Mousquetaires de la garde

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Mousquetaires de la garde

Mousquetaires au prize de Gand en 1678.jpg

Mousquetaires de la garde during the capture of Ghent in 1678 ( Hôtel des Invalides )
active 1622 to 1646, 1657 to 1775, 1789 to 1791 and 1814/15
Country Royal Standard of the King of France, svg France
Armed forces Army of the Ancien Régime
Branch of service Cavalry and Infantry
Strength approx. 100-600
Insinuation Grand Royal Coat of Arms of France.svg Royal Guard
Location Paris
motto Quo ruit et lethum (1st company)

Alterius Jovis altera tela (2nd company)

Butcher Saint-Martin-de-Ré 1627, Pas-de-Suze 1629, Lille 1667 , Maastricht 1673 , Valenciennes 1677 , Mont Cassel 1677 , Ypres 1678 , Mons 1691 , Namur 1692 , Ramillies 1706 , Malplaquet 1709 , Philippsburg 1734 , Guastalla 1734 , Dettingen 1743 , Fontenoy 1745
commander
commander King of France

The Musketeers of the Guard ( French Mousquetaires de la garde ) were an association of the French king's house troops and functioned as a courtly guard, teaching unit and fighting force. The guard unit was called the Musketeers , but corresponded to the Dragoons in terms of order and equipment and existed with interruptions from 1622 to 1815. It gained fame through the novel The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas and its sequels and film adaptations. Both companies had their garrison in Paris, the 1st in the Rue du Bac , the 2nd in the then suburban Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine .

Formation history

The origin of the musketeers falls in the period of the Huguenot uprisings 1620–1629, about 20 years after the Edict of Nantes . The musketeers of the guard were formed in 1622 by arming a company of Chevaulegers with the then new muskets and consisted mainly of aristocrats . The first three regiment owners ( Capitaine ) were Jean de Bérard, Chevalier de Montalet and his nephew Hercule-Louis and Jean de Vieilchastel, Seigneur de Montalant. In 1634, Montalant, who had been compensated for, resigned during King Ludwig XIII. rose himself to captaincy and appointed lieutenant Jean-Armand du Peyrer, Comte de Tréville , as captain . (The title Capitaine cannot be adequately translated in this context as captain or Rittmeister , because it was a formal honorary title similar to an honorary colonel ). A sous lieutenant , an ensigne , a maréchal des logis and two brigadiers were set aside for the commandant . In addition, each company had a "Fourrier" ( furier ), "Aumônier" (clergyman), "Apothicaire" (pharmacist), "Sellier" (saddler), "Maréchal-ferrant" (fittings smith), six " tambours " and four "Haut bois" ( Hautboisten ). Each musketeer had to pay for all his equipment himself, the king did not deliver anything, so the pistols , muskets and swords had to be bought himself. The musketeers only accompanied the king outside the palace and performed their duties on foot and on horseback, while other house troops guarded the monarch inside the palace.

Another company of musketeers was set up to protect Cardinal Richelieu , against whom numerous conspiracies and assassination attempts were directed. A constant source of conflict at the French court was the mistrust and competition between the childless Louis XIII. and his younger brother Gaston of Anjou , the potential heir to the throne. The King, the Queen Mother and the Cardinal Minister planned a marriage between Gaston and the wealthy widow Mademoiselle de Montpensier , but this met with considerable opposition. For Gaston, the marriage to a foreign princess would have been more prestigious and politically profitable, while for a nobility faction around the House of Bourbon-Condé a brother of the king who remained childless seemed advantageous in terms of his own place in the line of succession. Thus a conspiracy came about which aimed at the assassination of Richelieu, who was responsible for the politics of Louis XIII. was held responsible. Since the circle of those involved was quite large, the cardinal learned of the conspiracy and informed the king. The conspirator intended for the assassination attempt Chalais was executed in July 1626 while Gaston had to agree to marry Mademoiselle de Montpensier. In September 1626, Louis XIII ordered. the formation of 50 mounted mousquetons . These cardinal's guards were private bodyguards and were not yet part of the royal household. They were reinforced in 1631, comprised, like the royal household troops, various units on foot and on horseback, and finally numbered 300 to 420 men. At first there was competition and conflict between Richelieu's mounted guardsmen and his guardsmen on foot, later with the king's musketeers. The cardinal's guards were paid more regularly and better, while the musketeers were more regarded as royal guards and had a longer tradition.

Sources from the 17th century report almost unanimously that there were frequent duels between the musketeers and the men of Cardinal Richelieu. Richelieu is sometimes assumed in research that he took an uncompromising attitude towards duels, for example for personal reasons, since his eldest brother was fatally wounded in a duel. In June 1626, duels were banned under the death penalty by a royal edict in order to curb the rampant dueling. Richelieu, however, moved within the framework of noble norms and values ​​and, if necessary, advocated violence in defense of honor. In the case of the competition between the musketeers and the cardinal's bodyguards, the cardinal's ambivalent attitude becomes clear. This is shown by a look at his personnel decisions: The captain of Richelieu's 100 Musketeers, François d'Ogier de Cavoye († 1641), was famous as a duelist. After Gabriel Daniel (1721) the duels between the musketeers and the guards of the cardinal of Louis XIII. and Richelieu tolerated and followed with interest. They contributed significantly to the martial prestige of both units.

Capitaine-lieutenant Tréville won at the court with his Louis XIII. Musketeers favored the army and increased influence due to the personal proximity to the ruler. This created a personal enmity between Tréville and Richelieu, whose respective positions of power ultimately depended heavily on the favor of the king. In 1642 Tréville participated in the Cinq Mars conspiracy to assassinate Richelieu. However, the cardinal minister managed to intercept incriminating letters from the main conspirator, Cinq-Mars, whereupon those involved could be tried. Tréville was banished on December 1, 1642, but was able to return to court after Richelieu's death (December 4).

With the death of Louis XIII. In 1643 Tréville and his musketeers lost their special favor. The relationship between Tréville and the new Cardinal Minister Mazarin , who played a major role in the minority government for Louis XIV , was no better than before with Richelieu. Mazarin's position was attacked by sections of the nobility who saw his chance to regain the influence lost under Richelieu. For the cardinal minister, Tréville was suspected of being involved in the Cinq Mars conspiracy, which is why he wanted to replace him as a captain lieutenant with a relative. For this he offered Tréville the office of governor of Foix as compensation for the resignation, but this refused. Mazarin then protected cost reasons and unceremoniously dissolved the Musketeers' corps.

