Polička
| Polička | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Basic data | |||||
| State : |
 Czech Republic
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| Region : | Pardubický kraj | ||||
| District : | Svitavy | ||||
| Area : | 3312 ha | ||||
| Geographic location : | 49 ° 43 ' N , 16 ° 16' E | ||||
| Height: | 555 m nm | ||||
| Residents : | 8,748 (Jan 1, 2019) | ||||
| Postal code : | 572 01 | ||||
| traffic | |||||
| Railway connection: | Svitavy – Žďárec u Skutče | ||||
| structure | |||||
| Status: | city | ||||
| Districts: | 6th | ||||
| administration | |||||
| Mayor : | Jaroslav Martinů (as of 2006) | ||||
| Address: | Palackého nám. 160 572 01 Polička |
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| Municipality number: | 578576 | ||||
| Website : | www.policka.org | ||||
Polička (German Politschka ) is a town with a good 9,000 inhabitants in Okres Svitavy , Czech Republic . It is located 16 km west of Svitavy at 555 m above sea level. M.
history
In the 12th century the area was na poličkach mentioned (to the fields) for the first time in writing, when King Vladislav II. This area of the Norbertine - Monastery Leitomischl gave. The Bohemian King Přemysl Ottokar II had the royal city of Policz built there in 1265 as a base for his kingdom. He commissioned the locator Konrad von Lewendorf, who founded the city and a few years earlier the neighboring village of Lewendorf named after him . It is not known which of the villages that have already been founded and which are yet to be founded, to which the document near Lewendorf refers. From a geographical point of view, the villages Baumgarten / Sádek, Steindorf / Kamenec and Ullersdorf / Oldřiš come into question. Konrad von Lewendorf and his male descendants held the city's judicial office until shortly before 1400. After that the trace of the name is lost.
There is no consensus among historians about the origin of the settlers, as can be seen in an article published by the Municipal Museum. Optionally, Thuringia, Saxony and Silesia are named as the regions of origin of the later craftsmen and merchants of the city. As an indication of this, it is stated that the city received Magdeburg law . Some historians name the area around Cham in the Upper Palatinate as the place of origin because there is the place Löwendorf, where the locator could have come from, and because in the few documents that have survived from the early days of the city names such as "Friedl", "Jandl" , "Michl", "Nikl" occur. The fact that there is disagreement among historians is due to the fact that there is neither written evidence of settlement nor comparisons of dialects, because the German-speaking population no longer existed 160 years after the city was founded. In 1421 the Hungarians allied with the Hussites conquered the city and laid it in ashes, which in the course of the Hussite storm - as in the nearby Zwittau and Leitomischl - meant the end of the largely German population of the city.
The city initially chose the spelling "Politz" in its documents, as can be seen on the seal from 1362, for example. It can be assumed with certainty that the inhabitants also called their city that, although the text of the seal is in Latin ; In the German neighboring villages of Laubendorf, Riegersdorf, Dittersbach, Schönbrunn and Böhmisch and Mährisch Rothmühl the town was called "Puletz" until 1945/1946. - According to Johann Gottfried Sommer, the impressive church of St. Jakobus the Elder was built in the 13th century . The medieval city was surrounded by a city wall. Four city gates, the Laubendorfer, the Leitomischler, the Neuschlosser and the Steindorfer Tor led into the surrounding area. The city wall is almost completely preserved.
In 1307 the king's widow Elisabeth received the city as a personal gift. From then on Politschka called itself the “Royal City”, which brought it numerous freedoms and economic advantages in the years that followed. In the first half of the 14th century the city was paved . A Gothic town hall was built in the middle of the market square . In 1421 the Hussites under Jan Žižka besieged and stormed the city and on November 19, 1421 troops of King Sigismund Politschka took. The city was burned down and around 1,300 residents were massacred. From then on there was a Czech-speaking majority of the population in the re-emerging city, and the Germans never reached a double-digit percentage of the population.
In the second half of the 16th century, the town was rebuilt in the Renaissance style. Only the St. Michael Church to the west of the city wall has survived from this period . In 1613 the town burned down almost completely and during the Thirty Years' War Polička was almost depopulated after Wallenstein, Swedish and Saxon troops raided the town.
