Montsoreau Castle

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Montsoreau Castle
The Montsoreau castle from the Loire

The Montsoreau castle from the Loire

Alternative name (s): Château de Montsoreau
Creation time : 990-1001;
New building 1443–1453;
Place: Arrondissement of Saumur
Geographical location 47 ° 12 '56.2 "  N , 0 ° 3' 43.9"  E Coordinates: 47 ° 12 '56.2 "  N , 0 ° 3' 43.9"  E
Montsoreau Castle (Maine-et-Loire)
Montsoreau Castle
Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes
UNESCO world heritage UNESCO World Heritage Emblem
National territory: FranceFrance France
Type: Culture
Criteria : i, ii, iv
Surface: 86,021 ha
Reference No .: 933bis
UNESCO region : Europe and North America
History of enrollment
Enrollment: 2000  (session 24)
Extension: 2017

The Montsoreau castle is a castle in Renaissance style in the Loire Valley , which is located on the banks of the Loire in -et-Loire Maine department in the region Pays de la Loire in France is. It is located in the small market town of Montsoreau in the Maine-et-Loire department, near Saumur , Chinon , Fontevraud-l'Abbaye and Candes-Saint-Martin . Montsoreau Castle is the only one of the Loire castles built on the Loire riverbed.

Management is in the hands of a private company. In 2015, the French art collector Philippe Méaille and the President of the French Department of Maine-et-Loire signed a 25-year lease for the Montsoreau Castle property. Philippe Méaille installed his extraordinary collection of radical conceptualists Art & Language and opened the Montsoreau Castle - Museum of Contemporary Art in 2016 .

The building was built around the middle of the 15th century by Jean II. De Chambes , a confidante and diplomat of Charles VII , in place of an older structure. The strategically important castle once secured the road from Chinon to Saumur .

After the French Revolution , the castle was divided among several owners. In the end, the rooms were only used as apartments and storage rooms, and finally the building fell into disrepair. The fact that the ruin remained popular is not least thanks to the novel La Dame de Monsoreau . After the département acquired the castle, it was restored . In 2001, after extensive restoration work, the castle was reopened under the motto Les imaginaires de Loire .

The Loire, which originally burned against the castle walls, flowed through man-made ditches around the castle courtyard. This fits in with the castle-like impression that the building, which was built in the late Middle Ages , conveys from the outside. On the courtyard side, however, the eastern stair tower in particular shows off its purest Renaissance decor . The lavishly designed roof zone of the main wing also overcomes the defensive character. The halls inside still have their original beamed ceilings and fireplaces.

From the battlements of the castle you have a view of the Loire and over the roofs of the market town of Montsoreau . In addition, you can see the dry moat hewn out of the rock between the castle and the village.

The Montsoreau Castle has been run as a historic building by the French Ministry of Culture since 1862. Montsoreau Castle has been part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000 .

etymology

Montsoreau Castle

The name Mount Soreau (Castrum Monte Sorello , Mons Sorello , Mountsorrell , Monte-Sorel , Monsorel , Munsorel , Muntesorel or Montsorel ) appears in its Latin form for the first time in 1086 in a Kartul . Mons or Monte ( mountain ) refers to the rocky promontory located in the Loire river bed on which the Montsoreau fortress was built. The name Sorello was not interpreted. It can be found in several Latinized forms: Sorello , Sorel , Sorelli .

Name variations

  • Montsoreau
  • Monsoreau

history

middle Ages

Counties of Anjou and Blois

The settlement of the site was first documented in writing in the 6th century, before the first fortress was built there in 990 by Odo, the first Count of Blois . In 1001 it was taken over by the Count of Anjou, Fulko Nerra (Fulk the Black), one of the greatest builders of the Middle Ages. He gave it to the knight Gautier I of Montsoreau, who belonged to one of the most important families of Anjou . The Castrum Monsorelli is one of the forty fortified castles in Anjou and one of the few that received the title of lordship around the turn of the year 1000. A town quickly developed around the castle, which Monte Sorelli named in the version narratio de commendatione Turonice provincie, edited by Salmon in 1854, as one of the oppidis munitissimi et pupolosis (from the 12th century a customs house can be proven on the basis of written sources).

