Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari

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Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari
Hagar in the desert by Giambattista Pittoni in the sacristy of the Basilica dei Frari
Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, interior
Titian , Assumption of Mary , 1518
Altarpiece by Titian: Assumption of the Virgin

Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari , also Frari Church or Frari for short ( Venetian "Brothers"), is next to San Zanipolo the largest and most important Gothic sacred building in Venice . The Roman Catholic Church is located on Campo dei Frari in the Sestiere of San Polo and is dedicated to the Patronage of the Assumption of Mary into Heaven . It is equipped with numerous outstanding works of art, including two major works by Titian, and houses numerous grave monuments by famous Venetians, including Titian. In 1926 she received the honorary title of papal basilica minor . The Venice State Archives have been located in the two former monasteries belonging to the church since 1817 .

History and building history

Around 1223 the Friars Minor of the Franciscans settled in an existing monastery building on the edge of the urban development at that time. There they began around 1250 with the construction of a small church consecrated to Our Lady , the Santa Maria de 'Frati Minori , ("Santa Maria of the Minor Brothers"), which was consecrated in 1280 . In 1340 this 40-meter-long church was demolished to make room for a new building, as it soon became too small due to the large number of visitors to the sermons of the brothers. In 1361 the apse and transept of the now south-west facing church were consecrated and the construction of the campanile, completed in 1396, began by the builders Jacopo and Pierpaolo Celega. In 1420, by order of Marco Corner, the father of the future Queen Caterina Cornaro , the Capella Corner was added southwest of the Milanese chapel. It is consecrated to the patron saint of its client, Saint Mark , and houses a triptych created by Bartolomeo Vivarini with Saints Mark, Jerome , Peter , Nicholas and John the Baptist . To the south of the side aisle, the Cappella Emiliana, consecrated to St. Peter, was built between 1432 and 1434, a baptistery that was used as a burial place by the donors, the Emiliana family . Both chapels each have a portal to the Campo dei Frari. In the middle of the 15th century, the sacristy was built as a separate building in the north transept . In 1468, the church received its choir screen decorated with fourteen reliefs in the yoke in front of the crossing , on which Bartolomeo Buon is said to have worked. In the same year the carved choir stalls were completed. The facade was completed towards the end of the 15th century. On May 19, 1518, the altarpiece of the Assumption of the Virgin by Titian was installed above the high altar .

Scuola Grande di San Rocco

To the west of the Frari Church are the church and house of the Brotherhood of St. Rochus, the Scuola Grande di San Rocco . Tintoretto's works are located here . Before the fraternity received a piece of land from the Franciscan friars of the Frari church in 1489 to build their scuola, it was located in the monastery of the Frari church.

architecture

Layout
Giovanni Bellini , Madonna and Child between the hll. Peter , and Nikolaus , Benedikt and Markus , sacristy
Choir stalls completed in 1468
Tomb of Blessed Pacifico

The simple, three-part late Gothic main facade of the brick building with pilaster strips is adorned with a richly staggered and curved gable. The decorative elements such as the frame of the rose window , the oculi , the friezes , the wreath-like cornice end and the three aedicules of the facade end as well as the portal, crowned with statues of the Savior by Alessandro Vittoria (1581) on the central tip, St. Francis and a Madonna with the child from the workshop of Bartolomeo Bon on the side pegs are made of Istrian stone . The large central rose is also made of red Veronese stone. The stone-looking vault was built from plastered cane to reduce weight because of the problematic subsoil. As with other Venetian churches, the structure is stabilized by wooden tie rods. The church is almost 80 m long and 30 m wide.

The Frarikirche is a three-aisled pillar basilica with a single-nave high transept and a group of six small and one large central choir chapel , all of which have a polygonal closure. To the south-east of the apse are the Milanese Chapel, the Chapel of St. Michael or Capella Trevisan and the Chapel of the Franciscan Saints (Capella di S. Francesco). North-west of the apse are the Baptist Chapel (cappella dei Fiorentini), the Sacramentous Chapel (cappella del Sacramento) and the Bernardo family chapel (cappella Bernardo) with Bartolomeo Vivarini's 1482 painting of the Virgin with Saints Andrew , Nicholas of Bari , Paul and Peter , the at the same time represents the ancestors of the four lines of the Bernardo house and from which, in comparison with the eight years older triptych in the Cappella Corner, the stylistic development of Vivarini can be clearly read. All parts of the room have a ribbed vault .

