Klosterstrasse (Berlin-Mitte)
| Klosterstrasse | |
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| Klosterstrasse from the southeast - the back of the old town house on the left, the Tietz brothers' office building, the Parochialkirche and the Palais Podewils on the right | |
| Basic data | |
| place | Berlin |
| District | center |
| Created | in the 14th century |
| Hist. Names |
Towards the Marienkirche (late 14th century - 15th century) , Am Oderberger Thor (Middle Ages - around 1690) , Am Georgenthor (Middle Ages - around 1690) , Next to the gray monastery (13th century - around 1690) , Towards the gray monastery (13th century - around 1690) |
| Cross streets |
Grunerstrasse , Parochialstrasse, Stralauer Strasse, Rolandufer |
| use | |
| User groups | Pedestrian traffic , bicycle traffic , car traffic |
| Technical specifications | |
| Street length | 430 meters |
The Convent Road is one of the oldest Berlin streets in the district center . The current name goes back to the Graue Kloster , a former Franciscan monastery in the street, of which only the ruins of the monastery church have survived today. The monastery quarter is again named after the street , in which there were numerous architectural monuments, some of which are still preserved.
location
The Klosterstrasse is a quiet and approximately 430 meter long cross street of the Grunerstrasse . It runs in a slight curve to the south as far as the Spree , crosses Parochialstrasse and Stralauer Strasse and goes to the Rolandufer .
The Klosterstrasse originally began on the Neuer Markt by the Marienkirche . From there it ran in an arc south-east parallel to the medieval city wall to Stralauer Straße. The northern end was initially a dead end , which was limited by the city wall. After its demolition, it led to Neue Friedrichstrasse. The Klosterstraße only exists on the southern section of its previous course.
The monastery street got its name after the gray monastery founded in 1271 for the gray monks of the Franciscan order, which was on this street. The street previously had several names: between Stralauer and Sieberstraße against the gray monastery and next to the gray monastery . Between Sieberstrasse and Königstrasse as Am Jörgenthore and on to Bischofsstrasse as Am Oderbergeer Thore . Between Papen- and Bischofstraße the initially undeveloped side was called Auf dem Neuer Markte , then against or behind the Marienkirche . With the complete development of the street part, the western side was called Beside the Chancellery , after the electoral chancellery building, and the east side was called Against the Chancellery . Until the end of the 18th century, the other part from Papen- to Neue Friedrichstraße was still called Geckhol , a dead end that was closed off by the city wall: interpreted as “Stop Geck!”.
history
13th century to 16th century
Klosterstrasse is almost as old as the city of Berlin itself. It was created during the first city expansion at the beginning of the 13th century, when the original settlement area around the Nikolaikirche was enlarged. The name Klosterstrasse was not established until the beginning of the 18th century.
Already in the Middle Ages, the later Klosterstrasse was the most elegant street in old Berlin . In addition to the Berlin seat of the Brandenburg margraves in courtyard No. 35, there was also the eponymous Franciscan monastery and, for a short time, the residence of the Brandenburg electors , known as the High House . It is noteworthy, but hardly known, that there was first an amphitheater based on the ancient Roman model at the current location of the courthouse . Elector Friedrich III. had commissioned the builder Johann Arnold Nering with the construction of a hunt garden in 1693 . Nehring had an arena built on the west side with a two-storey half-ring with pavilions on it. There was also a covered gallery of columns for the interested court society. The eastern side offered simple uncovered seating for the people. The ground floor of the ring building was used to accommodate the wild animals that were used in the exhibition fights, such as bears , wolves , foxes , wild boars , porcupines and lions . The living food of these animals, i.e. roe deer , deer and sheep , was kept in the same house . The rulers had “lust fight hunts ” held here in front of a large audience, for which all animal fights were used: dogs tore deer, buffalo impaled bears, wolves had to defend themselves against a pack of dogs - the main thing was that it was really bloody. A contemporary commented: "This pleasure lasted from one in the afternoon to five in the evening". When Friedrich died, the animal fighting arena was quickly closed because it needed huge amounts of money, staff and fresh meat. The nobles were given the animals as gifts and often used them afterwards for their own similar amusement . The later rebuilt building served as a cadet institute until it was demolished in 1776 .
