Shushensky Bor National Park
The Shushensky Bor National Park ( Russian: Национальный парк "Шушенский бор" / Nazionalny park Shushensky bor ; literally Shushensk Forest ) is a national park in southern Siberia , Russia .
geography
The Shushensky Bor National Park is located on the right (eastern) bank of the Yenisei on the northern edge of the Western Sayan . It should not be confused with the Sajano-Shuschensker Sapovednik nature reserve further south and to the left of the Yenisei .
The total area of the Shushensky Bor National Park is 39,170 hectares. It lies entirely on the territory of the Shushenskoye Raion of the Krasnoyarsk Territory . The park consists of two separate sections.
The northern section, almost 4400 hectares in size, extends south and south-east of the Shushenskoye settlement in the southern part of the Minussinsk Basin , a good 20 kilometers from the northernmost slopes of the Sayan ( location ). Here lies the actual Schuschensk Forest in a hilly plain , the name of which refers to the small right tributary of the Yenisei Schusch flowing here , which also gave the settlement its name. The highest elevations are called Peschtschanaja gorka ( sand hill , 315 m ) in the eastern part and Schurawlinaja gorka ( crane hill , 305 m ) in the western part of the area, about 40 meters above the level of the Yenisei in this section.
The southern section, almost 34,400 hectares in size, lies in the large bend in the river that the Yenisei forms above the dam of the Sajano-Schuschensk reservoir ( location ). In the south and west, the park borders almost everywhere on the Yenisei, which is dammed up to the level of 540 meters, which in this area forms the border with Khakassia . This is where the dam is located and, on the other side of the river, the settlement of Cheryomushki , which belongs to the city of Sayanogorsk , 30 kilometers to the north . The small Maina reservoir , which borders the park in the northwest, joins the river downstream . Through this southern, practically uninhabited part of the park, the Borus ridge of Westsajan runs in a south-west-north-east direction with alpine relief in the higher elevations and Poilowa Mountain, which reaches 2318 meters, as the highest elevation in the park.
climate
The Air National Park Schuschenski boron is caused strictly by its location in the center of the Eurasian continent continental , with large temperature fluctuations during the year and relatively low rainfall . The winters are cold with mean January temperatures around −20 ° C and absolute minimum temperatures below −50 ° C. The mean July temperatures are +20 ° C, the absolute maximum temperature +39 ° C. The mean annual rainfall is between 300 mm and 475 mm in the mountains. In winter there is rarely more than 20 cm of snow. Throughout the year, winds from south-westerly and westerly directions predominate, which can cause dust storms lasting several days, especially in the spring months, especially in the flatland section.
Goal setting and history
The Shushensky Bor National Park was established by the government of the Russian Federation on November 3, 1995.
The objective is the protection of the relatively untouched typical ecosystems of the southern taiga and mountain taiga zone of the West Sayan up to the steppes and forest steppes in the lowland section and alpine meadows in the high mountain part, as well as historical and archaeological monuments with a simultaneous controlled development of the tourist use of the area.
On the basis of a project developed in 1993 by the Krasnoyarsk branch of the Moscow Forest Research Institute Rosgiproles , 31.2% of the total area of the park was designated as strictly protected areas equivalent to a sapovednik, the greater part for the development of tourism and recreation in various forms. The northern section of the park in particular is relatively well developed in terms of infrastructure, since Shushenskoye, a former place of exile of Lenin , was developed as a tourist destination as early as the Soviet period.
The entire territory of the national park is owned by the park administration based in Shushenskoye, which is subordinate to the forest authority of the Krasnoyarsk Territory .
flora
Flat land section
The northern section of the national park is taken up by a forest-steppe and steppe-like landscape. The pine forests (Pinus sylvestris), which are elongated in places on sand dunes, are replaced by mixed forests of Scots pine and sand birch (Betula pendula) and wetlands in the lowlands between them . The Scots pine makes up a good three quarters of the forests in this part of the park, the sand birch a good fifth.
The undergrowth of these communities is made up of common bird cherry (Prunus padus) , coniferous rose (Rosa acicularis) , Lonicera altaica from the honeysuckle genus , Swida alba from the dogwood family , Siberian mountain ash (Sorbus sibirica) , Cotoneaster melanocarpus from the genus Medlars and Crataegus sanguinea formed from the genus of hawthorns .
The daisy , rose , buttercup , legume and sweet grass families are well represented . Also sedges ( Carex spp.) Are common. In and around the waters, the mean water hose (Utricularia intermedia) , slender sedge (Carex acuta) and broad-leaved cattail (Typha latifolia) dominate .
Among the vascular plants predominate Horsetail (Equisetum hyemale) , Meadow horsetail (E. pratense) , Forest Frauenfarn (Athyrium filix-femina) and bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) , among the mosses Pleurozium Schreberi (Pleurozium schreberi) and Gewelltblättriges Fork Teeth Moss (Dicranum polysetum) , under the lichen "reindeer lichen" of the genera Cladina and Cladonia .
