6 × 575.1 cm Tokyo Tokyo National Museum Tokyo Tokyo National Museum , Tokyo Engishiki Kujo edition.jpg
Ceremonies from the Engi period ( 延 喜 式 ), Engishiki Kongōji edition unknown The oldest surviving edition of the Engishiki with a secure date 1127Heian period , 1127 Three scrolls, ink on paper, parts of Scroll 12, Scroll 14 and Scroll 16 Osaka Kawachinagano KongojiKongō-ji ( 金剛 寺 ), Kawachinagano , Osaka Prefecture Engishiki Kongoji.jpg
Register of Shinto shrines from the Engishiki ( 延 喜 式 神 名 帳 , Engishiki Jinmyōchō ) unknown The surviving chapters 9 and 10 of the Engishiki contain a register of the Shinto shrines 1127Heian period , 1127 A scroll, ink on paper, chapters 9 and 10 Osaka Kawachinagano KongojiKongō-ji ( 金剛 寺 ), Kawachinagano , Osaka Prefecture Engishiki Jinmyocho Kongoji.jpg
Secret Kagura score for Japanese vaulted board zither ( 神 楽 和 琴 秘 譜 , Kagura wagon hifu ) Attributed to Fujiwara no Michinaga Oldest surviving score for Kagura 1000Heian period , 10th-11th centuries A scroll, ink on paper, dimensions: 28.5 × 398.4 cm Kyoto Kyoto Yomei BunkoYōmei Bunko , Kyōto
Manual of courtly customs and ceremonies ( 北山 抄 , Hokuzanshō ) unknown Copy from the early 11th century (original by Fujiwara no Kintō ) 1000Heian period Twelve scrolls Tokyo Tokyo Maeda IkutokukaiMaeda Ikutokukai , Tokyo
Manuscript of the Manual of Courtly Customs and Ceremonies, Roll 10 ( 稿本 北山 抄 Kōhon Hokuzanshō ) Fujiwara no Kinto Draft manual of courtly customs and ceremonies. The only surviving roll of the original work in the author's handwriting with the oldest surviving letters on the reverse (written in Kana ). Title of the role: Instructions for the service at court . Old letters and documents were used as paper. 1000Heian period , early 11th century, before 1012 A scroll, ink on paper, dimensions: 30.3 × 1279.0 cm Kyoto Kyoto National Museum Kyoto Kyoto National Museum , Kyoto Hakuzansho.jpg
Sheet music with Saibara music ( 催馬 楽 譜 , Saibara fu ) Attributed to Prince Munetaka The oldest surviving Saibara sheet music 1050Heian period , mid-11th century A book with Fukuro-toji binding, ink on paper with flying cloud design, 25.5 × 16.7 cm Saga Saga Nabeshima Hokokai Nabeshima Hōkōkai ( 鍋 島 報效 会 ), Saga , Saga Prefecture Saibara Sheet Nabeshima.jpg
Annotated pronunciation and meaning lexicon Ruiju Myōgishō ( 類 聚 名義 抄 ), Kanchi-in edition unknown Oldest completely preserved edition; expanded and revised edition of the original from the 11th century 1185Middle Kamakura period Eleven hardback books Nara Tenri Tenri University LibraryTenri University Library , Tenri , Nara Prefecture Ruiju Myōgishō.jpg
Omuro sōjōki ( 御 室 相承 記 ) unknown 1185early Kamakura period Six scrolls Kyoto Kyoto Ninnaji Ninna-ji , Kyoto
Go-Uda tennō shinkan Kōbō Daishiden ( 後 宇 多 天皇 宸 翰 弘法 大師 伝 ) Go-Uda Tennō Biography of Kōbō-Daishi (d. I. Kūkai ), original, manuscript 1315-03-21Kamakura Period , March 21, 1315 A hanging scroll , ink on silk, dimensions: 37.3 × 123.6 cm Kyoto Kyoto Daikakuji Daikaku-ji , Kyoto Go-Uda tenno shinkan Kobo Daishi den.jpg
History of the Tō-ji ( 東宝 記 , Tōhōki ) variousedited by Gōhō ( 杲 宝 ) and Kenpō ( 賢 宝 ) Treasury register of the Tō-ji 1336Nanboku-chō to Muromachi period Twelve scrolls, one book bound in a Fukuro-toji binding Kyoto Kyoto TojiTō-ji , Kyoto Tohoki.jpg

literature

  • Stephen Addiss , Gerald Groemer, J. Thomas Rimer: Traditional Japanese Arts and Culture: An Illustrated Source Book . University of Hawaii Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8248-2878-3 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Mikael S. Adolphson, Edward Kamens, Stacie Matsumoto: Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries . University of Hawaii Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8248-3013-7 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • William George Aston: A History of Japanese Literature . Simon Publications LLC, 2001, ISBN 978-1-931313-94-0 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Richard John Bowring: Murasaki Shikibu: the Tale of Genji . Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-521-53975-3 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • John Breen, Mark Teeuwen: A New History of Shinto . John Wiley and Sons, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4051-5515-1 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Delmer M. Brown, John Whitney Hall: The Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan . Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • John S. Brownlee: Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712) . Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, 1991, ISBN 0-88920-997-9 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Susan L. Burns: Before the Nation: Kokugaku and the Imagining of Community in Early Modern Japan . Duke University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-8223-3172-8 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Patrick W. Caddeau: Appraising Genji: Literary Criticism and Cultural Anxiety in the Age of the Last Samurai . SUNY Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7914-6673-5 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed on May 16, 2012]).