In the course of the resettlement, Germans also returned to the city without being able to regain their late medieval position. In 1837 the linguistic relationships were described as follows: “The dominant language is Bohemian”, but “many of the townspeople were well versed in the German language”. In the two villages to the east of the town, Riegersdorf and Rothmühl, “only German is spoken”.
Twin town
Miles , Switzerland Ebes , Hungary
Attractions
In 1731 the Marian column was erected on the market square as thanks for the plague epidemic that had passed on the city. It is therefore also called the plague column . According to those in the know, the pillar is unparalleled in Bohemia. Its architectural composition probably goes back to the architect Franz Maximilian Kaňka . The execution was in the hands of Georg Pacák from Schurz. The figures of Saints Joseph, Anna, Joachim, Wenzel, Vitus, Florian, Sebastian, Karl Boromäus and Rochus stand on a triangular floor plan in the lower area. The column is crowned with the representation of the Annunciation, the Assumption and the coronation of the Virgin Mary. The conclusion is the representation of their election (with an aureole with twelve stars).
The town hall, which had a previous Gothic building, also points to Franz Maximilian Kaňka as the spiritual creator. It was renewed in 1739–1744. Today it houses the city museum.
One of the most famous buildings in the city is St. Jacob's Church (1853–1865), built in neo-Gothic style, which was built on the site of the original church in 1845 after another fire. In the tower of the church a chamber for fire guards was established , in which the composer Bohuslav Martinů was born in 1890 .
Near Polička is the early Gothic Svojanov Castle , once the romantic seat of Queen Kunigunde and Knight Zawisch von Falkenstein .
The ring fortification of the city is reinforced by almost six meter thick bastions ; With its length of 1220 meters, it is one of the best preserved city fortifications in Central Europe .
More Attractions:
- 80 carved classical storefronts (shop windows and inputs), the same without thanks to the fineness of their processing and diversity of the decoration in Bohemia and Moravia are
- the plague column on the market square (22 m high) is unique in the Czech Republic
Community structure
The town of Polička consists of the districts Dolní Předměstí ( Lower Suburb ), Horní Předměstí ( Upper Suburb ), Polička-Město ( Politschka ), Lezník ( Lesnik ), Modřec ( Riegersdorf ) and Střítež ( Stritesch ).
sons and daughters of the town
- Ignaz Jacob Heger (1808-1854), stenographer
- Bohuslav Martinů (1890–1959), composer
- Martin Doctor (* 1974), canoeist
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
- ↑ Gustav Friedrich (Ed.): Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris regni Bohemiae . Volume 1: Inde from a. 805 usque ad a. 1197. Comitia Regni Bohemiae et al., Prague 1907, p. 399 .
- ↑ Jaromír Čelakovský (Ed.): Codex iuris municipalis Bohemiae. Volume 2: Privilegia královských měst venkovských v království českém z let 1225 až 1419. Grégr, Prague 1895, No. 14.
- ↑ Stanislav Konečný: O zakládací listine města Poličky. Městské muzeum, Polička 1995, p. 21 f.
- ^ Karel Dudek: Dějiny královského věnného města Poličky. Volume 1: Do doby předhusitské. Musejní spolek Palacký, Polička 1940, p. 51.
- ↑ Johann Gottfried Sommer: The Kingdom of Bohemia . Chrudimer circle. tape 5 . JG Calve, Prague 1837, p. 225 ( google.at [accessed on January 23, 2018]).
- ↑ Stanislav Konečný: O zakládací listine města Poličky. Městské muzeum, Polička 1995, p. 41.
- ↑ Johann Gottfried Sommer : The Kingdom of Bohemia. Represented statistically and topographically. Volume 5: Chrudimer Kreis. Calve, Prague 1837, p. 218 f.
- ↑ Jaroslaus Schaller : Topography of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Part 11: Chrudim Circle. Schönfeld, Prague et al. 1789, p. 169.
- ↑ Johann Gottfried Sommer: The Kingdom of Bohemia: represented statistically and topographically. Chrudimer circle. tape 5 . Calve, Prague 1837, p. 214 ( google.at [accessed on January 23, 2018]).