Rhodomyrtus tomentosa

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Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa on the slopes of Needle Hill in Hong Kong

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa on the slopes of Needle Hill in Hong Kong

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Myrtle-like (Myrtales)
Family : Myrtle family (Myrtaceae)
Subfamily : Myrtoideae
Genre : Rhodomyrtus
Type : Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
Scientific name
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
( Aiton ) Hassk.

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is a species of the genus Rhodomyrtus withinthe myrtle family (Myrtaceae). It iswidespreadin South and Southeast Asia and iscultivatedthere as a useful plant; in other tropical and subtropical countries it developedinto an invasive speciesafter its introduction as an ornamental plant .

In Asian cultures, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa was used as a medicinal plant to treat bacterial infections and to strengthen the immune system . At the beginning of the 21st century, the plant's diverse pharmacological agents are arousing renewed scientific interest.

description

Illustration in The Botanical Magazine , Volume 7, 1794, plate 250
blossom
Unripe fruit
ripe fruit

Habit and leaves

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is an evergreen shrub with heights of 2 to 3 meters. The bark is brown and scaly. The bark of the stemmed young twigs is gray. The opposite arranged leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is 0.4 to 1 centimeter long and wide. The leathery leaf blade is 5 to 8 centimeters long and 2 to 3.5 centimeters wide and elliptical and sometimes tapering to a point. The top of the leaf is shiny, while the underside of the leaf is densely hairy. The leaf blade is three-veined. Their number of chromosomes is 2n = 22.

blossoms

The flowers stand alone or in clusters and are bordered by two small bracts . The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The sepals are softly hairy. The five 10 to 13 millimeter long petals have a diameter of 2.5 to 3 centimeters. They are uniformly pink or white on the outside and pink on the inside. There are pink stamens and golden yellow anthers.

The flowering times vary from three months in China, starting in March or April, to all year round in Singapore.

Fruits and seeds

The spherical, multi-seeded berries , which are similar to blueberries , are dark purple when ripe and edible. Unripe fruits are green. They are 10 to 15 millimeters long and covered with a durable goblet. They have 40 to 45 seeds that are about 2 millimeters long and shaped like a disk.

ecology

The seeds are spread by birds and mammals, which eat the berries and excrete the undigested seeds in the feces ( endochory ). The berries are also carried over by ants ( myrmecochory ). Vegetative propagation has not been described.

The Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is undemanding, frost tolerant , temperature resistant and resistant to some pests . The shrubs grow up to an altitude of 2400 meters in partially shaded to very sunny locations. They can be found in coastal areas on salty and sandy soils, on acidic substrates and in riparian zones, in wetlands , on the edges of bogs and in rainforests . Rhodomyrtus tomentosa does not grow on alkaline soils . Due to the modesty, a wide range of different environmental conditions is tolerated. The heat resistance means that after forest fires the shrub recovers quickly and sprouts again.

Original and neobiotic distribution

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa as an invasive plant, Hawaii

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is native to tropical and subtropical countries such as India , east to south China , Cambodia , Hong Kong , Taiwan , the Philippines , Malaysia , Vietnam , Laos , Indonesia and the Japanese Ryūkyū Islands .

Through its use in landscaping as a useful and ornamental plant and as a medicinal plant, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa was introduced as a neobiont in numerous other countries and has often become a problem due to its aggressive invasive spread . Due to the high seed production, the robust properties, the pronounced fire resistance and the rapid spreading of the seeds by animals, this species uncontrollably populated many regions with similar habitats.

This myrtle plant was introduced as an attractive ornamental plant in the American state of Florida in 1920. Rhodomyrtus tomentosa formed monotypical thickets in the undergrowth of the local pine forests , displacing the natural vegetation and penetrating into the mangrove forests . The plant has been classified as a harmful alien weed by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council . Similar invasive behavior as uncontrolled weeds could also be observed in Hawaii . There, the woody plant populated some areas across the board and dominated the vegetation.

