needle
A needle (as the common Germanic name of the sewing device for the Indo-European root nē- , “work with the thread, sew”, formed) is an elongated, thin tool made of hard material (earlier bone , now mostly metal ) with a point at one end.
Many other objects that have a similar shape or function in the broadest sense are also called needles.
history
needles ) I make needles out of Eysendrat / cut the length of every genus smooth / after that I make it fine / make it vnd pointed / then I heat it up in the fire / after that they are for sale / for sale / the shopkeepers fetch they with hauffn / Even coarse needles take away / The bale ties and Beuwrin. (1568)
The oldest needles with eyes were made of bone or mammoth ivory and come from Gravettia (late Paleolithic ).
The development of the decorative needle began in the Bronze Age , in which it occurs in numerous forms, worn by both sexes it held the funeral garb together as a funerary gift. For everyday use to hold the throw-over clothing together, it was further developed into a fibula , which can be closed according to the system of a safety pin and thus prevents the fibula from slipping out of the clothing.
Sewing utensil
Sewing needles are narrow, elongated, rounded piercing tools with a point and a through hole (eye) at the opposite end.
history
The first sewing needles come from the Gravettien and Solutréen . They were made from bone or antler using the chip technique and then smoothed on a stone. Such a smoothing stone for needles has come down to us from Les Eyzies ( Magdalenian ) , for example . The eye is created by scraping, not drilling. The point of the needle is not always centered. Some needles have broken off, some have a new eye attached.
Sewing needles are found between MIS 3 and the late glacial maximum from Western Europe to China. Bone needles, for example, have been found during excavations in the Paleolithic Abri on Petersfels in Hegau . Kostenki 15 in Russia produced a find dated 35,000 BP . A needle from the Denissowa Cave in the Altai can only roughly be dated to the period between 43,000 and 28,500 due to stratigraphic problems. In Armenia in the Aghitu-3 cave on Vorotan in layer AH IIId a bone needle with a fracture through the eye and a blunt tip from the period between 29,000 and 24,000 cal BP (Middle Upper Palaeolithic) was found. Needles from the Upper Choukoutien Cave in China date between 33,000 and 27,000 BP. In the New World, the first needles come from the Younger Dryas (Broken Mammoth, Alaska).
The invention of the sewing needle is often attributed to anatomically modern people , it is associated with the manufacture of tight-fitting clothing, which was particularly advantageous in times of extreme cold. The use of pierced objects is also associated with the "symbolic revolution" in the Upper Paleolithic, but mostly for jewelry.
The solutre-era layers of the El Miron cave in Cantabria also contain your needle with an eye. Only a few, briefly used fire pits were found here, this and the sparse finds indicate a use as a hunting camp. So needles were apparently part of the basic equipment on a hunting trip, presumably to be able to repair torn clothing.
With the end of the Magdalenian period, bone needles will disappear from archaeological finds in Europe. It is uncertain whether this has to do with changed clothing in the course of climatic warming or poor conservation conditions. The chip technique is still used, but now for projectile tips.
The oldest sewing needles, however, had a split end for the "thread" made from animal intestines or tendons . The thread was pinched in the gap. The material used for the sewing needle was mostly bones (reindeer and wild horse bones), but also antlers, mammoth ivory, ribs or tubular bones of rabbits and birds. Thick-walled bones (antlers or ivory) were adjusted using machining techniques.
The oldest copper needles date from between 3600 and 3200 BC. From Tepe Yahya in Iran. Copper sewing needles were also found in Naqada , Tomb 63 (Egypt). A golden sewing needle from Giza is dated to the 1st Dynasty by the excavator. In the Bronze Age sewing needles were made from bronze. Finds come from the Buchau moated castle in Baden-Württemberg.
The first steel needles were supposedly made in China. In Roman times , Damascus and Antioch on the Orontes were centers of sewing needle production. Iron sewing needles were in common use, for example found in Mucking , Essex. Roman sewing needles are usually between 5 and 13.5 cm long, but the difference between a sewing needle and a medical device is not always clear, especially with longer specimens. Needles were also made from bones that did not cause rust marks. A corresponding example comes from layers of the 3rd century in Vieux / Araegenuae. Here, too, the difference to needles for netting and needle binding is not easy. Iron and bronze needles were found in Pompeii , not always in a domestic context. Sewing needles are rare as grave goods. Occasionally they appear in a military context, which has led to the theory that Roman soldiers repaired their clothing themselves. Sewing needles made of bone and bronze are also known from South Shields , the Roman camps Ellingen , Vetera I, Rottweil and Oberstimm . However, Allison points out that women may also have been in military facilities such as the towers of Hadrian's Wall .
