Santuari de Lluc
The Santuari de Santa Maria de Lluc ( Castilian Santuario de Santa María de Lluch ), so the full name, is a place of pilgrimage in the mountains of the Serra de Tramuntana in the northwest of the Spanish Balearic island of Mallorca and is considered the spiritual center of the island. The word santuari means " sanctuary ". It is to be distinguished from Monestir for " monastery ", so the Santuari de Lluc is administered by fathers and not inhabited by monks .
In the Santuari de Lluc , the patron saint of Mallorca, Mare de Déu de Lluc , the “ Mother of God of Lluc”, is venerated in the form of a black statue of the Madonna , which the locals call sa Morenita , “the dark-skinned one”. The holy place has almost a million visitors a year and is the destination of numerous pilgrims . Since 1974 it has been the end point of the "Marxa des Güell a Lluc a peu" , which takes place every year on the first Saturday in August , a joint march of thousands of mostly young people from the island's capital Palma to Lluc.
Next to the Santuari is the Jardín Botánico de Lluc , a small botanical garden to the northeast of the main building . In 2011 , 41 people lived in the settlement of Lluc, the Santuari and its outbuildings.
Location and description
The Santuari de Lluc is located 34 kilometers northeast of Palma (48 kilometers by road) at 525 meters above sea level in a basin in the Tramuntana Mountains in the municipality of Escorca . It is surrounded by mountains over 1000 meters high, such as the Puig de Massanella (1,364.9 meters) southwest of Lluc , the Puig Tomir (1103.6 meters) in the northeast and the Puig Roig (1003.1 meters) in the northwest. The buildings of the Santuari are located on a torrent , the Torrent de Lluc or Torrent d'Albarca . It rises not far from the sanctuary at the 771 meter high Puig Ferrer east of Lluc. West of the Santuari , the stream joins the Torrent des Gorg Blau to form the Torrent de Pareis , which flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the Cala de Sa Calobra bay . The Lluc sanctuary is located on the GR 221 long-distance hiking trail , which means that parts of this trail are upgraded to become a pilgrim path ; the Refugi de Son Amer serves as hiking accommodation in the village.
The main building of the Santuari consists of several wings , in which a high school with boarding school , a museum , a hostel , the municipality of Escorca and the pilgrimage church are housed. The Renaissance building of the Lluc Church, the Església de Lluc , completed in 1691 , has been given the honorary title of Basilica de Lluc since 1962 . A cross basilica of the church type , its floor plan has the shape of a Latin cross . It has a central nave with a barrel vault and three chapels on either side. The center of the cross is dominated by a richly decorated dome, adorned with the paintings of the twelve apostles, with an attached lantern , into which daylight can penetrate. The rose window above the main portal of the church, which is framed on both sides by organ pipes, serves as a further light source .
The arches and cornices of the building are made of stone extracted from near the santuaris . The nave of the church has a length of 28.28 meters and is 6.70 meters wide. At the transept , the width of the church is 13.45 meters. The interior and the choir are decorated with golden ornamentation in the Baroque style. On the left side on the walls of the transept there are paintings of St. Francis and St. Sebastian . Opposite them on the right side hang the portraits of Saint Catalina Tomàs and Saint Teresa de Jesús . In the center of the high altar , richly decorated with gold, is the painting of Our Lady of Lluc by Mestre Jaume Blanquer. Above the altar there is an arched saying ( Ps 87.1 EU ) from the Book of Psalms : Latin FVNDAMENTA EIVS IN MONTIBVS SANCTIS - “Your foundations are on the holy hills”.
The statue of Mare de Déu de Lluc is located in one of the rear side chapels of the pilgrimage church . The Black Madonna is raised on a pedestal in a decorated niche behind the main altar of the church. It is surrounded by a small altar, which is embedded within a round arch of the partition wall to the nave, the main church room. The chapel offers space for pilgrims' prayers. The Gothic statue of the Virgin Mary made of dark stone holds the baby Jesus in her left arm and points to the child's figure with her right hand. A replica of an open book is placed in the child's arms, on the front-facing pages of which the large letters “A” and “Ω” for “Alpha” and “Omega” , the symbols for Jesus Christ as the first and last, are engraved are. Alpha and Omega are the first and last letters of the Greek alphabet .
In addition to its function as a place of pilgrimage, the Santuari de Lluc is also known for its boys' choir "els Blauets" , which has achieved national fame and performs there regularly. It is made up of students from the Col·legi de Lluc boarding school , the grammar school or college of the Santuari , to which a historical archive is attached. Since 2006 girls have also been allowed to attend boarding school and sing in the choir. The museum des Santuari de Lluc on the first floor of the main building houses the treasure donated by the Mare de Déu, a collection of finds from the Talaiotic era , liturgical objects , religious and other Mallorcan vestments and clothing, ceramics , medieval and modern religious images as well as paintings from the 18th and 19th centuries. Worth mentioning is a donation of works by the painter Josep Coll i Bardolet, born in 1912 and who has lived in Valldemossa since 1940, to the museum from his personal collection. Various tourist facilities also belong to the settlement of Lluc. 129 guest rooms and apartments of today's Hostatgeria were set up in the former hostel cells for pilgrims, the cel·les . There is a campsite near the Sa Font Coberta spring, southeast of the Santuaris building .