In the coastal areas of the Australian state of Queensland , where the bushes were planted in some gardens, it is feared that the uncontrolled spread of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa could lead to economic restrictions in pasture production and ecologically to a degradation of the local vegetation. Imports into Western Australia have long been banned by the Australian national quarantine strategy. Import is also prohibited in New Zealand .

Systematics

It was first published in 1789 under the name ( Basionym ) Myrtus tomentosa by William Aiton . The specific epithet tomentosa (Latin for hairy ) refers to the felty hairy underside of the leaf. The new combination to Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. was published by Justus Karl Haßkarl . Another synonym for Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. is Cynomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Scriv. (1916).

From Rhodomyrtus tomentosa two are in the literature varieties described that occur in different regions of the world and only slightly in the sheet form , structure and course of the veins vary, the lengths of the flower stems, the chalices and the calyx lobes:

  • Rhodomyrtus tomentosa var. Tomentosa (synonyms: Myrtus canescens Lour. ) Is native to Southeast Asia, southern China and Indochina. The shrubs colonize the lowlands , coastal forests and secondary forests up to a height of 1300 meters. The young leaves are white, smooth and shiny and turn gray with age. Your leaf tips can be pointed, but also blunt. The leaf veins run parallel, are inconspicuous and do not rise from the rest of the leaf tissue. The flower stalks have a length of 1 to 2.5 centimeters. The calyx is 5 to 7 millimeters long, the calyx lobe is 3 to 4 millimeters high.
  • The other variety Rhodomyrtus tomentosa var. Parviflora (Alston) AJ Scott (synonyms: Rhodomyrtus parviflora Alston and Myrtus tomentosa Aiton ) is native to India and Sri Lanka and comes in mountain forests and grasslands in altitudes from 1800 to 2700 meters in front. Their leaves with clearly visible network veins are cream-colored to yellowish lignified and have apical tips. At 5 millimeters and 2 to 3 millimeters, the calyx and calyx lobes are slightly shorter than those of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa var. Tomentosa . The stems are shorter than 1 centimeter.

use

Use as an ornamental and useful plant

Rượu Sim

As an attractive ornamental plant and because of the many berries, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa was used in green areas and in landscaping and served as a bird-friendly ornamental shrub. The fruits, which are green when unripe and have an astringent taste, lose it when they ripen. The ripe, aromatic fruits with the purple-black, soft and very sweet pulp are suitable for consumption directly, or the berries are made into cakes, jellies, jams, salads or, as in Vietnam, into a wine ( Rượu Sim ).

In Hawaii, the flowers were used for tomake lei to make flower chains. In China, the fast-growing Rhodomyrtus tomentosa was cultivated as a shade provider for slow-growing, native species. In southern China, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa was planted as a pioneer plant in the re-greening of degraded mountain slopes.

Use as a medicinal plant

Historically, Rhodmyrtus tomentosa has been used in traditional Chinese, Malaysian and Vietnamese folk medicine as a medicinal herb to treat dysentery , diarrhea, gynecological diseases and to strengthen the immune system. The antioxidant, antibacterial , anti-inflammatory and even antifungal effects have been demonstrated in several pharmacological studies. Medical successes have been achieved in the treatment of malaria . Estrogenic effects have also been reported. Some pharmacologically active compounds inhibit the growth of tumors .

ingredients

Nutrient composition

The aromatic fruits of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa are rich in proteins , amino acids , lipids , carbohydrates , vitamins and minerals . The total sugar content of the fruits is very low compared to other tropical fruits with a share of 19.96% of the dry weight.

Minerals per 150 grams of fruit
potassium Calcium magnesium iron zinc copper
221.76 mg 73.65 mg 3.23 mg 1.54 mg 0.61 mg 0.40 mg

The vitamin C content of the fruit, with a share of 5.62 mg significantly lower than in other tropical fruits per 150 g of fruit. The content of vitamin E, tocopherol , on the other hand, at 3.89 mg per 150 g of fruit, is significantly higher than in avocados or mangoes, for example.