The increased tax burden due to France's intervention in the Thirty Years' War led to several revolts from 1648 against the under Louis XIII. and Richelieu promoted expansion of royal rule or the state, the so-called Fronde . The frondeurs were particularly dissatisfied with Mazarin's power. Due to his numerous political enemies, he had an increased need for protection, which is why he received royal permission on February 25, 1648 to set up his own guard of 100 musketeers on foot. The formation of the new cardinal guard was based on the former bodyguard Richelieu. The triumphant entry of Louis XIV into Paris in 1653 marked the end of the Fronde. In February of the same year, Mazarin's bodyguard was reinforced by 100 musketeers on horseback.

The royal musketeer company was reorganized in 1657 with a strength of 150 men with a captain lieutenant , a sous lieutenant, a cornet , an ensign and two non-commissioned officers. In 1660 the cardinal left his guards (about 300 men on foot) to the king, who after Mazarin's death incorporated them into the musketeers of the guard as the 2nd company. This served the king only on foot until 1663, then also on horseback. In 1663 each company numbered 300 musketeers. In 1664 the 2nd Company was disbanded in order to immediately set up anew based on the pattern of the first. From 1665 the king was also captain of the 2nd company. The 1st company rode from 1665 gray or apple gray (hence the nickname gray musketeers or mousquetaires gris ), the 2nd company black horses ( black musketeers or mousquetaires noirs ). Presumably in allusion to the different times of their commissioning, the designation large or old musketeers ( grands mousquetiers ) and small or young musketeers ( petits mousquetaires ) for the 2nd company were also common for the 1st company.

The musketeers were favored by the French rulers through a special legal status. In the year of his assumption of power, in November 1643, Louis XIV granted the unit the privilege of committimus , which otherwise belonged to Princes of Blood, Ducs and Pairs and declared higher authorities to be responsible in court proceedings. When the Musketeers were re-established in 1657, the privilege was not confirmed, but during the minority reign for Louis XV. in October 1720, according to the wording of the edict as a “new sign of satisfaction” and because the musketeers, due to their continuous service in the immediate vicinity of the monarch, were more entitled than other units of the royal household troops.

In 1667 d'Artagnan became a captain lieutenant in the 1st Company. In 1668 the nominal strength sank to 250 musketeers per company; In addition there were 44 officers and NCOs, six drummers, four skin boists, a pharmacist and nine surgeons . In the event of war, numerous aristocratic volunteers (gentilhommes) also served with the musketeers, so that they actually grew to regimental strength. Like the king, the Petit Dauphin , Ludwig Duke of Burgundy (1682–1712), belonged to both companies. The proverbial rivalry between the two companies from the days of Richelieu was still so strong that the heir to the throne wore the uniforms of the two companies alternately to avoid jealousy. In the 18th century, the two companies each formed their own Masonic lodges (Gray Musketeers: La Militaire de Saint-Alexandre ; Black Musketeers: L'Union Désirée à l'Orient ). In 1775 the musketeers of the guard were disbanded for reasons of economy, only to be reorganized in the year of the revolution of 1789, of all places. They were dissolved again just two years later.

In 1791 the former commandant of the Black Musketeers, the Comte de Montboissier, organized the re-formation of the Musketeers for the Armée des Princes together with the other two cavalry units of the maison rouge of the royal household troops, the Chevau-légers and the gensdarmes. The new royal household troops reached a total of 1,420 men. The entire army was disbanded in November 1792.

The Bourbons presented during the first restoration on 15 June 1814 both companies in thickness of 200 musketeers and 56 batches back on in order to adopt the same year in Saint Pol again. If the Musketeers of the Ancien Régime had honestly won the respect of the troops of the line, the Musketeers of the Restoration and the entire maison du roi met with a deep dislike of the rest of the army and the Allies. Among the royal guards recruited in particular from returning, noble emigrants, there were only a few soldiers with combat experience , so that they were Louis XVIII. could not offer any real support. On March 27, 1815, Napoleon had the musketeers bid their farewell. The officers, who were seen as a potential threat to his rule, were arrested. A political caricature depicts the dissolving of the musketeers: to the left of a female allegory it shows Napoleonic France, how a Polish lancer of the Imperial Guard puts an oversized candle extinguisher on a musketeer. After Napoleon's second abdication, the king set it up again, but finally dissolved it on December 31, 1815.

  • Musketeers Cardinal Richelieu with red tunics at the surrender of Montauban in 1629, detail of a painting from the battle gallery of the Château de Richelieu (mid-1630s to 1640)

Calls

In addition to escorting the monarch, the 1st Company also performed regular combat duty from the start. The Musketeers received their baptism of fire during the relief of the fortified city of Saint-Martin-de-Ré, besieged by the Duke of Buckingham , in 1627. In the Mantua War, they fought in the battle of the Pas-de-Suze , a fortified Alpine pass in the Duchy of Savoy, which the French army fought had to force to relieve Casale . The 2nd Company received its baptism of fire in Lorraine in 1663 . In 1667 the Musketeers led the French attack on foot at Valenciennes . In the war of devolution of 1667, the musketeers excelled at the siege of Lille . Detachments from both companies were part of the French expeditionary force, which in 1669 was supposed to reinforce the Venetian garrison of Candia , which had been besieged by the Ottomans for 21 years , but they too could no longer prevent the city from falling.

During the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1679) in the course of the siege of Maastricht on June 25, 1673, the chief of the 1st Company Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan fell in front of the southwestern city wall with a musket shot in the throat. Two assault attacks by the Musketeers, carried out with great vigor, failed due to the violent fire of the Dutch, but in the end they had to capitulate. In 1675 the Musketeers were sent to Brittany to quell a revolt against stamp duty , but in 1676 they returned to the Flemish theater of war to take part in the successful sieges of Valenciennes , Cambrai and St. Omer .