Henry II, King of England

In 1152 and 1156, King Henry II of England besieged the castle of Montsoreau twice. In 1152, Gottfried VI , brother of Henry II, Duke of Normandy , heir to the county of Anjou, organized an uprising against this brother. This ended with Gottfried's surrender during the siege and conquest of the fortress of Montsoreau. Henry II remained Count of Anjou, but the fortresses of Chinon , Mirebeau, Loudun and Montsoreau passed into Gottfried's possession. In 1156 Gottfried organized another uprising against his brother, who had since been made King of England. This uprising also led to the conquest of Montsoreau. Gottfried and Guillaume von Montsoreau were captured. Henry II kept the fortress for his personal use, presumably until his death.

Around 1168, Henry II ordered the construction of the first dike of the Loire between Langeais and Saint-Martin-de-la-Place with a length of 45 km, with the aim of protecting the valley. This edict of the King of England was signed by Guillaume de Montsoreau and his son Guillaume.

The Savarys

Since his eldest son Gaultier had no male descendants, the lordship passed to the Savary von Montbazon family in 1213. The Savarys of Montbazon received the land of Montbazon in the form of a gift from Philippe-Auguste, a donation from the king, which obliged them to transfer the land back to him whenever he asked and forbade them to fortify it without his consent. After his victory at Bouvines , Philippe-Auguste chose it in 1214, together with Guy Turpin, Archdeacon of Tours , to negotiate peace with the King of England, John Ohneland .

The Viscounts of Chateaudun and the Chabots

The second house of Montsoreau, the Chabot family, died in 1362 with the marriage of Renaud VII's only daughter to Guillaume II from Craon. The Craon family held lordship until 1398. The fourth house, that of the Chabots, only lasted a few decades.

In 1450 came the end of the Hundred Years War . Jean II de Chambes, the first adviser to Charles VII, King of France , bought the castle from his brother-in-law, Louis II Chabot, who was in debt. Jean II de Chambes, a descendant of the old noble Angoumois family, had already started the construction of the main building in Montsoreau between 1443 and 1453. He entered the service of Charles VII in 1426, 29 years before the famous meeting between the King and Joan of Arc in the castle of Chinon. In 1444 he was appointed premier maître d'ostel . He was in contact with Jacques Cœur at the time . After the latter fell out of favor in 1453, Jean II received a considerable amount of money. Charles VII entrusted him with several important diplomatic missions, in particular he was sent to Venice as ambassador in 1459 to prepare a new crusade. His lordships of Montsoreau and Argenton, but also his governorship of La Rochelle and Lord Provost and captain of Niort , Talmont-sur-Gironde and Aigues-Mortes secured him numerous sources of income.

Modern times

In the years 1450 to 1460, Jean II de Chambres played an increasingly important role as ambassador and accordingly often stayed outside Anjou. In the meantime, he destroyed the fortress and built the Montsoreau Castle in the new Renaissance style . Thanks to his closeness to Charles VII, his political and financial influence increased immensely in these ten years. When Louis XI , Charles VII's successor, came to power, Jean II gradually withdrew from politics.

After Jean II de Chambres' death in 1473, his son Jean III succeeded him. Marie de Châteaubriant, his wife, founded the Sainte-Croix collegiate church on the other side of the moat in 1519. In 1505 Anne de Bretagne and her daughter Claude de France , who was then betrothed to Charles de Luxembourg during the Italian wars , spent a few months in Montsoreau Castle.

Bartholomew Night

In 1530, Philippe de Chambes , who lived in Montsoreau, married Anne de Laval-Montmorency. His eldest son, Jean IV de Chambes, inherited Montsoreau, a barony from 1560, from the Coutancière estate. Montsoreau was sacked by the Protestants in 1568 . On 22 August 1572 exercised Gaspard de Coligny from a murder attempt that as a trigger for the two days later in Paris held massacre of Protestants in Paris was. This massacre lasted for several days in the capital and then spread to more than twenty provincial cities. Jean IV de Chambes took over despite King Charles IX . from the 28th ordered prohibition, the organization and execution of the " Saint-Barthélemy angevine" in Saumur , on August 28th and 29th in Angers .