The fruits are rich in various fruit acids such as malic acid , gallic acid , caffeic acid , dihydrocaffeic acid and quinic acid as well as the tannins brevifoline carboxylic acid , oleic acid and bile acids . They are high in tryptophan .

Phytochemical composition

In different plant organs of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa are anthocyanins , stilbenes and ellagitannins , flavonoids , triterpenoids and Meroterpene included. Cyanidin-3-O-glycoside , a water-soluble anthocyanin found in the vacuoles of ripe fruits, is responsible for their dark color.

pharmacology

So far (as of 2016) 42 different ingredients with partially pharmacological effects could be identified and chemically described. The ingredients piceatannol, myricetin and rhodomyrtone are of particular importance with regard to the health-promoting effects.

Piceatannol, myricetin and rhodomyrtone

Piceatannol
Myricetin

Piceatannol , C 14 H 12 O 4 , a hydroxylated derivative of stilbene isolated from the fruits, protects human epidermal keratinocytes from cytotoxicity caused by UV-B radiation from 290 to 320  nm . The active ingredient prevents the formation of pyrimidine dimers in the DNA of keratinocytes caused by intense UV-B rays from sunlight by increasing the activity of cellular DNA polymerase , which is responsible for repairing this DNA damage . In addition, piceatannol reduces the secretion of the inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 .

Myricetin , C 15 H 10 O 8 , a polyphenol from the group of flavonoids that occurs in fruits, is one of the plant's secondary metabolites with antioxidant and immunological effects. Myricetin influences allergies by inhibiting the degranulation of mast cells . Myricetin prevents the increase in the intracellular calcium ion concentration and blocks the release of β- hexosaminidases . The release of histamine from the mast cells, which is a consequence of the allergic reaction and leads to swelling of the mucous membranes, is disturbed. In addition, the active ingredient shows inhibiting effects on the interleukin-4 concentration and on the tumor necrosis factor -alpha (TNF-α).

Rhodomyrton , C 26 H 34 O 6 , an acylphloroglucinol found in the leaves of various genera of the Myrtaceae family , has an anti-inflammatory effect in eukaryotic cells. This active ingredient inhibits the transcription and expression of some inflammatory mediators such as DEFB4 (beta-defensin 4), IL-1B ( interleukin-1β ), IL-17C (interleukin-17C), LCN2 (lipocalin-2) as well as hepcidin and the transcription factor NF- kB . In addition, Rhodomyrton reduces the concentration of oxygen radicals in the cell and influences the transmission of information. A growth-inhibiting effect of rhodomyrtone on cancer cells, which is associated with cell morphological changes such as chromatin condensation , cell nucleus fragmentation ( karyorrhexis ) and activation of caspases , has been described.

Rhodomyrton inhibits the growth of pathogens

The leaves of Rhodmyrtus tomentosa contain the herbal antibiotic Rhodomyrton . Rhodomyrton showed antimicrobial activities against a wide range of gram-positive bacteria in various experiments . These include, for example, Streptococcus mutans , Streptococcus gordonii , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Streptococcus pyogenes , Propionibacterium acnes and Bacillus cereus , but also vancomycin- resistant enterococci and the MRSA bacterium Staphylococcus aureus .

Also on difficile Clostridioides , an exciter colitis and severe diarrhea caused Rhodomyrton shows - compared to conventionally used antibiotic vancomycin  - bactericidal effect. The bactericidal minimum inhibitory concentration of rhodomyrton with 1.23 to 5 mg / L is significantly lower than that of vancomycin (5 mg / L to over 40 mg / L). In addition, there are indications of faulty cell division and sporulation in Clostridioides when Rhodomyrton is treated .

Gram-negative bacteria are resistant to Rhodomyrton, presumably due to the neutralizing effect of the lipopolysaccharides on the outer membrane .