17th century to 1945
Later, in the 17th and 18th centuries, two to three-story town houses were built in the street. The Palais Podewils was one of them and stands out for its remarkable architecture, which was restored after the destruction of the Second World War . The Parochialkirche , a baroque church, which was mainly known for its carillon consisting of 37 bells, dates from the same time .
Around 1690, several street sections were initially grouped together under the name Klostergasse , the sections mostly encompassing only one block or one side of the street. The following street sections formed the Klostergasse :
- Opposite the Gray Monastery (between Stralauer Straße and Sieberstraße - today: around Grunerstraße - opposite the street from the monastery)
- Next to the Gray Monastery (between Stralauer Straße and Sieberstraße, side of the street from the monastery)
- Am Jörgenthore (Georgenthor) (between Sieberstraße and Rathausstraße )
- At the Oderberger Tor (between Rathausstrasse and Bischofstrasse)
- Next to the office (between Bischofstrasse and Papenstrasse, west side of the street; from the electoral office)
- Towards the office (between Bischofstrasse and Papenstrasse, opposite side of the street from the electoral office)
- Geckhof (name of a section that belonged to a tower that was locked and guarded at night; strangers were warned before entering by shouting "Geck hol" or "Geck halt")
About ten years later the Klostergasse was renamed Klosterstrasse to do justice to the importance of the street. Later, the Klosterstrasse was added a short distance north of the Neuer Markt. This section was previously called Geckhol . Geckhol (Geck halt) was a term for dead ends in many cities and was intended to warn passers-by not to enter the street uselessly. After 1935, in the course of extensive demolitions on the banks of the Spree and the construction of today's headquarters of the Berlin tax authorities in the south, the Klosterstrasse was extended to the Spree.
From 1945
The area around the road was severely devastated during the Allied air raids in World War II . The monastery church, one of the important buildings in the street, was almost completely destroyed.
After the end of the war, apart from the clearing of war-damaged buildings, the site was initially retained in its condition. In the second half of the 1960s, as part of the large-scale construction work to redesign Alexanderplatz and its surroundings, the development north of Rathausstrasse (former Königstrasse) was removed; The Berlin TV tower was built on the large open space that was created until 1969 . The Grunerstraße was moved to the south, widened and extended as a large traffic lane beyond the Klosterstraße to the Molkenmarkt, whereby part of the Klosterviertel was lost. The Klosterstraße was pulled back to Grunerstraße, the separated part of the street was closed by the Rathauspassagen . The length of the street was reduced by more than half.
The Berlin Senate Department for Urban Development is planning to relocate Grunerstraße to the north again and to rebuild the resulting areas according to the old street grid.
Historic Buildings
High house
The high house , which stood on the site of the later house number 76, got its name from the fact that the highest persons resided here, the margraves and later also the first electors of Brandenburg . The latter later moved into the much larger, newly built city palace .
The house was built around the same time as Klosterstrasse in the middle of the 13th century, but was not completed until around 1315. Its origins are probably before the first city expansion. The building is said to have had a rectangular floor plan with the dimensions 19.70 m × 17.50 m and a height of almost 10.50 m. Despite the height, the house only had two floors, which corresponded to a ceiling height of over five meters per floor. There was also a basement under the building with a driveway for smaller cars. A garden was attached to the house.
In 1451 the elector Friedrich II gave his privy councilor, knight Jürg von Waldenfels , and in 1471 the privy councilor, knight Nickel von Pfuel, the castle loan over his former residence , with the obligation to defend the elector in case of danger and the newly built city palace in his absence manage. At the beginning of the 17th century the high house had become dilapidated and was remodeled by a new building. This was initially the residence of the governor of Berlin, then it was an orphanage , knight academy and from 1713 a wool warehouse and wool manufacture . After the factory moved out, the building served as accommodation for various Prussian authorities. From 1819 the sculptor Christian Daniel Rauch used it as a studio . The Secret Prussian State Archives moved here in 1874 , after which it became a warehouse again from 1924.
The site went to the Wertheim Group in 1931 , which had the building demolished in the same year in order to build an extension for its house on Alexanderplatz , which was number 75. The remains (including a Gothic portal) of the high house were rediscovered, which were later installed in the Märkisches Museum . The Wertheim building served as the Daniel Rauch Museum in the GDR period until the area around Alexanderplatz was rebuilt .