In the 18th century the musketeers fought with distinction in 1734 at Guastalla , the siege of Philippsburg and in 1745 at Fontenoy . In the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, the 2nd Company suffered heavy losses and lost its standard, for which detailed information is given in an Austrian report:

"It was taken by an English sergeant from the Havoley [= Hawley] regiment, but it is completely covered with blood, and the bar on it broke, the cornet was also killed, but remained on the horse because it was on the same, and the Standard to him, vest was strapped. [...] In general, it should be borne in mind from these standards that the foreign currency attached to such standards is bad at sending itself to the lousy bataille. "

In his Précis du siècle de Louis XV , Voltaire describes an anecdote about the magnanimous dealings of the Duke of Cumberland with a captured musketeer named Girardeau during the battle of Dettingen. Cumberland, although he was wounded himself, had the seriously injured Girardeau treated first. A painting by the military painter David Morier , who was commissioned by Cumberland, probably after Dettingen, shows an unidentified battle between British cavalry and the musketeers. It stands out among the contemporary representations of the guard unit due to its artistic quality. During the Seven Years' War the Musketeers were present at the Battle of Vellinghausen in 1761 , but were not used.

assignment

In addition to their duties as a guard and field unit, the musketeers of the guard also acted as a training institute for the next generation of military personnel. They were regarded as the school of the young gentlemen and the nobility of the kingdom in the arms trade. Cadet schools did not exist until the 17th century. Princes as well as later generals and marshals of France received their first lessons from the musketeers and were trained to become accomplished nobles and warriors. The minimum age to be enrolled with the Musketeers was 15 years, although exceptions were made for the high nobility. The curricula of knight academies were comparable . A young musketeer learned, among other things, fencing, dancing and horse riding. The sons of well-known families often served with the musketeers for several generations. The dukes of Croÿ are an example of this. Emmanuel von Croÿ (1718–1784), later Marshal of France, wrote in his journal:

"On April 6, 1736, I came to the Gray Musketeers and was badly drilled, because in addition to the academy I was trained in weapons, had to vault, drill and quite often stand guard."

He was 18 years old at the time. In 1738 de Croÿ received command of the Royal Roussillon Cavalry Regiment and therefore took his leave of the Musketeers on May 1st. His son, Anne-Emmanuel-Ferdinand-François de Croÿ (1743-1803), became a gray musketeer on March 30, 1757 at the age of 13. Other well-known musketeers were the Duke of Burgundy , the Marshal Soubise , the Marquis de La Fayette and the memorialist Saint-Simon . In 1815 the painter Théodore Géricault , who later became famous for the painting The Raft of Medusa , served with the newly erected Gray Musketeers. The later French education minister Narcisse-Achille de Salvandy served in 1814/15 with the black musketeers.

The military historian Michel Hanotaux judges that in the 18th century the king saw the formation of officers as the primary task of the musketeers, which also influenced the ability to use them in combat. High losses in combat such as the siege of Mons in 1691 and in the battle of Dettingen in 1743 were very problematic for the French king due to the elitist composition of the troops and their training function.

As life guards, the musketeers were supposed to protect the king and represent his extensive power through display of splendor. They did not perform regular guard duties, but received their orders in Versailles in a daily ritual: On the morning after mass, the king spoke to an orderly of the musketeers in the anteroom of his apartments. This reported to the ruler and forwarded his orders to their superiors in Paris for the next 24 hours. Rien could also do the order ! ( Nothing! ), Which meant more time for education and training.

The French kings often attended the Musketeers' revues personally. An example of this is a directory of names that a Louis XV. Documented the revue of the black musketeers held on July 1, 1738. Of the then nominal strength of 198 musketeers, 195 were present, 5 sick and one absent in Malta . There were also 16 present and 94 absent surplus musketeers. In total, the second company at that time numbered 308 men.

Detachments from the two companies of the musketeers were seconded to most courtly occasions outside the residential palace that required a military ceremony. This included moving in from the brides of the ruling house arriving from abroad or from foreign envoys. The Musketeers moved into Paris in March 1722 with the fiancé of Louis XV, the three-year-old Infanta Maria Victoria of Bourbon-Anjou . In December 1742 they participated in the reception of the Ottoman envoy Sahid Mehmed Effendi. On August 21, 1756 they accompanied King Louis XV. on the lit de justice , a high point in the dispute between the monarch and parliament. At burials of members of the royal family they were part of the funeral procession, for example in the years 1752, 1761, 1766, 1767 and 1768. They also took part in coronation ceremonies in Reims , most recently with Louis XVI. in 1775.

On January 21, 1815, the musketeers of the restoration period each provided half a squadron per company to escort the remains of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinettes on the traditional burial place of the Bourbons in the church of Saint-Denis .

  • View of Versailles, Louis XIV accompanied by a detachment of Musketeers 1668 (Musée Lambinet)

  • Paul Ponce Antoine Robert (1686–1733): Inspection of the black musketeers in the plain of Sablons by Commissioner Plouy de Pincetaille 1729 (Versailles, Musée national des châteaux de Versailles et Trianon)

  • Portrait of a young musketeer of the 2nd company, around 1750 ( Musée de l'Armée )

  • Camp of the Garde du corps, a young musketeer stands in the middle in front of a standard bearer of the Garde du corps, around 1742

  • Infantry drill without riding boots : handles to pick up the rifle, board from a fencing and drill book from 1736

Cultural meaning

The Poèmes satiriques database of the University of Jean Monnet , which records satirical poems, provides a kaleidoscopic insight into the cultural significance and image of the musketeers in Paris in the 18th century . The musketeers are mentioned in 41 works (as of March 2019), some of which are to be emphasized, as the musketeers are more than just secondary characters here. In part, the titles reflect orders and internal conflicts of the unity: In the song The Musketeers ("Les Mousquetaires") they are reviled as the regent's rulers , because they arrested three judges of the Paris Parliament on August 29, 1718 on his behalf led into exile.

A song composed in July 1744 with the title About the Lord Chevalier de la Chaise ("Sur M. le chevalier de la Chaise") was created in the unit itself, because it is directed against the promotion of the Chevalier Portalez de La Chaise to the second cornet of the Gray Musketeers. In the song, the low nobility of the object of mockery is attacked and his new position is attributed to the favoritism of Cardinal Minister Fleury . Each stanza ends with a crude play on words that uses the similarity of the surname “La Chaise” to the French word for chair (“la chaise à caca”).

Other titles show that the image of the musketeers was not only warlike, but also had an impact in the direction of a kind of jeunesse dorée . In 1760, before the premiere of his work Spartacus , the playwright Bernard-Joseph Saurin addressed the musketeers in flattering verse, who had decided, due to a dispute with the Duc d'Aumont, to whistle all new performances in the Comédie-Française . Saurin characterizes the unit as a school of heroes and writes that the musketeers would never turn their backs on either the enemy or the beautiful ("À l'ennemi comme aux belles / Ne tournant jamais le dos"). A madrigal from around 1774 is aimed at the mistress Catherine-Rosalie Gerard Duthé (1748–1830), who is considered to be profit -conscious at the time : The lyrical I is a musketeer in love who advertises that he cannot offer her anything, but knows how to make one Make use of the moment of leisure, because a man of his age only pays with pleasure ("Mais je sais faire usage / D'un moment de loisir; / ​​Un homme de mon âge / Ne paie qu'en plaisir").