  • Steven D. Carter: Traditional Japanese Poetry: An Anthology . Stanford University Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-8047-2212-4 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • William E. Deal: Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan . Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-533126-5 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Siegfried RCT Enders, Niels Gutschow: Hozon: Architectural and Urban Conservation in Japan . Edition Axel Menges, 1998, ISBN 3-930698-98-6 (English, limited preview in the Google book search [accessed on May 16, 2012]).
  • Louis Frédéric: Japan Encyclopedia . Harvard University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-674-01753-6 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Bjarke Frellesvig: A History of the Japanese Language . Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-65320-6 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Paul Groner: Ryogen and Mount Hiei: Japanese Tendai in the Tenth Century . University of Hawaii Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-8248-2260-6 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Kodaganallur Ramaswami Srinivasa Iyengar: Asian Variations in Ramayana . Sahitya Akademi, 2006, ISBN 978-81-260-1809-3 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed on May 16, 2012]).
  • Edward Kamens, Tamenori Minamoto: The Three Jewels: A Study and Translation of Minamoto Tamenori's Sanbōe . Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, 1998, ISBN 978-0-939512-34-8 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Shūichi Katō , Don Sanderson: A History of Japanese Literature: From the Man'yōshū to Modern Times . Psychology Press, 1997, ISBN 978-1-873410-48-6 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Donald Keene: Anthology of Japanese Literature, from the Earliest Era to the Mid-nineteenth Century . Grove Press, 1955, ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Donald Keene: The Pleasures of Japanese Literature . Columbia University Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-231-06737-9 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Nakamura Keikai, Kyōko Motomochi: Miraculous Stories from the Japanese Buddhist Tradition: The Nihon Ryōiki of the Monk Kyōkai . Psychology Press, 1996, ISBN 978-0-7007-0449-1 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Michael W. Kelsey: Konjaku Monogatari-shū . Twayne Editors, 1982, ISBN 978-0-8057-6463-5 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Peter Francis Kornicki: The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century . BRILL, 1998, ISBN 978-90-04-10195-1 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed on May 16, 2012]).
  • Kenneth Doo Lee: The Prince and the Monk: Shōtoku Worship in Shinran's Buddhism . SUNY Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7914-7021-3 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed on May 16, 2012]).
  • Bruno Lewin: Small encyclopedia of Japanology: on the cultural history of Japan . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1994, ISBN 978-3-447-03668-9 ( limited preview in the Google book search [accessed on May 16, 2012]).
  • RHP Mason, John Godwin Caiger: A History of Japan . Tuttle Publishing, 1997, ISBN 978-0-8048-2097-4 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Helen Craig McCullough: Classical Japanese Prose: An Anthology . Stanford University Press, 1991, ISBN 978-0-8047-1960-5 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Earl Miner: Japanese Poetic Diaries . University of California Press, 1969 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Sokyo Ono, William P. Woodard: Shinto the Kami Way . Tuttle Publishing, 2004, ISBN 978-0-8048-3557-2 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • George W. Perkins: The Clear Mirror: a Chronicle of the Japanese Court During the Kamakura Period (1185-1333) . Stanford University Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-8047-2953-6 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Joan R. Piggott: The Emergence of Japanese Kingship . Stanford University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-8047-2832-4 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Tarō Sakamoto: The Six National Histories of Japan . UBC Press, 1991, ISBN 978-0-7748-0379-3 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Christopher Seeley: A History of Writing in Japan . In: Brill's Japanese studies library (=  3 ). Brill, 1991, ISBN 90-04-09081-9 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed on May 16, 2012]).