Ruin of the monastery church
On the corner of Grunerstrasse are the ruins of the former Franciscan monastery church in Berlin. The Gray Monastery of the Franciscans (or Gray Brothers , according to the color of their religious habit ), built in 1249, had its first own monastery church made of field stones around 1250, the walls of which are still partially preserved in the north wall of the church ruins. About 50 years later, the church was expanded into a three-aisled brick basilica . In addition to the actual worship service, the Ascanians also found their final resting place under the central nave . Until 1519, shortly before the Reformation came to Berlin, the site was expanded several times, including the cloister , the chapter house and the nave. In 1539 the monastery was closed as a result of the Reformation, the last monastery brother died in 1571.
The monastery buildings were then used in different ways: In 1574 the grammar school of the Gray Monastery opened in the buildings , the monastery church was rebuilt and expanded several times until it had reached its last state in 1926. - After severe destruction at the end of the Second World War, it was cleared of rubble in 1951 . In the years 1959 to 1961, the remaining building remains were secured, but some had to be removed due to the widening of Grunerstrasse . The remaining area was later declared a memorial and is now a listed building .
The Association for the Promotion of the Evangelical Gymnasium to the Gray Monastery - Berlinisches Gymnasium in Berlin-Mitte e. V. advertises and collects donations to rebuild the grammar school, which currently resides in Berlin-Wilmersdorf , at the old location and to rebuild the monastery church.
Podewils Palace
The three-storey Palais Podewils , house number 68, was built in the years 1701–1704 according to plans by Jean de Bodt in the Baroque style . In 1732 the building came into the possession of Heinrich Graf von Podewils , after whom the house was later named. He had the equipment upgraded by adding wall paintings and stucco ceilings .
In 1874 the Berlin magistrate bought the palace and one year later set up the Märkisches Provinzialmuseum on the first floor, the floors above being used as offices. An extension was added during renovation work between 1881 and 1896. From 1920, some departments of the newly formed district administration of Berlin-Mitte used the house; from 1937 it served the district mayor of Mitte as the official residence.
This building was also destroyed to the ground in the last months of the Second World War . In the years 1952–1954 the Berlin magistrate had it rebuilt largely true to the original. The materials now used are not contemporary, however, so reinforced concrete was used for the building ceilings and the interiors were rearranged for use in GDR times. After its reconstruction, it served as a house for young talents until 1991 , as the central clubhouse of the FDJ and youth culture center. After the House of Young Talents was closed, the building was again extensively renovated and reopened as Podewils a year later . The Berliner Kulturveranstaltungs-GmbH used it as an event location and work and production house for artists. From 2005 to 2007 the house was owned by TESLA-berlin e. V. operated. With the temporary relocation of the Unter den Linden State Opera to the Schiller Theater for the duration of its renovation, the Grips Theater used the Palais Podewils as a second venue from February 25, 2009, as its previous location in the workshop of the Schiller Theater will be closed. Since 2006 it has been the seat of Kulturprojekte Berlin GmbH , a state-owned non-profit organization for the promotion, networking and communication of culture. The palace is a listed building .
Parochial Church
Another church, the Parochialkirche, is located at Klosterstraße 67 at the corner of Parochialstraße . The church was built in 1695 as the oldest new church in the Reformed community in Berlin, initially under the direction of Johann Arnold Nering and, after his death in 1695, under that of Martin Grünberg . The official consecration took place on July 8, 1703, two years later the church, with the exception of the tower, was completed. In 1713, King Friedrich I gave the church the famous carillon in Prussia . It was actually intended for the Berlin Mint Tower , but should be housed elsewhere after it collapsed. Friedrich I commissioned Jean de Bodt, together with Grünberg, to complete the tower, taking into account the carillon. The implementation was then carried out by Philipp Gerlach , who, apart from the pointed shape of the tower, largely took de Bodt's plans into account. After the tower was completed in 1714, the carillon was built in. The carillon is a carillon made up of 37 bells . Similar to the glockenspiel of the Potsdam Garrison Church , it became known far beyond the city limits and played the traditional chorale of “always faithful” and honesty . The spire and the carillon were reconstructed in 2016 with a donation from the Berlin entrepreneur Hans Wall .
During the Second World War , the building was badly damaged but not destroyed. After a makeshift renovation, church services were still held until 1961, after which the church was used for various purposes, including as a storage room. In 1988 the building was rediscovered as a church and initially covered with new roofing. However , further renovation work did not begin until after the political change in the year 1993. The exterior renovation is largely complete.