The Barony of Montsoreau became a county from 1573 to 1575 by patent letters . After the death of Jean IV de Chambes in 1575, his brother Charles de Chambes became Count of Montsoreau and married Françoise de Maridor the following year.

Smuggling and counterfeiting

During the last decade of the 16th century, a garrison of first fifty and then twenty warlords resided at the castle. However, this no longer existed under the rule of Louis XIII . René de Chambes called for a garrison of royal troops, but was rejected by Richelieu . De Chambes is said to have been convicted of a forger and forger for one of his lovers.

He was sentenced to death and had to flee to England , from where he never returned. After the death of his successor Bernard de Chambes, the Montsoreau castle was rarely inhabited by its various owners.

Bouchet de Sources

Catherine de Chambes, the eldest daughter of Bernard de Chambes, married Louis-François Ier du Bouchet, who died in 1716, leaving £ 400,000 in debt. His eldest son Louis I du Bouchet married Jeanne de Pocholle du Hamel, who brought him £ 200,000 dowry. In 1793 the Montsoreau Castle was declared a national property.

19th and 20th centuries

The widow of Louis-François II. Du Bouchet de Sourches, Marquis of Tourzel, sold the castle and the remains of the Montsoreau estate from 1804. After the sale of the property, the building was occupied by 19 owners who redesign it. The external condition of the main building is known in part thanks to various representations and descriptions from the second half of the 19th century, which testify to the state of the building's decline. In 1910 the castle was in very poor condition, which caused indignation among members of the French Archaeological Society. Thanks to the efforts of Senator von Geoffre, who sensitized the General Council, the situation is developing positively. The department of Maine-et-Loire gradually acquired the various plots from 1913 and the restoration work begun in 1923 continued without interruption until the Second World War .

20th century restorations

In 1919, under the influence of Jean de Geoffre de Chabrignac , the state and the General Council of Maine-et-Loire launched a major campaign to rebuild the then in ruins Montsoreau Castle. The first step was to get the building out of the water using makeshift covers. Jean Hardion, chief architect of historical monuments, decided to incorporate reinforced concrete into the original wood as the 15th century sculpted beams were damaged. The new concrete parts are painted in illusion painting to create the illusion of the wood of a craftsman named Leboucher. The original chestnut wood frame was strengthened and completed. The construction was interrupted during the Second World War and resumed towards the end.

Art and Language, Art-Language The Journal of Conceptual Art, collection Château de Montsoreau-Musée d'art contemporain.

Museum for Moroccan "Goums" and indigenous cultures of Morocco

From 1956 to 1999, Montsoreau Castle housed the "Musée des goums marocains et des affaires indigènes du Maroc". In 1956 Morocco gained independence from France and Spain and the "goums mixtes marocains", smaller infantry units of the African army consisting of Moroccan natives under French supervision, form the core of the royal Moroccan army. Lieutenant Colonel Aunis obtained permission from the Maine-et-Loire General Council to use the halls on the first floor of the castle for a museum and to collect memories and trophies there.

This permit is sealed by the signing of a 99-year long lease between the Koumia (Association des Anciens des Goums Mixtes Marocains et des Affaires Indigènes) and the Maine-et-Loire General Council. The inauguration took place in August 1956 in the presence of Marshal Juin and Colonel Mac Carthy.

As the long lease ended prematurely, the museum finally closed on March 1st, 1997.

Museum of Contemporary Art (since 2016)

In January 2016, the Maine-et-Loire department rented the castle for 25 years to Phillippe Méaille , who set up his contemporary art collection with a focus on art and language . It is the world's premier collection of works by British, American and Australian artists known as the inventors of conceptual art . The museum is called " Montsoreau Castle - Museum of Contemporary Art " and opens in April 2016.