  • Haruo Shirane: Envisioning the Tale of Genji: Media, Gender, and Cultural Production . Columbia University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-231-14237-3 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Haruo Shirane: Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600 . Columbia University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-231-13697-6 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Donald H. Shively, William H. McCullough: The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan . Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 978-0-521-22353-9 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Jacqueline Ilyse Stone, Mariko Namba Walter: Death and the Afterlife in Japanese Buddhism . University of Hawaii Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8248-3204-9 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Conrad D. Totman: A History of Japan . Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, ISBN 978-0-631-21447-2 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed on May 16, 2012]).
  • Ki no Tsurayuki, William N. Porter: The Tosa Diary . Tuttle Publishing, 2005, ISBN 978-0-8048-3695-1 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Paul Varley: Japanese Culture . University of Hawaii Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8248-2152-4 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).
  • Kozo Yamamura: The Cambridge History of Japan: Medieval Japan . Cambridge University Press, 1990, ISBN 978-0-521-22354-6 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 16, 2012]).

Web links

Commons : National Treasures of Japan (Japanese Writings)  - collection of images, videos, and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ William Howard Coaldrake: Architecture and authority in Japan . Ed .: Routledge. London, New York 2002, ISBN 0-415-05754-X , pp. 248 ( Online Google Books [accessed May 13, 2012]).
  2. ^ Cultural Properties for Future Generations. (PDF) Office for Cultural Affairs , March 2011, archived from the original on August 13, 2011 ; Retrieved May 8, 2011 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g 国 指定 文化 財 デ ー タ ベ ー ス (database of national cultural assets). Office for Cultural Affairs , November 1, 2008, accessed April 16, 2009 (Japanese).
  4. ↑ Christopher Seeley: A History of Writing in Japan. 1991, p. 25.
  5. ^ A b Peter Francis Kornicki: The Book in Japan: A Cultural History from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century. 1998, p. 93.
  6. ^ Delmer M. Brown, John Whitney Hall: The Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan. 1993, p. 454.
  7. ^ Conrad D. Totman: A History of Japan. 2000, p. 114.
  8. ↑ Christopher Seeley: A History of Writing in Japan. 1991, p. 41.
  9. ↑ Christopher Seeley: A History of Writing in Japan. 1991, p. 40.
  10. ↑ Christopher Seeley: A History of Writing in Japan . Ed .: Brill's Japanese studies library. 3. Edition. 1991, ISBN 90-04-09081-9 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  11. ↑ Shūichi Katō , Don Sanderson: A History of Japanese Literature . Psychology Press, 1991, ISBN 978-1-873410-48-6 , pp. 12 .
  12. ^ Delmer M. Brown, John Whitney Hall: The Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan . Cambridge University Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  13. ^ William George Aston: A History of Japanese Literature . Simon Publications LLC, 2001, ISBN 978-1-931313-94-0 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  14. ^ A b Delmer M. Brown, John Whitney Hall: The Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan. 1993, pp. 460-461.
  15. ^ A b c Delmer M. Brown, John Whitney Hall: The Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan. 1993, p. 475.
  16. ↑ a b R. HP Mason, John Godwin Caiger: A History of Japan , 1997, p. 81.
  17. ↑ Haruo Shirane: Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600 . Columbia University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-231-13697-6 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
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  20. ↑ Donald H. Shively, William H. McCullough: The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan , 1999, pp. 432-433.
  21. ^ William George Aston: A History of Japanese Literature , 2001, p. 54.
  22. ^ Donald H. Shively, William H. McCullough: The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan , 1999, p. 444.
  23. ^ Helen Craig McCullough: Classical Japanese Prose: An Anthology , 1991, p. 7.
  24. ^ Helen Craig McCullough: Classical Japanese Prose: An Anthology , 1991, p. 8.
  25. ↑ Haruo Shirane: Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600 , 2008, p. 116.