Biological effects of Rhodomyrton

Rhodomyrton does not work like the classic antibiotics , which inhibit the replication of DNA , the transcription and translation or the synthesis of the cell wall , but the substance decouples the membrane potential of the bacterial cell. Due to the molecular structure, rhodomyrtone attaches to the heads of the membrane lipids of the cell membrane and induces the invagination of the cell membrane over a large area inside the cell. This formation of the membrane vesicles simultaneously increases the membrane fluidity and changes the position of the membrane proteins, so that several important cell functions are restricted as a result. The membrane potential breaks down within a few seconds. The cytochrome c oxidase of staphylococci is inhibited and energy molecules ( ATP ) and smaller, cytoplasmic proteins are released.

In Streptococcus pyogenes , Rhodomyrton reduces the expression of known virulence factors such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase , the CAMP factor and the streptococcal pyrogen exotoxin C (SPE-C), a superantigen .

Furthermore, the active ingredient blocks the staphyloxanthine biosynthesis of Staphylococcus aureus and reduces resistance to hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen. In addition, Rhodomyrton inhibits the formation of biofilms caused by Staphylococcus aureus , which is difficult to treat with conventional antibiotics.

Common names

There are many regional trivial names in circulation: "Ceylon hill gooseberry" (English), "Hill gooseberry" (English), "Hill guava" (English), "Downy myrtle" (English Florida), "Downy rose-myrtle" ( English-Florida), "Rose myrtle" (English-Florida), "Isenberg-bush" (English-Hawaii), "Myrte-groseille" (French), "Feijoa" (French), "Gauyabilla forstero" (Spanish), "Seeta-pera" (Sri Lanka), "Kemunting" (Malay), "Gangrenzi" (Chinese), "Tao jin niang" (Chinese), "Ratberry" (Hawaii), "Ceylon hill cherry", "Thoh" ( Thai), “Phruat” and “Phruat-kinluk” (Vietnamese), “Sragan” (Cambodia), “Harendong sabrang” (Indonesian).

literature

  • TK Lim: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. In: Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants. Springer Science + Business Media , Volume 3, Fruits, pp. 732-737, 2012, doi : 10.1007 / 978-94-007-2534-8_97 .
  • Jonathan H. Crane: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa . (Hill goosberry). In: J. Janick, RE Paull: The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts . CABI 2008, p. 550, ISBN 978-0-85199-638-7 .
  • KA Langeland: Identification and Biology of Non-native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. Gainesville, Florida, IFAS Communication Services, University of Florida, 2008.
  • Warren L. Wagner, Derral R. Herbst, SH Sohmer: Rhodomyrtus . In: Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA University of Hawaii Press, 1999, pp. 1356-1357.
  • AM Latiff: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. In: EWM Verheij, RE Coronel (Ed.): Plant resources of South-East Asia. No. 2: Edible fruits and nuts. Prosea Foundation, Bogor (Indonesia) 1992, pp. 276-277.
  • AJ Scott: A Revision of Rhodomyrtus (Myrtaceae). In: Kew Bulletin . Volume 33, Issue 2, 1978, pp. 311-329, JSTOR 4109586 .