An exemplary example of the sensational love affairs of individual musketeers is the case of Jacques Marie Lebeuf de Valdahon (1738–1787), which caused a scandal when he secretly sneaked into the bed of Mademoiselle Gabrielle de Monnier (1744–1802) and was discovered. Valdahon publicly defended himself in a pamphlet saying that they were born for each other ("Nous nous flattions d'être nés l'un pour l'autre."). The apparently gallant self-image of the soldiers of the unit is also mentioned in the dissolution of the musketeers: In a poem they are referred to as lovable musketeers, favorites of the amours (“Aimables mousquetaires / Favoris des amours”).

Accommodation

Until the reign of Louis XIV, soldiers in France were billeted mainly with the civilian population. The city of Paris had been entrusted by the king with the accommodation of the Gray Musketeers in the suburb of Saint-Germain since 1657 and with the accommodation of the Black Musketeers in the suburb of Saint-Antoine since 1668 . The Musketeers were the first cavalry unit to be permanently stationed in the capital. Affected citizens had to provide two musketeers with a furnished room and stable space for two horses. Those who were exempt made an alternative contribution to furnishing the room. The decentralized accommodation of the horses turned out to be impractical in the long run, which is why the city of Paris rented a barn for the 2nd Company in Saint-Antoine and had it converted into a stable, while the lack of stables for the Gray Musketeers remained an acute problem.

In the second half of the 17th century, a construction program for barracks began, with the focus on the border with the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands. The Hôtels of the Musketeers were among the first barracks to be permanently assigned to a specific unit. In 1659, Louis XIV acquired the barber's hall in Rue du Bac, which had been vacant since 1643, and had it converted into a cavalry barracks. In 1674 the building complex was able to accommodate the entire 1st company. The fabric of the building seems to have been of poor quality, however, because 1707–1720 there were two projects for a completely new building elsewhere, both of which failed for financial reasons. Instead, extensive renovations were carried out between 1720 and 1721.

The construction of the Hotel of the Black Musketeers in the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine lasted from the summer of 1699 to the spring of 1704, while the last extensions were not completed until 1720. The architectural design took up the fact that the barracks of the Gray Musketeers (1150 Toises ) had proven to be too small for cavalry exercises and therefore the area of ​​the second barracks was much more generous at 5236 Toises.

After the Musketeers received barracks, the citizens of Saint-Germain had to pay a billing exemption from 1671 and of Saint-Antoine from 1699. The proceeds were used to build the barracks and maintain them. The building of barracks relieved the Parisian population, was militarily more effective as a form of accommodation, at the same time allowed greater control of the soldiers by their officers and the military administration and also contributed to the beautification of a quarter and at the same time placed an architectural symbol of royal power in the cityscape.

  • Hotel of the Gray Musketeers on Rue du Bac, opposite the Tuileries Palace 1739 ( Plan de Turgot )

  • Hotel of the Black Musketeers near the Bastille 1739 ( Plan de Turgot )

  • Fireback with the inscription HOSTEL DES MOUSQUETAIRES from the barracks in Rue du Bac, end of the 17th century, 65 × 64 cm ( Musée de l'Armée )

  • Hotel of the Gray Musketeers: original facade (left) and project for improvement (right) by Robert de Cotte , 1720, 33 × 80 cm ( BnF )

Owners and Commanders

Owner of the Musketeers' Corps (1622 to 1634)

  • Jean de Bérard de Montalet, 1622 to 1627
  • Hercule-Louis de Bérard de Montalet Vestric, 1627 to 1632
  • Jean de Vieilchastel, Seigneur de Montalat, 1632 to 1634

Commanders of the Musketeers' Corps (1634-1646)

Commanders of the 1st Company (1657 to 1775)

  • Philippe Julien Mancini Mazarin, Duc de Nevers et de Donzy, 1657 to 1667,
  • Charles de Batz de Castelmore, Comte d'Artagnan 1667 to 1673,
  • Louis, Chevalier de Forbin, later Bailli de Forbin, 1673 to 1684
  • Louis de Melun, Marquis de Maupertuis, 1684 to 1716,
  • Joseph de Montesquiou, Comte d'Artagnan, 1716 to 1729
  • Louis de Bannes, Chevalier d'Avejan, Comte d'Avejan from 1736, 1729 to 1736
  • Pierre-Joseph Chapelle, Marquis de Jumilhac, 1736 to 1767
  • François Alphonse de Portalès, Comte de La Chèze, 1767 to 1775

Commanders of the 2nd Company (1657 to 1775)

  • Roger de Camalès, Sieur de Marsac, 1661 to 1665
  • Édouard-François Colbert de Vandières, Comte de Maulévrier, 1665 to 1672
  • François de Tourvoye, Comte de Montbron, 1672 to 1674
  • Henri de Hautfaye, Chevalier de Jauvelle, later Marquis de Jauvelle, 1674 to 1692
  • Jean de Garde d'Agoult, Chevalier, Marquis de Vins from 1675, 1692 to 1716
  • Jean de Montboissier-Beaufort, Comte de Canillac, 1716 to 1724
  • Vacancy from 1724 to 1729
  • Philippe-Claude de Montboissier-Beaufort, Marquis de Montboissier, 1729 to 1754
  • Joseph-Yves-Thibault-Hyacinthe, Marquis de La Rivière, 1754 to 1766
  • Philippe-Claude de Montboissier-Beaufort-Canillac, 1766 to 1775

Commanders of the 1st and 2nd Company (June 1814 to March 1815)

Appearance

Uniforms

Since the 17th century, a broad, cloak-like throw ( tunic ) in blue provided by the king has been a characteristic element of the parade uniform of the musketeers of the Guard, whose appearance otherwise followed the style of the time. The exact time of the introduction of the tunics is not known: according to the French historian Rémi Masson, they were only given the tunic for their red habit under the commandant Tréville (1634–1646). The Canadian historian René Chartrand performs image sources from the 1630s and a first description in a paper source 1642. sparked the tunic since 1688 a slim-cut Supra Vest ( soubreveste ) from. Both items of clothing were put on by the teams and NCOs, but not by the staff officers ( officiers superieurs or “officiers à hausse-col”). The ranks of the musketeers from the cornet to the captain lieutenant were also referred to as 'officers with ring collars' according to the Encyclopédie , since they, like infantry officers, wore them on foot when on duty. The tunics were kept as a coat to protect against bad weather in 1688, which, among other things, depicts a copper engraving from the series Nouveau Recueil de Troupes qui forment la garde et Maison du Roy 1756. Since the musketeers were used as heavy cavalry, they wore the cuirass in the 18th century. The wearing of the cuirass is hardly documented by image sources due to the concealed wearing method - presumably under the supra vest - but is well documented by written sources. A list of material losses in the Battle of Dettingen in 1743 names 64 tunics, 48 ​​super vests and 77 cuirasses.