  26. ↑ a b c Haruo Shirane: Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600 , 2008, p. 571.
  27. ↑ a b Louis Frédéric: Japan Encyclopedia , 2005, p. 1024.
  28. ↑ Shūichi Katō, Don Sanderson: A History of Japanese Literature: From the Man'yōshū to Modern Times , 1997, p. 2.
  29. ↑ Haruo Shirane: Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600. 2008, p. 20.
  30. ^ Delmer M. Brown, John Whitney Hall: The Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan. 1993, p. 466.
  31. ^ Delmer M. Brown, John Whitney Hall: The Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan. 1993, p. 476.
  32. ↑ Haruo Shirane: Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600. 2008, pp. 2, 6.
  33. ^ Delmer M. Brown, John Whitney Hall: The Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan. 1993, pp. 460, 472-473.
  34. ↑ Steven D. Carter: Traditional Japanese Poetry: An Anthology , 1993, p. 18.
  35. ^ Delmer M. Brown, John Whitney Hall: The Cambridge History of Japan: Ancient Japan. 1993, p. 473.
  36. ↑ a b Shirane, Haruo: Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600 , 2008, pp. 113-114.
  37. ↑ a b Haruo Shirane: Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600 , 2008, p. 2.
  38. ↑ Shūichi Katō, Don Sanderson: A History of Japanese Literature: From the Man'yōshū to Modern Times , 1997, p. 58.
  39. ^ A b c Steven D. Carter: Traditional Japanese Poetry: An Anthology , 1993, p. 74.
  40. ^ Donald H. Shively, William H. McCullough: The Cambridge History of Japan: Heian Japan , 1999, p. 432.
  41. ↑ Shūichi Katō, Don Sanderson: A History of Japanese Literature: From the Man'yōshū to Modern Times , 1997, p. 57.
  42. ↑ Haruo Shirane: Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600 , 2008, pp. 592-593.
  43. ↑ Shūichi Katō, Don Sanderson: A History of Japanese Literature: From the Man'yōshū to Modern Times , 1997, p. 59.
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Remarks

  1. ↑ If parts of the national treasure come from different periods of time, only the oldest is listed here.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Fukuro-toji ( 袋 と じ ) Book block made from uncut layers . This is a type of binding in which the sheets are only printed on one side and are bound folded in the middle. It consists of quarter arches closed at the front, only the outside of which is printed.
  3. ↑ Traces of this old poetry of wooing and praising the rulers are handed down in Kojiki , Nihonshoki and Man'yōshū .
  4. ↑ The Man'yōshū also contains a small number of Chinese poems and prose ( Kanbun ).
  5. ↑ The calligraphy can Fujiwara no Tadaie be assigned - see Tokyo National Museum, Courtly Art: Heian to Muromachi Periods (8c-16c). 2007; official note from Kohitsu Ryōsa (1572–1662) at the end of the scroll - see National Institutes for Cultural Heritage , "Essay on Ten Styles of Japanese Poems," accessed July 26, 2011.
  6. ↑ What are meant are the Kōfuku-ji and the Shinpuku-ji manuscripts, which include the first or second and third fascicle.
  7. ↑ The other two versions are the Maeda (with fascicle 3) and the Kōya manuscript (fascicle 1 to 3).
  8. ↑ Tameie's copy is less corrupt than Teika's.
  9. ↑ Named after Kanchiin, a side temple of Tō-ji .
  10. ↑ It is a picturesque style of calligraphy that uses characters as pictorial forms such as reeds, rocks, flowers, birds, etc.
  11. ↑ karakami paper is an earth-colored paper imported from China.
  12. ↑ Originally the Konjaku Monogatarishū consisted of 31 scrolls, of which 28 are still preserved today.
  13. ↑ Older texts such as the Tennōki , Kokki , Kyūji or Teiki from the 7th century have either been lost or, like the Sangyō Gisho and the Taihō Codex, are relatively short and fragmentary.
  14. ↑ This refers to works compiled in Japan whose subject matter is Japanese. Japanese is not to be understood here in the sense of the Japanese language .
  15. ↑ Other distinguishing features are: realistic dialogues, the use of several points of view and the enrichment with a wealth of realistic details.
  16. ↑ 27 scrolls from the Heian period , one scroll from the Kamakura period , two scrolls and a bound manuscript from the Edo period .