Web links

Commons : Rhodomyrtus tomentosa  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Thanh Sang Vo, Dai Hung Ngo: The Health Beneficial Properties of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa as Potential Functional Food . In: Biomolecules , Volume 9, Issue 2, 76, February 21, 2019, doi : 10.3390 / biom9020076 , PMID 30795643 , PMC 6406238 (free full text).
  2. ↑ Thanh Sang Vo, Dai Hung Ngo: The Health Beneficial Properties of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa as Potential Functional Food . In: Biomolecules , Volume 9, Issue 2, 76, February 21, 2019, doi : 10.3390 / biom9020076 , PMID 30795643 , PMC 6406238 (free full text).
  3. ↑ Danielle Frohlich: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa . CAB International, 22nd November 2019, Invasive Species Compendium Wallingford, UK.
  4. ↑ Thanh Sang Vo, Dai Hung Ngo: The Health Beneficial Properties of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa as Potential Functional Food. In: Biomolecules , Volume 9, Issue 2, February 21, 2019, doi : 10.3390 / biom9020076 , PMID 30795643 , PMC 6406238 (free full text).
  5. ↑ Ming-Si Wei, Zhang-He Chen, Hai Ren, Zuo-Yun Yin: Reproductive ecology of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae). In: Nordic Journal of Botany , Volume 27, Issue 2, March 2009, pp. 154-160, doi : 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.2009.00137.x .
  6. ↑ Danielle Frohlich: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa . CAB International, 22nd November 2019, Invasive Species Compendium Wallingford, UK.
  7. ↑ George W. Staples, Derral R. Herbst: A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other Tropical Places . Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu (Hawaii) 2005, ISBN 1581780397 .
  8. ↑ A. Winotai, T. Wright, JA Goolsby: Herbivores in Thailand on Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae), an invasive weed in Florida. In: The Florida Entomologist , Volume 88, Issue 1, 2005, pp. 104-105, doi : 10.1653 / 0015-4040 (2005) 088 [0104: HITORT] 2.0.CO; 2 .
  9. ↑ L. Yang, H. Ren, N. Liu, J. Wang: The shrub Rhodomyrtus tomentosa acts as a nurse plant for seedlings differing in shade tolerance in degraded land of South China. In: Journal of Vegetation Science , Volume 21, Issue 2, 2010, pp. 262-272, doi : 10.1111 / j.1654-1103.2009.01140.x .
  10. ↑ Hazrulrizawati Abd Hamid, Roziasyahira Mutazah, Mashitah Yusoff: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa: A phytochemical and pharmacological review. In: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research , Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2017, pp. 10-16, doi : 10.22159 / ajpcr.2017.v10i1.12773 (free full text).
  11. ↑ Danielle Frohlich: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa . CAB International, 22nd November 2019, Invasive Species Compendium Wallingford, UK.
  12. ↑ Hazrulrizawati Abd Hamid, Roziasyahira Mutazah, Mashitah Yusoff: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa: A phytochemical and pharmacological review. In: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research , Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2017, pp. 10-16, doi : 10.22159 / ajpcr.2017.v10i1.12773 (free full text).
  13. ↑ Z. Zhao, L. Wu, J. Xie, Y. Feng, J. Tian, ​​X. He, B. Li, L. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, S. Wu, X. Zheng: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton.): A review of phytochemistry, pharmacology and industrial applications research progress. In: Food Chemistry , Volume 309, March 20, 2020, p. 125715, doi : 10.1016 / j.foodchem.2019.125715 , PMID 31685368 .
  14. ^ J. Janick, RE Paull: The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. CABI, 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-638-7 , p. 954.
  15. ↑ Rhodomyrtus tomentosa . Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida; accessed June 19, 2020.
  16. ^ Forest Starr, Kim Starr, Lloyd Loope: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Downy rose myrtle, Myrtaceae . United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawaii, January 2003. In: Invasive species information for Hawaii and the Pacific , Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR); accessed July 7, 2020.