The lavishly embroidered blue tunic showed a white cross of lilies on the chest, back and both sleeves, each with three red (1st company) and five yellow (2nd company) tongues of flames in the corners of the cross. The supra vest was designed in a similar way, dispensing with the sleeves. She was tight-fitting, however, and lost front and rear laps in 1772.

The actual uniform, which was newly introduced in 1677 and was worn under a tunic and supra vest, was red throughout with rich trimmings (1st company gold, 2nd company silver). The black hat was adorned with white plumage and cockade .

During the restoration , the uniform with the same color scheme loosely followed the model of the Napoleonic cuirassiers , with the supra vest replacing the cuirass. The pants were now white. Skirt and saddlecloth were richly embroidered, bandeliers and belt made of tress in the company color. The 1st Company wore a kind of cuirassier helmet made of white metal with gold-plated ornaments, a white neck and black horsehair tail; in the 2nd company the crest of the helmet was crowned by a narrow caterpillar .

The Musée de l'Armée in Paris has the world's largest collection of original uniform parts of the Musketeers of the Guard. Complete uniforms are only preserved from the time of the Restoration, while on textiles from before 1789 only cut-out crosses from super vests still exist.

  • Uniforms 1660 to 1814 (representation of the 19th century)

  • Musketeers of the Guard on horseback 1663 (19th century depiction)

  • Black Musketeer, ca.1776 ( Musée de l'Armée )

  • Officer of the 1st Company 1815 ( Musée de l'Armée )

  • Cartridge pouch: Gray Musketeers, around 1750 ( Musée de l'Armée )

  • Cross from the back of a supra vest of the 2nd company ( Musée de l'Armée )

Standards and musicians

Due to the hybrid position between infantry and cavalry , until 1663 the musketeers carried flags , drums and whistles when serving on foot, while standards and trumpets were used when serving on horseback; then mounted drummers and Hautboists replaced the trumpeters. In 1665 the musketeers received three oboists per company (later four) and an additional mounted drummer. Recently, Louis XV. in February 1772, with a royal orderly, the number of high boists per company from four to six. The musketeers' musicians were often used at court festivities in conjunction with the 24 violons du roi or independently. They made music at comedies, balls and ballet performances. Marches were written for the guards by the most important composers of Louis XIV, Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632–1687) and André Philidor (1652–1730). The latter was an oboist musketeer from 1667 to 1677 and took part in several campaigns. His younger brother Jacques Philidor (1657–1708) was also an oboist with the Musketeers and also played timpani and bassoon. An assemblée from the piper Nicolas Desrosiers has been preserved. In the 18th century, the painter Charles Parrocel (1688–1752), who worked for the French court, made depictions of musicians from the Musketeers, which became more widespread as copper engravings . The orchestra La Simphonie du Marais under the direction of Hugo Reyne has so far presented the first historically informed recording with the original instrumentation. A Ballet des Mousquetaires du Roy from 1635, which was written especially for the Guard Unit, but is unique in this form, refers to the dance and musical training of the Musketeers .

  • Musketeers musicians before 1663, trumpeter on the left, drummer on the right (illustration from 1684)

  • Musician of the Musketeers 1724: left hoboist of the 2nd company, right drummer of the 1st company (depiction of the 19th century)

  • Front of the standard of the "Compagnie du Roi" (1st Company or Gray Musketeers)

  • Front of the standard of the 2nd Company (Black Musketeers)

  • Standard bearer of the 1st company (on foot) and rider of the 2nd company, each 1745

After-effects in literature and film

The musketeers of the French kings were of manageable importance in military history, but thanks to Alexandre Dumas' novels and their film adaptations, they have gained enormous popularity to this day. Dumas was inspired by the writer and musketeer Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras , who wrote the life story of the musketeer Charles d'Artagnan de Batz-Castelmore . The focus of their action is the undisciplined and turbulent life of the musketeers d'Artagnan, Aramis , Athos and Portos , some of whom vehemently opposed the authorities. The contradictions resulting from the transition from late feudalism to absolutism as the cause of these conflicts were ignored in favor of a romanticizing view of history.

A romanticizing image of the musketeers existed in France even before Alexandre Dumas, which can be demonstrated in particular by the battle gallery of Versailles laid out under the bourgeois king Louis-Philippe I : Horace Vernet created a painting for the battle of Fontenoy in 1745 in 1828, which has a in the middle distance Shows musketeer with head wound, raising a captured flag in the air. A painting by Jean Alaux from 1837 celebrates the bravery of the musketeers in the storming of Valenciennes in 1677.

The social reputation of the musketeers in France in the 18th century is indicated by the fact that the well-known contemporary author Claude-Joseph Dorat added "former musketeer" ("ci-devant Mousquetaire") to his name in his publications.

  • Horace Vernet : The Battle of Fontenoy, oil painting from 1828 (Versailles, Musée national des châteaux de Versailles et Trianon)

  • Jean Alaux (1786–1864): The Musketeers at the storming of Valenciennes in 1677, oil painting from 1837 (Versailles, Musée national des châteaux de Versailles et Trianon)

  • D'Artagnan and the three musketeers (illustration from 1894)

  • Romanticizing depiction of the musketeers under Louis XV, second half of the 19th century ( NYPL )

See also

swell

  • Alexandre de Marsollier de Villedombe: L'Exercice des mousquetaires du Roy figuré en trois cent vingt planches , Paris: C. de Sercy [1661].
  • Gabriel Daniel: Histoire de la milice françoise et des changements qui s'y sont faits depuis l'établissement de la monarchie dans les Gaules jusqu'à la fin du règne de Louis le Grand , vol. 2, Paris: Jean-Baptiste Coignard 1721 , Pp. 211-226 digitized Gallica .
  • Simon Lamoral Le Pippre de Noeufville: Abrégé chronologique et historique de l'origine, du progrès et de l'état actuel de la maison du roi et de toutes les troupes de France, tant d'infanterie que de cavalerie et dragons [... ] , Vol. 2, Liège: E. Kints 1734, pp. 128-288 Biblioteca Digital Hispánica .
  • Essais historiques sur les deux compagnies des mousquetaires du roi de France, supprimées le 1 er janvier 1776 , 2 volumes, The Hague 1778.