Office building of the Tietz brothers
The commercial building of the merchants Berthold and Georg Tietz at Klosterstrasse 64 was built between 1904 and 1906 according to plans by Georg Lewy . The facade of the four-story building with a loft and two back courtyards is clad with sandstone . Above all, the risalit-like accentuated middle section is elaborately decorated with Art Nouveau elements.
After linearization of the department stores of Hermann Tietz in 1933 the house served " Hertie goods and department store GmbH " as an administrative building. Later on, the army base administration resided here, and after the Second World War facilities of the Berlin magistrate. The building is now a listed building .
Old town house and new town house
The back of the old town house is on Klosterstrasse, but the address is Molkenmarkt . The house was built between 1902 and 1911 under the responsibility of the then town planning officer and architect Ludwig Hoffmann . The old town hall served as Berlin's second town hall , as the previously built Red Town Hall was soon exhausted due to the large increase in population. In addition, from 1920 administrative tasks for the cities and rural communities incorporated into Berlin were performed from here. And later the main city library and the city savings bank moved into the building.
In order to ease the increased administrative pressure, another town house was built in the 1930s. This was named New Town House and is located opposite the Old Town House in Parochialstrasse; only one side is on Klosterstrasse. Since the old town house was also called the New Town House at the time , this repeatedly leads to misunderstandings in literature.
After the Second World War, the Council of Ministers of the GDR and some departments of the Greater Berlin City Council moved into the building. The renovation work on the building began at about the same time. The Fortuna statue was first removed, placed in the dome and replaced by a radio antenna. After the inauguration of the Berlin television tower on October 3, 1969, the antenna was removed and replaced with the flag of the GDR . This, like the Council of Ministers, remained in the town hall until 1990.
After the fall of the Wall, the building was initially empty and had to be extensively renovated. The historical elements were reinserted, including the Fortuna, which found its place on the top of the tower. In 1997 the Senate Department for Internal Affairs and Sport moved into the old town hall. Today it is a listed building .
Other historical buildings on Klosterstrasse
- The Creutzsche Haus (later: Hackesche Haus ; number 36). Around 1900 it housed the Museum of German Folk Costumes . After 1945 it was destroyed and was cleared of rubble . A green area marks the previous location.
- A Municipal Administration Building , Klosterstraße 59, 1935-1939 after a design by Richard Ermisch built
- The studio building at Klosterstrasse number 75, building of the former royal art school. In 1933 artists moved into studios there after a large part of the artist community in the Kunstgewerbeschule Prinz-Albrecht-Straße had lost their studio. Käthe Kollwitz , Hermann Blumenthal , Werner Gilles , Gerhard Marcks , Herbert Tucholski , among others, worked at Klosterstrasse 75 . It was the first official studio building in Berlin in which regime loyalists and regime critics worked under one roof. It was also known as the "secret island". The community existed until shortly before the end of World War II . In February 1945 the house was destroyed by bombs.
- The Kalandshof (number 92). It was built as the "Abbey House of the Misery Guild" and later served as a city prison.
Dutch embassy
After Berlin became the new German seat of government in 1999, the Dutch legation moved to the International Trade Center on Berlin's Friedrichstrasse . Rem Koolhaas and his Rotterdam office Office for Metropolitan Architecture won the architectural competition for an embassy building: he designed a glass cube with an edge length of 27 meters. The Netherlands acquired the site at Klosterstrasse 50 at the corner of Rolandufer for their new building. A kind of “trajectory” or inland road winds around the building, providing access to all eleven mezzanines. The so-called “skybox”, a kind of conference room for the incumbent ambassador, which hovers freely in the air, is also architecturally outstanding. For the house in the style of the Berlin block, but still executed in an L-shape, Koolhaas mainly used the materials glass and steel. The building has a total area of 8500 m², of which 4800 m² is used for office space, 1500 m² for living and 2200 m² for parking.
After construction began in 2000, Queen Beatrix and the Dutch Foreign Minister Bernard Bot opened the diplomatic mission on November 16, 2003.
Klosterstrasse underground station
The Klosterstraße underground station on the U2 line is roughly at the level of Parochialstraße . The station was opened on July 1, 1913. The station was planned generously because it was also intended to be used to transfer a line to Frankfurter Allee to be built later . These plans were later abandoned in favor of a large-profile line (today's U5 line ).