  17. ↑ Steve Csurhes, Clare Hankamer: Ceylon hill cherry (downy rose-myrtle). Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Invasive plant risk assessment, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government 2016; accessed June 19, 2020.
  18. ^ Forest Starr, Kim Starr, Lloyd Loope: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Downy rose myrtle, Myrtaceae . United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawaii, January 2003. In: Invasive species information for Hawaii and the Pacific , Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR); accessed July 7, 2020.
  19. ↑ Danielle Frohlich: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa . CAB International, 22nd November 2019, Invasive Species Compendium Wallingford, UK.
  20. ^ KA Langeland: Identification and Biology of Non-native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas. Gainesville, FL: IFAS Communication Services, University of Florida; 2008.
  21. ↑ Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. In: Global Biodiversity Information Facility ; accessed May 21, 2020.
  22. ↑ The following distinctions between the varieties according to A. J. Scott: A Revision of Rhodomyrtus (Myrtaceae). In: Kew Bulletin , Volume 33, Issue 2, 1978, pp. 311-329, JSTOR 4109586 .
  23. ↑ AM Latiff: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. In: EWM Verheij, RE Coronel (Ed.): Plant resources of South-East Asia. No. 2: Edible fruits and nuts. Prosea Foundation, Bogor (Indonesia) 1992, pp. 276-277.
  24. ^ J. Janick, RE Paull: The Encyclopedia of Fruit and Nuts. CABI, 2008, ISBN 978-0-85199-638-7 , p. 954.
  25. ↑ TK Lim: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. In: Edible Medicinal and non-medicinal Plants , Springer, New York 2012, Volume 3, pp. 732-737; online , accessed June 21, 2020.
  26. ^ Forest Starr, Kim Starr, Lloyd Loope: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Downy rose myrtle, Myrtaceae . United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawaii, January 2003. In: Invasive species information for Hawaii and the Pacific , Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR); accessed July 7, 2020.
  27. ↑ L. Yang, H. Ren, N. Liu, J. Wang: The shrub Rhodomyrtus tomentosa acts as a nurse plant for seedlings differing in shade tolerance in degraded land of South China. In: Journal of Vegetation Science , Volume 21, Issue 2, 2010, pp. 262-272, doi : 10.1111 / j.1654-1103.2009.01140.x .
  28. ↑ Ming-Si Wei, Zhang-He Chen, Hai Ren, Zuo-Yun Yin: Reproductive ecology of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae). In: Nordic Journal of Botany , Volume 27, 2009, pp. 154-160, doi : 10.1111 / j.1756-1051.2009.00137.x .
  29. ↑ Thanh Sang Vo, Dai Hung Ngo: The Health Beneficial Properties of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa as Potential Functional Food. In: Biomolecules , Volume 9/2, 2019, Article 76, doi : 10.3390 / biom9020076 .
  30. ↑ Thanh Sang Vo, Dai Hung Ngo: The Health Beneficial Properties of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa as Potential Functional Food. In: Biomolecules , Volume 9, Issue 2, 2019, p. 76, doi : 10.3390 / biom9020076 .
  31. ↑ Thanh Sang Vo, Dai Hung Ngo: The Health Beneficial Properties of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa as Potential Functional Food. In: Biomolecules , Volume 9, Issue 2, 2019, p. 76, doi : 10.3390 / biom9020076 .
  32. ↑ Z. Zhao, L. Wu, J. Xie, Y. Feng, J. Tian, ​​X. He, B. Li, L. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Zhang, S. Wu, X. Zheng: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton.): A review of phytochemistry, pharmacology and industrial applications research progress. In: Food Chemistry , Volume 309, 2020, doi : 10.1016 / j.foodchem.2019.125715 , PMID 31685368 .
  33. ↑ GL Liu, HH Guo, YM Sun: Optimization of the extraction of anthocyanins from the fruit skin of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) Hassk and identification of anthocyanins in the extract using high performance liquidchromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC ESI MS9). In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences , Volume 13, Issue 5, 2012, pp. 6292-6302, doi : 10.3390 / ijms13056292 , PMID 22754365 , PMC 3382815 (free full text).