Furnishing

  1. Interior facade
  2. Kreuzkapelle
  3. Monument to Canova
  4. Monument to the Doge Pesaro
  5. Madonna of the House of Pesaro
  6. Emiliani Chapel or Cappella Emiliana
  7. Corner Chapel or Cappella Corner
  8. Milanese or Milanese chapel
  9. St. Michael's Chapel or Capella Trevisan
  10. Chapel of the Franciscan Saints (Capella di S. Francesco)
  11. Choir stalls
  12. Choir
  13. Monument to the Doge Tron
  14. 12th century cross
  15. Assumption of the Virgin by Titian (and great organ)
  16. Monument to the Doge Foscari
  17. Baptist Chapel (cappella dei Fiorentini)
  18. Chapel of Father Kolbe or Sacrament Chapel
  19. Chapel of Bernardo
  20. Pietà
  21. Sacristy altar and triptych by Giovanni Bellini
  22. Sacristy with painting Hagar in the desert
  23. Relic altar
  24. Entrance to the chapter house and convent of the Frari
  25. Wall of the right transept
  26. Monument to Jacopo Marcello
  27. Altar of Saint Catherine
  28. Altar of St. Joseph of Copertino
  29. Altar of the circumcision of Jesus
  30. Tomb of the painter Titian
  31. Altar of St. Anthony of Padua

Tombs

Titian , Pesaro Madonna

Funerary monument of Doge Pesaro
Monument to Antonio Canova
Tomb for Titian

The tombs of the following people are located in the Frari Church:

Monument to Canova

The monument to Canova goes back to his design for an unrealized grave for Titian and was adapted as a grave monument for Maria Christina of Austria in the Augustinian Church in Vienna . When Canova died in 1822, his body was transferred to his native Possagno and in 1827 the Carrara marble monument was erected in the Frari Church. In front of the open pyramid door to the supposed burial chamber are three female sculptures, the weeping sculpture, the painting and the architecture, followed by three geniuses with lit torches for the immortality of art. On the left is Canova's genius with an extinguished torch and the desperate Lion of Venice. Above the door, two angels carry the sculptor's portrait, which is entwined by a snake as a symbol of immortality.

Paintings and sculptures

The Assumption of Mary Titian was painted especially for this place and placed above the high altar in 1518. The picture was painted with oil paints on wood in the dimensions 668 × 344 cm.
Richard Wagner , who saw Titian's picture in 1861 in the Accademia , where it was exhibited in a specially built hall from 1817 to 1921 until it was brought back to the church, was inspired by the sight of this painting for his Meistersinger von Nürnberg .
  • Palma il Giovane , Martyrdom of Saint Catherine of Alexandria (1590–1595)
  • Paolo Veneziano : Votive image of Doge Francesco Dandolo and Dogaressa Isabetta Contarini with their patron saints Francis and Elisabeth, 1339 , chapter house of the Frari church
  • Alessandro Vittoria : The Risen Christ , sculpture
  • Alessandro Vittoria: St. Jerome , sculpture
  • Alvise Vivarini : St. Augustine and other saints , northern chapel in the transept
  • Bartolomeo Vivarini : St. Mark , Altarpiece, Cappella Corner
  • Bartolomeo Vivarini: Madonna with Child and Saints , altarpiece, southern chapel in the transept

organ

As early as 1400 the Frari church was equipped with an organ . Today the church has two organs from the 18th century, which are housed on the two singers' stands. The organ on the left podium was built in 1732 by the Venetian organ builder Giovanni Battista Piaggia . The purely mechanical instrument is largely original. It has a manual work with attached pedal (cdefgah-e 0 ) without its own register . The tabs are arranged to the left and right of the gaming table. The organ on the right-hand podium was built between 1795 and 1796 by the organ builder Gaetano Callido . The purely mechanical instrument also has a manual (CDEFGAH – d 3 ). The pedal is attached. During an extensive renovation in the second half of the 20th century, both organs were coordinated and can be played together. The excellent condition of the two instruments enables the music of the 16th and 17th centuries to be performed for two organs.