literature

  • Louis Batiffol: Autour de Richelieu - Sa fortune - Ses gardes et mousquetaires - La Sorbonne - Le chateau de Richelieu (Nouvelle collection historique), Paris 1937, pp. 51-94 (chapter: Les gardes et mousquetaires du Cardinal ).
  • Odile Bordaz: D'Artagnan et les mousquetaires du roi (1622–1775) (Histoire & documents), Baixas 2018.
  • René Chartrand: French Musketeer 1622–1775 (Warrior, 168), Oxford 2013.
  • Liliane Funcken , Fred Funcken : Historical uniforms. Volume 1: 18th century. French Guard and Infantry, British and Prussian Infantry. Mosaik-Verlag, Munich 1977, pp. 24-26 (Chapter: The Musketeers of the Guard ), ISBN 3-570-04361-4 .
  • Liliane Funcken, Fred Funcken: Historical uniforms. Volume 5: 19th century. 1814-1850. France, Great Britain, Prussia. Infantry, cavalry, technical troops and artillery. Mosaik-Verlag, Munich 1982, ISBN 3-570-14961-7 .
  • Philip Haythornthwaite: Uniforms and Battles. 1815-1850. Heyne, Munich 1976, ISBN 3-453-81028-7 .
  • Jean de Jaurgain: Troisvilles d'Artagnan et les trois mousquetaires. Études biographiques et héraldiques , new revised edition Paris 1910 [first published in 1883/84 in the Revue de Béarn, Navarre et Landes ]. archive.org Review by Albert Meynier in the Annales du Midi (1911), pp. 359–361
  • Richard Knötel , Herbert Sieg: Colored Manual of Uniform Studies. The development of the military costume until 1937. Volume 2: The European and non-European countries with the exception of the armed forces of the German states, Austria-Hungary and Switzerland dealt with in volume 1. New edition. Spemann, Stuttgart 1994.
  • Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013. Book presentation by Hervé Drévillon for Vendémiaire Editions (Youtube) Review by Bertrand Lamon in Les Clionautes
  • Olivier Renaudeau (ed.): Mousquetaires! [Catalog for the exhibition of the same name by the musée de l'Armée from April 2 to July 14, 2014 in the Hôtel des Invalides], [Paris] 2014.
  • Julien Wilmart: L'édification des hôtels des deux compagnies de Mousquetaires du roi à Paris, 1657–1720: réflexions et évolutions autour des premiers plans de casernes de cavalerie , in: Bertrand Fonk / Nathalie Genet-Rouffiac (eds.): Combattre et governor. Dynamiques de l'histoire militaire de l'époque moderne (XVII e –XVIII e siècles) (Histoire), Rennes 2015, pp. 333–349.
  • Julien Wilmart: Des chevaux et des mousquetaires dans le Paris des XVII e et XVIII e siècles , in: Histoire urbaine 44 (2015), pp. 21–40. Cairn.info

Web links

Commons : Musketeers of the Guard  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Exhibition: Mousquetaires! at the Musée de l'armée, Paris, April 2 to July 14, 2014

Exhibition: La Maison du Roi in the National Archives, Milan, December 4, 2015 to February 6, 2016