  34. ↑ Hazrulrizawati Abd Hamid, Roziasyahira Mutazah, Mashitah Yusoff: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa: A phytochemical and pharmacological review. In: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research , Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2017, pp. 10-16, doi : 10.22159 / ajpcr.2017.v10i1.12773 (free full text).
  35. ↑ Hazrulrizawati Abd Hamid, Roziasyahira Mutazah, Mashitah Yusoff: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa: A phytochemical and pharmacological review. In: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research , Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2017, pp. 10-16, doi : 10.22159 / ajpcr.2017.v10i1.12773 (free full text).
  36. ↑ External identifiers or database links to Piceatannol : CAS number: 10083-24-6, EC number: 600-132-4, ECHA InfoCard: 100.115.063 , PubChem : 667639 , ChemSpider : 581006 , DrugBank : DB08399 , Wikidata : Q7190608 .
  37. ↑ Thanh Sang Vo, Dai Hung Ngo: The Health Beneficial Properties of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa as Potential Functional Food . In: Biomolecules , Volume 9, Issue 2, February 2019, p. 76, doi : 10.3390 / biom9020076 (free full text).
  38. ↑ S. Shiratake, T. Nakahara, H. Iwahashi, T. Onodera, Y. Mizushina: Rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) extract and its component, piceatannol, enhance the activity of DNA polymerase and suppress the inflammatory response elicited by UVB induced DNA damage in skin cells. In: Molecular Medicine Reports , Volume 12, Issue 4, October 2015, pp. 5857-5864, doi : 10.3892 / mmr.2015.4156 , PMID 26239705 .
  39. ↑ External identifiers or database links for myricetin : CAS number: 529-44-2, EC number: 208-463-2, ECHA InfoCard: 100.007.695 , PubChem : 5281672 , ChemSpider : 4444991 , DrugBank : DB02375 , Wikidata : Q951449 .
  40. ↑ Thomas M. Holland, Puja Agarwal, Yamin Wang, Sue E. Leurgans, David A. Bennett, Sarah L. Booth, Martha Clare Morris: Dietary flavonols and risk of Alzheimer dementi. In: Neurology , Volume 94, Issue 16, January 29, 2020, doi : 10.1212 / WNL.0000000000008981 .
  41. ^ TS Vo, TT Le, S.-Y. Kim, D.-H. Ngo: The role of myricetin from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk fruits on downregulation of FcɛRI-mediated mast cell activation. In: Journal of Food Biochemistry , January 2020, doi : 10.1111 / jfbc.13143 , PMID 31910490 .
  42. ↑ External identifiers or database links for Rhodomyrton : CAS number: 468757-69-9, PubChem : 12050020 , ChemSpider : 22370366 , Wikidata : Q96955835 .
  43. ↑ P. Na-Phatthalung, M. Teles, SP Voravuthikunchai, L. Tort, C. Fierro-Castro: Immunomodulatory effects of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract and its derivative compound, rhodomyrtone, on head kidney macrophages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In: Fish Physiology and Biochemistry , Volume 44, April 2018, pp. 543-555, doi : 10.1007 / s10695-017-0452-2 , PMID 29238889 .
  44. ↑ Thanh Sang Vo, Dai Hung Ngo: The Health Beneficial Properties of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa as Potential Functional Food . In: Biomolecules , Volume 9, Issue 2, February 2019, p. 76, doi : 10.3390 / biom9020076 (free full text).
  45. ↑ Malatee Tayeh, Sirinun Nilwarangkoon, Chantra Tanunyutthawongse, Wilawan Mahabusarakum, Ramida Watanapokasin: Apoptosis and antimigration induction in human skin cancer cells by rhodomyrtone. In: Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine , Volume 15, Issue 6, pp. 5035–5040, June 2018, doi : 10.3892 / etm.2018.6044 , PMID 29904398 .
  46. ↑ A. Mordmuang, E. Brouillette, SP Voravuthikunchai, F. Malouin: Evaluation of a Rhodomyrtus tomentosa ethanolic extract for its therapeutic potential on Staphylococcus aureus infections using in vitro and in vivo models of mastitis . In: Veterinary Research , Volume 50, Issue 49, June 20, 2019, doi : 10.1186 / s13567-019-0664-9 , PMID 31221210 .
  47. ↑ M. Morkunas, L. Dube, F. Goetz, ME Maier: Synthesis of the acylphloroglucinols rhodomyrtone and rhodomyrtosone B . In: Tetrahedron , Volume 69, 2013, pp. 8559-8563, doi : 10.1016 / j.tet.2013.07.091 .
  48. ↑ S. Leejae, PW Taylor, SP Voravuthikunchai: Antibacterial mechanisms of rhodomyrtone against important hospital-acquired antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria. In: Journal of Medical Microbiology , Volume 62, 2013, pp. 78-85, doi : 10.1099 / jmm.0.049205-0 , PMID 23019189 .
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