The collection is regularly loaned to both national and international museums. Examples include the Center Georges-Pompidou in Paris, MACBA in Barcelona, ​​the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao and the Center de création contemporaine Olivier Debré (CCCOD) in Tours. The collection is also represented in thematic exhibitions, such as Soulèvements in May 1968 in the Galerie Nationale du Jeu de Paume in Paris and Luther and the Avant Garde in Wittenberg .

In the opening year 2016, the museum welcomes 35,000 visitors. Furthermore, this year the museum is exhibiting the temporary exhibition by Agnes Thumauer and honoring the minimalist artist François Morellet twice . Starting with the creation of the Prix François-Morellet, which annually in Saumur on the day of books and wine (journées nationales du livre et du vin) honors an author for his commitment in the field of contemporary art. The first prize was given to Catherine Millet .

The Museum Morellet paid its second honor with the unveiling of one of its works on the museum facade on the occasion of his death on May 10, 2016.

gallery

  • Anjou Vélo Vintage Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art.jpg
  • Chateau Montsoreau Loire.jpg
  • Chateau de Montsoreau Museum of contemporary art Loire Valley France.jpg
  • Chateau de Montsoreau Museum of contemporary art.jpg
  • Chateau de montsoreau - detail.JPG
  • Château de Montsoreau.JPG
  • Most beautiful villages of the world montsoreau 2.jpg
  • Chateau de Montsoreau Museum of contemporary art sky lantern.jpg

Geography: location and natural environment

The Montsoreau Castle is strategically located at the confluence of two rivers, the Loire and the Vienne , and at the intersection of the three historical political regions of Anjou , Poitou and Touraine . It is located in a nationally protected region, the Loire-Anjou-Touraine Regional Nature Park.

The castle was built right into the bed of the Loire, at the foot of the hill, in tufa - the local rock that is still visible in many places. Many local lots are built from this stone and in fact there are many local houses built in the hills and in the local caves. The topographical location is considered to be militarily impregnable, as it is located between two small valleys on an approximately 30 hectare plateau with steep slopes to the east and west.

Castle building

Jean II. De Chambes built the Montsoreau Castle in 1455. The building marks the transition from military architecture to architecture for pleasure , as evidenced by the large windows, numerous chimneys, and attention to sanitary issues. The central apartment of the castle was built directly on the banks of the Loire . Unusually, two right-angled wings that look like two square towers framing the main building were erected a few years later at a time when round towers were usually built. This strange choice shows the corner pavilions of classical architecture . A spiral staircase probably existed before today's Renaissance staircase.

The cellars on the ground floor and in the courtyard allow navigation on the Loire to be controlled. One of these rooms has direct access to the river. The main staircase on the left leads to the first floor apartment and salon on the first floor. This seventeen meter long, very bright room, illuminated by five windows, is heated by two monumental chimneys.

Small rooms surround the apartment and show the transition between public and private areas. Jean III followed in 1473. de Chambes after his father. He built a Renaissance stair tower with a polygonal shaft crowned by a terrace. The steps lead to an octagonal, palm-shaped vault very similar to those in Angers ' Barrault apartment and Saumur town hall. The staircase is decorated with pilasters that border the windows. Medallions, putti and candelabra carried by lion paws.

A central plaque shows a helmet with the motto of the Chambes Crie family . The register above shows two monkeys holding the end of a chain. This chain is attached to a loop strap, under which Je le feray is written. At the other end of the chain, an egg-shaped object adorned with a leaf decoration hangs from a hoop. A little monkey crouches on the left side of the tire. The top plate is decorated with trees and branches that represent a growth in front of which stands a deer, the main symbol of the hunt.

Château de Montsoreau in art

literature

François Rabelais

François Rabelais , who saw Montsoreau Castle as it is today, quotes Montsoreau several times in his masterpiece and tells the life of Gargantua and Pantagruel .