Image sources

Marches

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Liliane and Fred Funcken: Historical uniforms. Vol. 1, Munich 1976, p. 24 ff. The list of musketeers in 1622 is only documented by the memoirs of Jacques de Chastenet, Chevalier de Puységur, to which Gabriel Daniel referred as early as 1721: Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013, p. 9; Gabriel Daniel: Histoire de la milice françoise [...] , Vol. 2, Paris: Jean-Baptiste Coignard 1721, pp. 215f.
  2. ↑ Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013, p. 13; Gabriel Daniel: Histoire de la milice françoise [...] , Vol. 2, Paris: Jean-Baptiste Coignard 1721, p. 216.
  3. ↑ Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013, p. 18; René Chartrand: French Musketeer 1622–1775 (Warrior, 168), Oxford 2013, p. 11.
  4. ↑ a b c Liliane and Fred Funcken: Historical uniforms . Vol. 1, Munich 1976, p. 24.
  5. ↑ Klaus Malettke: Richelieu. A life in the service of the king and France , Paderborn 2018, pp. 351–361.
  6. ↑ Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013, pp. 24–26.
  7. ↑ Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013, p. 29.
  8. ↑ Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013, p. 31.
  9. ↑ Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013, p. 34; On the attitude of Richelieu towards duels in general: Klaus Malettke: Richelieu. A life in the service of the king and France , Paderborn 2018, pp. 389–394, especially p. 390.
  10. ↑ Gabriel Daniel: Histoire de la milice françoise [...] , vol. 2, Paris: Jean-Baptiste Coignard 1721, p. 217: “C'étoit un plaisir pour le Roy d'apprendre que les Mousquetaires avoient mal-mené les Gardes, & le Cardinal pareillement s'applaudissoit quand les Mousquetaires avoient eu du lingerie. "
  11. ↑ Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013, pp. 22, 37–39; Gabriel Daniel: Histoire de la milice françoise [...] , Vol. 2, Paris: Jean-Baptiste Coignard 1721, p. 217.
  12. ↑ Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013, pp. 41–42.
  13. ↑ Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013, pp. 43–45. Chartrand deviates from the fact that Mazarin's musketeers were erected in 1650, but does not mention any reference: René Chartrand: French Musketeer 1622-1775 , Oxford 2013 (Osprey Publishing), p. 8. On the political background: Klaus Malettke: Die Bourbonen, vol. 1: From Heinrich IV. To Ludwig XIV. 1589–1715 , Stuttgart 2008, pp. 143–150.
  14. ↑ Le Pippre de Noeufville: Abrégé chronologique et historique de l'origine, du progrès et de l'état actuel de la maison du roi [...] , Vol. 2, Liège: E. Kints 1734, p. 131.
  15. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Liliane and Fred Funcken: Historische Uniformen , Vol. 1, Munich 1976, p. 26.
  16. ↑ Le Pippre de Noeufville: Abrégé chronologique et historique de l'origine, du progrès et de l'état actuel de la maison du roi [...] , Vol. 2, Liège: E. Kints 1734, pp. 131f. (January 1665).
  17. ^ A b Liliane and Fred Funcken: Historical uniforms . Vol. 5, Munich 1980, p. 18.
  18. ↑ René Chartrand: French Musketeer 1622-1775 , Oxford 2013 (Osprey Publishing), p. 12
  19. ↑ Markus Meumann: "j'ay dit plusieurs fois aux officiers principaux d'en faire des examples". Institutions, intentions and practice of French military jurisdiction in the 16th and 17th centuries , in: Jutta Nowosadtko / Diethelm Klippel / Kai Lohsträter (eds.): Military and Law from the 16th to the 19th Century. Scholarly Discourse - Practice - Transformations (Domination and Social Systems 19), Göttingen [u. a.] 2016, pp. 87–144, here p. 111.
  20. ↑ Lettres patentes portant confirmation du droit de committimus en faveur des deux compagnies des mousquetaires à cheval de la garde du Roy, Paris, October 16, 1720 Gallica ; Gabriel Daniel: Histoire de la milice françoise [...] , Vol. 2, Paris: Jean-Baptiste Coignard 1721, p. 220; Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013, pp. 39–40.
  21. ^ Gabriel Daniel: Histoire de la milice françoise [...] , Vol. 2, Paris: Jean-Baptiste Coignard 1721, p. 212; Le Pippre de Noeufville: Abrégé chronologique et historique de l'origine, du progrès et de l'état actuel de la maison du roi [...] , Vol. 2, Liège: E. Kints 1734, p. 135; Éléazar de Mauvillon: Lettres françoises et germaniques. Ou Réflexions militaires, littéraires, et critiques sur les François et les Allemans. Ouvrage également utile aux officiers & aux beaux-esprits de l'une & de l'autre nation , London 1740, pp. 119–120 (According to Mauvillon, the Duke of Burgundy clearly preferred the black musketeers) Google Books ; Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013, p. 74 (based on an archive source in the Service historique de la Défense).
  22. ↑ Jean-Luc Quoy-Bodin: L'armée et la Franc-Maçonnerie au declin de la monarchie sous la Révolution et l'Empire (Histoire), Paris 1987, p. 62; Odile Bordaz: D'Artagnan et les mousquetaires du roi (1622–1775) (Histoire & documents), Baixas 2018, pp. 340–341.
  23. ↑ ORDONNANCE DU ROI, pour la suppression des deux Compagnies des Mousquetaires de la Garde du Roi. Du 15 December 1775 , Signed: Louis XV. and Saint-Germain , Versailles, December 15, 1775 Gallica . Jaurgain states in his study published in 1910 - albeit without any source evidence - that the musketeers were dissolved on January 1, 1776: "Les deux compagnies furent cassées le 1er janvier 1776." Jean de Jaurgain: Troisvilles d'Artagnan et les trois mousquetaires . Études biographiques et héraldiques , new revised edition Paris 1910, p. 10.
  24. ↑ Article "Montboissier-Beaufort-Canillac, comte de Montboissier (Philippe-Claude)", in: Gilbert Bodinier: Dictionnaire des officiers généraux de l'Armée royale, 1763–1792 , vol. 3, Paris 2014, pp. 452–454 , here 454.
  25. ↑ Philip Haythornthwaite: Uniforms and Battles 1815-1850 . Munich 1976, p. 18 f.
  26. ↑ Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013, p. 134.
  27. ↑ Chacun son Tour, ou la Fin du Roman, 41x27.3cm, approx. 1815, colored copper engraving, URL: Anne SK Brown Military Collection
  28. ↑ Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013, pp. 13-16.
  29. ↑ History and deeds of the most noble and powerful princess and wife Maria Theresa, now reigning queen in Hungarn and Böheim etc., pragmatically described with an impartial pen and explained every now and then with useful comments, Zweyter Part: [...], without place 1744, p. 295. URL: Google Books
  30. ↑ Palissot (ed.): Œuvres de Voltaire , vol. 1: Précis du siècle de Louis XV , new edition Paris 1792. URL: Google Books . See René Chartrand: French Musketeer 1622–1775 , Oxford 2013 (Osprey Publishing), p. 51.
  31. ↑ David Morier (around 1705–1770): A Skirmish between English and French Cavalry, oil on canvas, around 1760, 61.4 x 101.1 cm, Royal Collection Trust (Great Britain), inventory no. RCIN 406882. URL: "Royal Collection Trust"
  32. ↑ Alexandre-Jacques du Condray: Nouveaux essais historiques sur Paris, […] , Vol. 1, Paris 1781, p. 75.
  33. ↑ Hans Pleschinski (ed.): It has never been more wonderful to live. The secret diary of the Duke of Croÿ, 1718–1784, Munich 2011, p. 17.
  34. ↑ Hans Pleschinski (ed.): It has never been more wonderful to live. The secret diary of the Duke of Croÿ, 1718–1784, Munich 2011, pp. 19–20.
  35. ↑ Hans Pleschinski (ed.): It has never been more wonderful to live. The secret diary of the Duke of Croÿ, 1718–1784, Munich 2011, pp. 149–150.