Mountain range
The southern, mountainous section of the park is largely occupied by mountain taiga with pronounced vertical zonality , which is typical for the northern part of both western and eastern Sayan. At the belt of the coniferous and mixed forests of the foothills with Scots pine and aspen (Populus tremula) , sometimes Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica) , the zone of the Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) with aspen, sometimes sand birch or also Siberian stone pine joins higher . Even higher, alternating sections with Siberian stone pine, Siberian fir and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) dominate . The ridge lines are of sub-alpine meadow with prevailing Saussurea latifolia of the genus saussurea , Stemmacantha carthamoides of the genus RHAPONTICUM , Paeonia anomala from the kind of peony , erythronium sibiricum of the genus erythronium , Geranium albiflorum of the genus Geranium and Crepis sibirica taken from the genus Pippau .
Four fifths of the area of this park section is taken up by Siberian stone pine forests, mostly with lingonberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) , more rarely with the bergenia Bergenia crassifolia and blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) , in places with common worm fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) or red stem ) . Siberian fir forests - sometimes also with worm farms or red stem moss - and sand birch forests make up around a tenth of the area.
Common bird cherry and Siberian mountain ash, black currant (Ribes nigrum) and Ribes hispidulum as well as the sparaceae Spiraea chamaedryfolia and Spiraea media are characteristic of the undergrowth .
Siberian spruce and Siberian larch ( Larix sibirica ) are relatively rare on the territory of the park ; Willows ( Salix spp.) grow along the watercourses .
The local plant communities, which are unique in Siberia and are considered relics of Pliocene deciduous forests and represent one of the main reasons for the protection of the area, are considered objects of particular interest for research . Today in this forest sections Siberian fir trees predominate in communion with aspens and plants of the subalpine Hochstaudenfluren : Aconitum septentrionale from the kind Eisenhut , High, larkspur (Delphinium elatum) , Verschiedenblättrigen thistle (Cirsium heterophyllum) , Lathyrus gmelinii from the kind of grass pea , forest-woman farm and Real worm fern. The latter belongs to the plant species that are relict for these forests, such as woodruff (Galium odoratum) , giant fescue (Festuca gigantea) or wood twinkle (Brachypodium sylvaticum) . Are also highly developed here spring flowers of the genus Anemone ( Anemone altaica , A. baicalensis , A. reflexa subspecies A. ranunculoides subsp. Jenisseensis the Yellow Windröschens ) and Zahnlilie sibiricum Erythronium , while species typical of boreal forests (taiga) such as red stem moss, wavy-leaved fork-tooth moss, wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) , two-leaved shadow flower (Maianthemum bifolium) or common goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea) are only insignificantly represented.
Rare plant
Of the endangered plants listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, 27 species have been recorded on the territory of the national park, including the spring elephant (Adonis vernalis) , yellow (Cypripedium calceolus) , speckled (C. guttatum) and large-flowered lady's slipper (C. macranthon ) , the predatory leaf family Brunnera sibirica , the anemone anemone altaica , the primrose Primula pallasii , the peony Paeonia anomala , the rose root (Rhodiola rosea) , Stemmacantha orientalis from the genus of the Bergscharten , the common worm fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) and the helmet fern (Dryopteris filix-mas) orchid (Orchis militaris) .
fauna
The more than 250 species of vertebrates recorded on the territory of the national park include 45 mammals, of which brown bear (Ursus arctos) , red fox (Vulpes vulpes) , sable (Martes zibellina) , red deer (Cervus elaphus) , Siberian deer (Capreolus pygargus) and Siberian musk deer (Moschus moschiferus) , elk (Alces alces) , wild boar (Sus scrofa) , brown hare (Lepus europaeus) and squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) are particularly typical. Less common are wolf (Canis lupus) , lynx (Lynx lynx) , wolverine (Gulo gulo) , ermine (Mustela erminea) , steppe polecat (M. eversmanni) , Siberian Weasel (M. sibirica) , the naturalized American mink (M. vison) , Otters (Lutra lutra) and the threatened beaver subspecies Castor fiber pohlei .
The park's avifauna is relatively rich, with over 200 species, especially in the lowland area. Typical representatives in the wetlands there include the great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus) , horned grebe (P. auritus) , gray heron (Ardea cinerea) , mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) , teal (A. crecca) , shoveler (A. clypeata) , pochard ( Aythya ferina) , coot (Fulica atra) , common tern (Sterna hirundo) , crane (Grus grus) , redshank (Tringa totanus) , wood sandpiper (T. glareola) and common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) . Common birds of prey are buzzard (Buteo buteo) , black kite (Milvus migrans) , marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) , hen harrier (C. cyaneus) , tree falcon (Falco subbuteo) , kestrel (F. tinnunculus) and red-footed falcon (F. vespertinus) . Among the rare birds of the park include black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix) , the capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) and hazel grouse (Tetrastes bonasia) and the Red Book listed the Russian Federation Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) , Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus) , osprey (Pandion haliaetus) , Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) , eastern imperial eagle (A. heliaca) , eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) , Sakerfalke (Falco cherrug) , peregrine (F. peregrinus) , monk crane (Grus monacha) and Großtrappe (Otis tarda) .
Amphibians and reptiles are represented with only four and five detected species, respectively. Among the invertebrates , the butterfly Red Apollo (Parnassius apollo) should be mentioned.
Web links
- Shushensky Bor National Park on the website of Specially Protected Natural Areas of the Russian Federation of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation (Russian)
- National Park Shushensky Bor in the information and information system Specially Protected Natural Areas of Russia of the Center for Nature Conservation (Russian)