Piaggia organ (1732)
Left row of registers
Principals 8th'
Ottava
Decima Quinta
Decima Nona
Vigesima Seconda
(Continuation)
Right row of registers
Vigesima Sesta
Vigesima Nona
Voce Umana (D)
Flauto in Duodecima
Cornetta
Callido organ (1796)
Left row of registers: Ripieno
Principals (B)
Principals (D)
Ottava
Quintadecima
Decimanona
Vigesimaseconda
Vigesimasesta
Vigesimanona
Trigesimaterza
Trigesimanona
Trigesimasesta
Contrabbassi (P)
Ottave (P)
(Continuation)
Right row of registers
Voce Umana
Flauto in VIII (B)
Flauto in VIII (D)
Flauto in XII
Cornetta
Tromboncini (B)
Tromboncini (D)
Trombe Reali (P)
  • Remarks
B = bass side
D = treble side
P = register only in pedal position

Behind the main altar is a large organ, which was built in 1927 by the Mascioni organ building company . The instrument has 31 stops on three manuals and a pedal. The playing and stop actions are electro-pneumatic.

I Grand'Organo Cc 4
Principals 16 ′
Principals 8th'
Flauto 8th'
Salicionale 8th'
Tromba 8th'
Ottava 4 ′
Flauto in XII 2 2 ⁄ 3  ′
XV 2 ′
Ripieno 1 1 ⁄ 3  ′
II Corale Espressivo Cc 4
Principals 8th'
Bordone 8th'
Gamba 8th'
Voce Umana 8th'
Ottava 4 ′
XV 2 ′
Ripieno 1 1 ⁄ 3  ′
III Espressivo Cc 4
Silvestre 2 ′
Flauto 4 ′
Clarino 8th'
Quintante 8th'
Coro Viole 8th'
viola 8th'
Eufonio 8th'
Pedals Cf 1
Contrabbasso 16 ′
Principale Violone 16 ′
Armonico 8th'
Subbasso 16 ′
cello 8th'
Controfagotto 16 ′
Tromba 8th'
Clarone 4 ′
  • Coupling: I / I (super octave coupling), II / I, II / II (super octave coupling) III / I (also as sub and super octave coupling), III / II (also as sub octave coupling), III / III (sub octave coupling), I / P , II / P, III / P

literature

  • Ennio Concina: Churches in Venice. Art and history. Text by Ennio Concina. Photographs by Piero Codato. Hirmer, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-7774-7010-4 , pp. 190-207
  • Herbert Rosendorfer : Church Guide Venice , Leipzig 2008, 2nd edition, EA Seemann, 2013, pp. 31–36.
  • Silvia Riboni: La Basilica di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari di Venezia: il turismo tra ottocento e contemporaneità , tesi di laurea, Università Ca 'Foscari, Venice 2016 ( online ).
  • Joseph Ungaro OFMConv: The Basilica of the Frari in Venice , 2nd edition 1976, 113 pp.

Remarks

  1. ↑ CELEGA (Ceilega, cellga), Pier Paolo , in: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, vol. 23 (1979)
  2. ↑ No. 7 of the floor plan
  3. ↑ a b no. 8 of the floor plan
  4. ↑ No. 6 of the floor plan
  5. ↑ No. 22 of the floor plan
  6. ↑ No. 11 of the floor plan
  7. ↑ No. 12 of the floor plan
  8. ↑ No. 9 of the floor plan
  9. ↑ No. 10 of the floor plan
  10. ↑ No. 17 of the floor plan
  11. ↑ No. 18 of the floor plan
  12. ↑ No. 19 of the floor plan
  13. ↑ Chorus (Italian)

Web links

Commons : Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 45 ° 26 ′ 12.2 "  N , 12 ° 19 ′ 33.8"  E