Gustave Flaubert and Maxime Ducamp

In their novel Par les champs et par les grèves , Gustave Flaubert and Maxime Du Camp tell of their trip to Montsoreau on May 8, 1847: “Anjou feels Italy . Is this memory of influence or the effect of the sweet Loire most sensual to rivers? [...] In Montsoreau we turn left and take the climb that stretches between the Loire and the hills to Saumur. [...] So we walk happily and without worries, talkative and silent, singing and smoking; For us it was one of those days when people love life, those days when the fog disappears a little and a bright corner becomes visible on the horizon. "

Alexandre Dumas

Alexandre Dumas ' Dame de Monsoreau , part of a trilogy, is one of his most famous novels, published in 1846 (serialized), translated into more than six languages ​​and distributed worldwide. This novel depicts the Montsoreau castle. It is part of the trilogy on European Wars of Religion, between La Reine Margot and Les Quarante-cinq .

La Dame de Monsoreau is a historical novel that combines two intrigues:

  • A love story between Louis de Clermont, Lord of Bussy d'Amboise and Diane de Méridor, wife of the Count of Montsoreau.
  • A political intrigue that caused politics and religious problems under King Henri III (Henry III of France), including rivalry with his brother François de France, the Duke of Alençon and then the Duke of Anjou, a fascinating personality with no honor.

Painting and drawing

Joseph Mallord William Turner

During his journey through the Loire Valley, JMW Turner immortalized the confluence of the Vienne and Loire rivers with the castle and the village ( Rietz near Saumur , watercolor on paper, 12 × 18 cm; Ashmolean Museum, Oxford; engraved by R. Brandard in 1832).

Auguste Rodin

Around 1897 Auguste Rodin drew an idealized view of the north facade of the building, fascinated by the architecture of the castle. At that time the castle was in ruins.

movie theater

  • 1909: La Dame de Monsoreau ( La signora di Monsoreau ), film by Mario Caserini.
  • 1923: La Dame de Monsoreau , French silent film by René Le Somptier
  • 1971: La Dame de Monsoreau , TV program by Yannick Andréi, with Nicolas Silberg (Bussy d'Amboise), Karin Pettersen (Karin Petersen) (Diane de Méridor), François Maistre (Count Brian de Montsoreau), Michel Cetron (Chicot), Gérard Berner (Duke of Anjou) and Denis Manuel (King Henri III).
  • 2009: La Dame de Monsoreau , TV program from 2006 by Michel Hassan, with Esther Nubiola (Diane von Méridor), Thomas Jouannet (Bussy d'Amboise), Anne Caillon (Dutchesse von Guise). It was broadcast on TV in France 2 on August 26, 2009.

Opera

In 1888 Auguste Macquet wrote the libretto for the opera La dame de Monsoreau ; great opera in five acts and seven pictures, based on the drama by Alexandre Dumas and A. Maquet. Gaston Salvayre composed the music.

Web links

Commons : Montsoreau Castle  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  5. ^ Everybody Talks About Collecting with Their Eyes, Not Their Ears; Few Do It Like Philippe Meaille. September 22, 2014; Retrieved January 30, 2019 (American English).
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  49. ↑ Graphique 2.3. Le marché ouest-européen des voyages en ligne, 1998–2006. Retrieved May 18, 2020 .
  50. ^ Tadeusz Wyrwa: L'établissement du régime communiste en Pologne et ses conséquences à la lumière des observations des agents diplomatiques et consulaires en France . In: Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest . tape 16 , no. 1 , 1985, ISSN  0338-0599 , pp. 5-19 , doi : 10.3406 / receo.1985.2537 .
  51. ^ DC Barrett: Morellet, François (=  Oxford Art Online ). Oxford University Press, 2003, doi : 10.1093 / gao / 9781884446054.article.t059560 .
  52. ↑ Niveaux de prix comparés. June 10, 2016, accessed May 18, 2020 .
  53. ↑ KIOSQUE. Retrieved May 18, 2020 .
  54. ↑ Figure and explanations
  55. ↑ Illustration and explanations at the Tate Gallery , accessed on February 1, 2019.
  56. ^ Image on the Montsoreau website
  57. ^ Illustration with description on the website of the Musée Rodin , accessed on February 1, 2019.