A little above the western outer wall of the main building of the Santuari de Lluc , an artistic multiple sundial is attached to a rock slab, which represents five dials on a three-part vertical plate measuring 3.20 x 1.80 meters . In addition to three normal sundials for the true local or solar time on the middle table and Central European Time or Central European Summer Time on the right side of the plate, there is a sundial at the bottom left to display the Babylonian hours and above it a canonical sundial with a historical hour counter Indication of prayer times for monks or pilgrims. The lettering is written in Majorcan , the year of construction on the lower edge of the middle panel as ANY MCMXCI - "Year 1991". The multiple sundial was designed by Professor Rafael Soler Gayá from Palma and engraved on artificial sandstone panels in a workshop in Santanyí in the southeast of Mallorca .
Legend
The founding legend of Lluc tells of a Moorish shepherd boy named Lluc ( Catalan for "Luke"), whose parents had converted to Christianity . Shortly after the Christian reconquest of Mallorca in 1229, he is said to have found the dark statue of the Mare de Déu de Lluc ("Mother of God of Lluc") venerated there between the rocks on the bank of the stream behind the current sacristy of the Santuari de Lluc on a Saturday afternoon . The figure was brought to the parish church of Escorca, the chapel of Sant Pere d'Escorca , on the same day .
However, when the locals came together the next morning to worship the statue of the Madonna, it was gone. They were discovered at the site of their original place of discovery on the bank of the stream and brought back to the Escorca chapel. The incident repeated itself the next day, whereupon the pastor of Escorca decided to build a small chapel for the statue of Our Lady at the said site, the Santuari de Santa Maria de Lluc , to give people the opportunity to do the Mare de Déu de Lluc here to worship.
history
It is believed that a sanctuary existed on the site of the Santuari de Lluc in prehistoric times . Some historians derive the name Lluc from the Latin word lucus for "(sacred) grove ". In the vicinity of the Santuari there are grave caves from the Talaiotic period , an era before Mallorca was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 123 BC. BC. The grave caves at Lluc how the Cometa des Morts , from the artifacts in the museum of Santuaris can be visited shall be set at the 4th century. Dated. During the period of Muslim rule over Mallorca (902–1229), the place is said to have been named Al-Luc , written sources from the time of the Catalan conquest of the island in the 13th century referred to it as Luc .
The first chapel of the Santuari de Lluc was built in 1230, a year after the island was conquered by Jaume I , King of Aragon . In 1260 did the king to Augustiner - Hermitage Mare de Deu de Lluc expand. One of the first documents that mentions the old chapel of Santa Maria de Lluc is the will of the knight Valentí de Ses Torres of October 31, 1268. Another document from 1273 attests to the already large number of pilgrims who, despite the visited the shrine of Our Lady of Lluc at that time, taking a dangerous route . At the end of the 14th century, the road from Inca to Lluc was expanded and seven stone monuments to the Virgin Mary were erected. The stelae , of which only two remain today, one of them in the Museum of the Sanctuary of Lluc, were made by Llorenç Tosquella and painted by Pere Merçol.
The growing popularity of the cult of St. Mary of Lluc in the 15th century required legal changes in the administration of the sanctuary, which has since been run by a college of priests . After the Mallorcan nobleman Tomàs de Tomàs had campaigned for the construction of a seminary in Lluc, Pope Kalixt III changed. the Església de Lluc in 1456 into a collegiate church . During the priory of Monsignor Gabriel Vaquer in Lluc, statutes were issued in 1526 , which were confirmed by Pope Clement VII in the Bull Pastoralis officii of 1531. The most important statute was the obligation to celebrate morning masses in honor of the Virgin Mary, sung by a choir of six young boys . The origins of this choir are rooted in the 13th century, the actual founding is dated around 1450. Because of the blue color of their robes , the choirboys still bear the name els Blauets , "the blues".
According to legend, the original statue of the Mare de Déu de Lluc, found in the 13th century, disappeared in the Middle Ages . Today revered in Lluc statue of the Black Madonna in Flemish - late Gothic style is from 1520 and was Joan Amer, a Majorcan traders and "Protector" (protector and promoter ) of the Sanctuaries , in Belgium , in order to give it acquired the Church of Lluc . Also in the 16th century, the buildings of the Santuari de Lluc , known locally as "Porxets" or " arcade houses", were built for pilgrims and their horses in 1586 . Three years later, in 1589, the star-shaped Renaissance fountain was built in front of the entrance to the main building on the Plaça dels Pelegrins , the “pilgrimage place”, as a drinking place for the animals. The other side of the square near the gatehouses is dominated by one of the Gothic steles that once stood on the way to Inca.
The current church building of the Església de Lluc in the Renaissance style was started in 1622 and completed with the completion of the facade in 1691. The high altar of the pilgrimage church of Lluc was consecrated in 1684. The altar wall, painted by Mestre Jaume Blanquer, dates back to 1629. The altar painting shows the Mare de Déu de Lluc , whose statue is placed in the central niche of one of the side chapels behind the main altar.