The station was added to the Berlin district monuments list in 1975. Between 1984 and 1986, on the occasion of the preparation for the 750th anniversary of Berlin in 1987, it received an extensive renovation from the Karl-Marx-Stadt housing combine, in the course of which significant damage from the days of the war was removed and the station was redesigned into a museum that can be experienced . The billboards, which were not needed during the GDR era, offered space for a total of 20 enamel billboards from the Beutha sign factory , which show the development of local public transport in Berlin based on the respective vehicles.
Bicycle traffic
One of 17 permanently installed automatic bike counting stations in Berlin has been located on Klosterstrasse since 2016. Of all the places in the city with a counting point, the street is the third most frequented place by bicycle traffic.
Surroundings
Klosterstrasse was so well known in old Berlin that the surrounding district was named Klosterviertel . It was delimited by the city wall, later by the fortress with a moat or, from 1882, the city railway viaduct , Rathausstrasse , Molkenmarkt and the Spree . In contrast to other areas of old Berlin, the district is still well preserved.
Medieval city wall
Berlin's first city wall ran between Klosterstrasse and Littenstrasse in the Middle Ages . It served both as a border installation and as the rear wall of the residential buildings in old Berlin . Up until the 17th century, the wall was reinforced and raised several times and the twin cities were additionally protected by building trenches and creating loopholes. In the 1660s, the old city wall was razed and replaced by a fortress ring, which in turn was replaced after almost a hundred years by the excise wall , which spanned the city in a larger arch. A remnant of the old city wall between Waisenstrasse and Littenstrasse was salvaged in the middle of the 20th century and can be viewed today.
reception
The Berlin rabbi Martin Salomonski published a serial novel in the 1920s that takes place in the monastery district and describes the Jewish milieu there at the turn of the century as part of a love story. Born Tugendreich , she was published under the label Großstadtroman in 1928 by the Brothers Publishing Company in Berlin. The main locations are two department stores on Klosterstraße, the sophisticated Gebrüder Sachs and the much smaller Fuchs & Freitag , whose owner Jonas Rosenthal lives with his family at Klosterstraße 44.
See also
literature
- Wolfgang Ribbe, Jürgen Schmädecke: Small Berlin story . Stapp, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-87776-222-0 .
- Monument Preservation Association Berlin Local Transport (Ed.): U2 - History (s) from the underground . GVE, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-89218-032-6 .
Web links
- Klosterstrasse. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein (near Kaupert )
- Klosterviertel Berlin. Historical Berlin Society
- History of the Klosterstrasse. In: Stadtentwicklung Luisenstädtischen Bildungsverein
Individual evidence
- ↑ Klosterstrasse. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein (near Kaupert )
- ^ Hermann Vogt: Writings of the Association for the History of Berlin . Booklet XXII, The Street Names of Berlin, Berlin 1885, Verlag des Verein für die Geschichte Berlins, Ernst Siegfried Mittler and Son, p. 24
- ^ Winfried Löschburg: An amphitheater in Klosterstrasse. Lustfight hunts, ring stings and other feudal pleasures . In: Berliner Zeitung , April 5, 1983; from the series Walks through Berlin History
- ↑ a b c d e f Klosterstrasse , Berliner ABC series in the Berliner Zeitung , around 1971 (date not noted on the present newspaper clipping)
- ↑ Herbert Schwenk: The high house in the Klosterstrasse . In: Berlin monthly magazine ( Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein ) . Issue 5, 1999, ISSN 0944-5560 , p. 4–11 ( luise-berlin.de ).
- ^ Ernst Fidicin : Historical-diplomatic contributions to the history of the city of Berlin: history of the city; 1, representation of the inner conditions of the city . Hahn, 1842, p. 73.
- ↑ Home. Kulturprojekte Berlin GmbH, accessed on March 2, 2018 .
- ↑ Monument administration building C
- ↑ Akademie der Künste (ed.): Ateliergemeinschaft Klosterstrasse Berlin. 1933-1945. Artist in the time of National Socialism. Exhibition catalog, Edition Hentrich, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-89468-134-9 .
- ↑ Traffic survey bike counter for Berlin: How many cyclists are there? Retrieved February 5, 2019 .
- ↑ Rabbi Martin Salomonski: The born virtue realm (big city novel) . , Berlin 2020.
Coordinates: 52 ° 31 ′ 1 ″ N , 13 ° 24 ′ 45 ″ E