  36. ↑ The great importance of the musketeers for the training of senior officers in the French army can be guessed from the personal entries in Bodinier's lexicon on the generals of the royal army. A systematic investigation of this topic has not yet been carried out. Gilbert Bodinier: Dictionnaire des officiers généraux de l'Armée royale, 1763–1792 , 4 volumes, Paris 2009–2017.
  37. ^ Michel Hanotaux: La journée du Mousquetaire , in: Renaudeau (ed.): Mousquetaires !, pp. 228–229, here p. 228.
  38. ^ Bibliothèque nationale de France. Department of manuscrits. Français 5436: Rôle de la seconde compagnie des mousquetaires de la garde à cheval du Roy à la Revue de sa Majesté le 1er Juillet, 1738 Gallica .
  39. ↑ Dominique Prévôt: Les Mousquetaires du roi (1715–1814) , in: Renaudeau (ed.): Mousquetaires !, pp. 223–225, here 224. Michel Hanotaux: La journée du Mousquetaire, in: Renaudeau (ed.): Mousquetaires !, pp. 228-229.
  40. ↑ Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013, p. 134.
  41. ↑ Les mousquetaires, 1718, $ 0312 https://satires18.univ-st-etienne.fr/texte/arrestation-feydeau-blamont-saint-martin-parlementaires-1er-marquis-dargenson-parlement/les-mo
  42. ↑ Sur M. le chevalier de la Chaise, 1744, No. $ 3663 https://satires18.univ-st-etienne.fr/texte/chevalier-de-la-chaise-promu-par-favoritisme-gr%C3%A2ce -au-cardinal-de-fleury / sur-m-le-chevalier-de
  43. ↑ Vers adressés aux mousquetaires par M. Saurin, après la première représentation de Spartacus, 1760, No. $ 4323 https://satires18.univ-st-etienne.fr/texte/saurin-demande-aux-mousquetaires-de-ne- pas-siffler-spartacus / sans-titre
  44. ↑ Sans titre, 1774, no. $ 6204 https://satires18.univ-st-etienne.fr/texte/mlle-duth%C3%A9-courtisane-madrigal-dun-mousquetaire-amoureux/sans-titre
  45. ↑ Odile Bordaz: D'Artagnan et les mousquetaires du roi (1622–1775) (Histoire & documents), Baixas 2018, p. 339; Mémoire pour le sieur de Valdahon, Mousquetaire de la premiere Compagnie. Contre Monsieur de Monnier, Premier Président de la Chambre des Comptes de Franche-Comté, Paris: Merlin 1765, p. 2. https://books.google.de/books?id=2yxaAAAAcAAJ&hl=de&source=gbs_navlinks_s
  46. ↑ Odile Bordaz: D'Artagnan et les mousquetaires du roi (1622–1775) (Histoire & documents), Baixas 2018, p. 377.
  47. ↑ Wilmart: L'edification of hôtels des deux compagnies de Mousquetaires , S. 334, 336-337.
  48. ↑ Wilmart: L'edification of hôtels des deux compagnies de Mousquetaires , S. 333rd
  49. ↑ Wilmart: L'edification of hôtels des deux compagnies de Mousquetaires , pp 338-341; Lettres patentes sur arrest, qui ordonnent l'augmentation & le restablissement de l'ancien hostel de la premiere compagnie des mousquetaires de la garde de sa Majesté, Paris, March 15, 1720 Gallica .
  50. ↑ Wilmart: L'edification of hôtels des deux compagnies de Mousquetaires , S. 342, 346th
  51. ↑ Wilmart: L'edification of hôtels des deux compagnies de Mousquetaires , pp 337-338.
  52. ↑ Wilmart: L'edification of hôtels des deux compagnies de Mousquetaires , S. 343, 348th
  53. ↑ According to Bordaz, however, Jumilhac had only been a captain lieutenant since 1738 . Odile Bordaz: D'Artagnan et les mousquetaires du roi (1622–1775) (Histoire & documents), Baixas 2018, p. 132.
  54. ↑ The French language version of Wikipedia states that de La Chèze was a captain lieutenant until 1776 , while Bordaz states in 1775. Odile Bordaz: D'Artagnan et les mousquetaires du roi (1622–1775) (Histoire & documents), Baixas 2018, p. 136.
  55. ↑ According to Bordaz, de Marsac had been a captain lieutenant since 1660 . Odile Bordaz: D'Artagnan et les mousquetaires du roi (1622–1775) (Histoire & documents), Baixas 2018, p. 151.
  56. ↑ According to Bordaz, Canillac was a captain lieutenant until 1729 . Odile Bordaz: D'Artagnan et les mousquetaires du roi (1622–1775) (Histoire & documents), Baixas 2018, p. 176.
  57. ↑ According to Bordaz, however, the name is Charles Yved Thibault, Comte de la Rivière. Odile Bordaz: D'Artagnan et les mousquetaires du roi (1622–1775) (Histoire & documents), Baixas 2018, p. 191.
  58. ↑ In other language versions of Wikipedia there is an indication that he was a captain lieutenant until 1776 , according to Bordaz only until 1775. Odile Bordaz: D'Artagnan et les mousquetaires du roi (1622–1775) (Histoire & documents), Baixas 2018 , P. 181.
  59. ↑ Rémi Masson: Les mousquetaires ou la violence d'État (Le temps de la guerre), Paris 2013, p. 21; René Chartrand: French Musketeer 1622–1775 (Warrior, 168), Oxford 2013, p. 16, p. 18, p. 19, p. 38. If one follows Masson, the reconstruction drawings are based on the inspection of a recruit 1625–1630 and at Pas-de-Suze 1629 in the book by Chartrand (ibid., P. 17, p. 45) on a false assumption, since the tunics were not yet worn at this early point in time.
  60. ↑ a b c Richard Knötel, Herbert Sieg: Colored manual of uniform customer. Volume 2. Stuttgart 1994, p. 23 f.
  61. ↑ René Chartrand: French Musketeer 1622-1775 , Oxford 2013 (Osprey Publishing), p. 40
  62. ↑ Denis Diderot / Jean Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert (ed.): Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences des arts et des métiers , Volume 22, Part 1, Bern / Lausanne: chez les Sociétés Typographiques 1780, p. 429 Google Books ( "Officiers à hausse-col"); Gabriel Daniel: Histoire de la milice françoise [...] , Vol. 2, Paris: Jean-Baptiste Coignard 1721, p. 223 ("les Officiers Superieurs").
  63. ↑ René Chartrand: French Musketeer 1622-1775 , Oxford 2013 (Osprey Publishing), p. 40 , also refers to wearing a coat .
  64. ↑ Odile Bordaz: D'Artagnan et les mousquetaires du roi (1622–1775) (Histoire & documents), Baixas 2018, p. 180. Concealed wearing: René Chartrand: French Musketeer 1622-1775 , Oxford 2013 (Osprey Publishing), P. 40. On the other hand, based on a table in the Recueil de toutes les troupes qui forment les armées françaises dessinées et illuminées d'après nature de anno 1762, Prévôt assumes that the cuirass and supra vest were not worn together. However, the possible information content of the image source may be overused. Dominique Prévôt: Les Mousquetaires du roi (1715–1814) , in: Renaudeau (ed.): Mousquetaires !, pp. 223–225, here 224.
  65. ↑ René Chartrand: French Musketeer 1622–1775 , Oxford 2013 (Osprey Publishing), p. 40.
  66. ^ A b Liliane and Fred Funcken: Historical uniforms. Volume 5. Munich 1980, color tables p. 19 and 21st
  67. ↑ René Chartrand: French Musketeer 1622–1775 , Oxford 2013 (Osprey Publishing), p. 15.
  68. ^ Ordonnance du roi, portant augmentation de hautbois dans les compagnies de mousquetaires de la garde du Roi, Versailles, February 16, 1772 Gallica .
  69. ↑ Charles Parrocel: Tambour de Mousquetaires (back view), 23.6x16.5 cm, around 1724, pencil drawing and watercolor, URL: Anne SK Brown Military Collection ; Charles Parrocel, Jacques-Gabriel Huquier: Tambour de Mousquetaires (in profile), 34.4x26.2 cm, 1760, copper engraving, URL: Anne SK Brown Military Collection ; Charles Parrocel, Jacques-Gabriel Huquier: Tambour de Mousquetaires (back view), 34.4 x 26.2 cm, 1760, copper engraving, URL: Anne SK Brown Military Collection .
  70. ↑ Alexandre-Jacques du Condray: Nouveaux essais historiques sur Paris, […] , Vol. 1, Paris 1781, p. 74. See in particular: http://www.simphonie-du-marais.org/musiques-pour-les -mousquetaires-2 / . Vers du Ballet des Mousquetaires du Roy. Représentant le Carnaval mort, & ressucité par Bacchus, Paris: Mathieu Colombel 1635 Gallica .