In 1707 the church received from King Charles III. , Archduke of Austria, awarded the title "Royal Chapel". The Lluc hostel was built in the early 19th century. On August 10, 1884, the statue of the Virgin Mary was honored in the name of Pope Leo XIII. to be crowned by the Bishop of Mallorca, Jaume Mateu. About 12,000 pilgrims attended the ceremony. In addition to the crown, the originally simple figure was decorated with precious stones and a book was placed in the hand of the baby Jesus in the arm of the Madonna.
Since 1891 the Santuari has been administered by the Order of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Missioners dels Sagrats Cors) . The transfer of the priory of Lluc to the founder of the Majorcan religious branch, Father Joaquim Rosselló i Ferrá, by Bishop Jacint Maria Cervera was finally confirmed in 1910 by Bishop Pere-Joan Campins, who succeeded him, with the consent of the Holy See . A monument in the Jardín de la Magnolia , the "Magnolia Garden", commemorates the first prior of the missionary order in the sanctuary of Lluc, Joaquim Rosselló. Inspired by the architect Antoni Gaudí , Joan Rubió i Bellver and Guillem Reinés designed five groups of sculptures in 1909 that depict the fifteen mysteries of the rosary and, completed by 1913, decorate the Camí dels Misteris , the mystery path to the hill of Pujol de la Trobada . The included Bronze - reliefs come from the sculptor Josep Llimona i Bruguera .
The interior of the Església de Lluc was, early 20th century also for suggestions by Antoni Gaudí in the style of neo-baroque expanded, taking inspiration in the design of the church interior to the existing sanctuary leaned (choir or presbytery). When the work was completed, Bishop Pere-Joan Campins rededicated the church on July 17, 1914. The bishop, a sponsor of the Santuari de Lluc , was erected in 1920 in front of the main portal of the pilgrimage church. In 1925 the facade of the church was renewed, with the exception of the 17th century portal. Finally, the pilgrimage church of Lluc was on June 30, 1962 by Pope John XXIII. bestowed the honorary title of a minor basilica with the bull Gloria et praesidium .
Eight years earlier, in 1954, the Santuari de Lluc Museum was opened. In 1956, the construction of a botanical garden began next to the buildings of the sanctuary. The initiator was the brother of the Missioners dels Sagrats Cors Macià Ripoll, born in Esporles in 1930 , supported by some former members of the Blauets choir . Further information on the history of the Santuari de Santa Maria de Lluc can be found in the Arxiu del Col·legi de Lluc (ACL) , the historical archive that is attached to the boarding school Col·legi de Lluc . More than 500 scrolls and around 5000 works on the history of the place are kept here. The oldest document is from 1244.
literature
- Victoria Lucio: Lluc. Church and monastery guides . Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 1997, ISBN 3-932526-16-3 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Joan-Antoni Adrover i Mascaró: 600 questions about Mallorca (state-certified Mallorcan tour guide) , Verlag Die Wiedehopf Travel Guide 2006, page 58, ISBN 84-611-0886-8
- ↑ Des Güell a Lluc a peu
- ↑ Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)
- ↑ Senderisme a Mallorca - Height information on the map of Mallorca
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Història del Santuari de Santa Maria de Lluc ( Memento of October 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Lluc - The Story ( Memento from September 28, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Santuari de Lluc - Hostatgeria ( Memento of March 17, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Santuari de Lluc - Zona de acampada ( Memento of April 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Sundials - Lluc
- ↑ a b c Thomas Schröder: Mallorca , Michael Müller Verlag 2006, page 162, ISBN 3-89953-334-8
- ↑ The Route of the Tramuntana , Consell de Mallorca ( Memento from June 15, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b Sanctuary of Lluc , on mallorcaweb.com
- ↑ a b Monastery of Santuari de Lluc. Accessed March 31, 2020 .
- ↑ Joan-Antoni Adrover i Mascaró: 600 questions about Mallorca (state-certified Mallorcan tour guide) , Verlag Die Wiedehopf Travel Guide 2006, page 15
- ↑ Gaspar Valero, Imma Planas: Serra de Tramuntana , Triangle Postals 2004, page 75, ISBN 84-8478-086-4
- ↑ According to Baltasar Coll i Tomàs (Canon of the Cathedral of Palma, Prefect of the Biblioteca Capitular and Director of the Cathedral Museum), Gaudí's contribution in Lluc is usually overestimated (see interview with Baltasar Coll ( Memento from June 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ))
- ^ Ioannes XXIII .: Litt. Apost. Gloria et praesidium , in: AAS 55 (1963), n.6 p. 323s.
- ↑ Visita al Jardí Botànic ( Memento from April 20, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ L'Arxiu del Col·legi de Lluc ( Memento of July 24, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
Web links
- Santuari de Lluc (Catalan)
- Monestirs i santuaris: Santuari de Lluc (Catalan)
Coordinates: 39 ° 49 ′ 22.5 ″ N , 2 ° 53 ′ 4 ″ E