From the 14th century, there is evidence of the ability to manufacture a needle from forged iron wire that has been hardened for use (see illustration: “The needle ”). Bronze needles are still very common in the Middle Ages.
Needles in textile processing
Crochet hook
The end of the crochet hook has a barb with which a thread is picked up and pulled through an existing loop . It is mainly used for crocheting , but also for tatting or with the knitting loaf .
Sewing needle
A sewing needle is provided with a needle eye at the end opposite the point. It is used to connect two materials , mostly fabrics , with the help of a thread . This process is known as sewing . Sewing needles are also used for embroidery .
To do this, one end of the thread is first pushed through the eye of the needle in sufficient length (rarely knotted). This process can be simplified by using a threader . Then the two materials are placed on top of each other at the point where they are to be held together by the thread along a line, the later so-called seam . Then the pointed side of the needle is pierced through both fabrics at the beginning of the line and the thread is pulled almost completely through both materials. The materials are now joined by several such pinholes , which mostly alternately pierce the material surfaces first from one side and then from the other along the seam.
It happens again and again that sewing needles or their fragments, e.g. B. in childhood while playing or unnoticed in later life, penetrate the human body and remain there. Many patients only become aware of this through X-rays and surgical removal should be considered.
Sewing needles have been assembled from different materials in the last few decades; In the 1960s and 1970s, nickel, chromium and other metal alloys believed to be allergenic were used.
The triangular needle, also known as a furrier needle, has a triangular point instead of a round one. Since it does not stretch the material, but rather cuts it, the hand seams made with it are less durable. When sewing fur, it is only used for very difficult-to-pierce fur materials with extremely thick leather. In earlier years it was mainly used for sewing heavy coachman furs and fur blankets ( bear skins ). The Hungarian furriers used triangular needles, which they sharpened again and again during their work, to sew their richly and densely embroidered lamb coats, the bundas . When light merino lambskins began to be used, this was no longer possible because the stitches tear the thinner leather. The modern fur dressing supplies light and soft leather today, so the triangular needle should no longer be used if possible.
Triangular needles, but with blunt edges, are used for sewing (by hand) sailcloth in shipping
As sewing aid when motion sewing serve, among other thimbles or sewing rings. Pincushions , sewing boxes or a magnetic bowl are used to store sewing needles and pins .
Sewing machine needle
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The technical advancement of the sewing needle for the sewing machine is the associated sewing machine needle. The demands on this machine element are considerable: industrial sewing machines can produce up to 10,000 stitches per minute, while the thread must be guided through the eye of the needle at high speed and the textiles to be joined must be pierced. The sewing machine needle must therefore be manufactured with high precision , and high requirements are also placed on its material and its external shape. Sewing machine needles are manufactured with different diameters and shapes of the needle tips in order to be able to deliver optimal sewing results depending on the textiles used.
The varied developments in special areas of application of sewing machines required the construction of a wide variety of sewing needles. For example, a needle was developed for machine hand sutures that has a needle point at both ends and the needle eye in the middle of the needle. This is pushed through the material by two machine tongs. Hook needles without a tongue are made for decorative stitch machines and other special machines. Curved needles are made for blind stitch and pricking machines, also for stapling machines. This design can also be found in some overlock machines and bag closing machines.
The most common sewing machine needle is the straight needle, consisting of the piston, the cone, the shaft, the eye section and the needle point. The eye is located near the tip. The piston is the thickest part of the needle because the starting material, the round wire, has not yet been "reduced" (thinner by forging). The piston is always inserted into the needle holder of the sewing machine up to the stop and fastened. The cone is the transition from the piston to the shaft, the needle size designation refers to the shaft diameter. Thickness 55 = 0.55 mm diameter at this point, thickness 250 = 2.5 mm. This number indicates the size of the puncture hole in the material, provided it is not influenced by the needle point or the eye area. It is often sewn with the thinnest possible needles that cause little damage to the material.
The piston is often ground flat on one side (flat piston). This is to prevent you from using the needle incorrectly; Inclined and interrupted surfaces are also common. This is to prevent accidental loosening of the needle if the needle fastening screw is tightened too loosely. The long groove in the shaft is used to hold the needle thread during insertion and removal. For the same reason, some needles have a second but shorter groove on the opposite side. The needle thread must not jam in the grooves, otherwise the needle size is too small, which leads to sewing problems. The hollow groove just above the eye of the needle is intended to enable the hook point to be placed as close as possible “into the needle” in order to enable the needle thread to be safely transferred to the hook.
The eye area is smooth (polished) so that the thread and sewing material are only slightly worn. The application, namely machine construction and sewing material, determines the shape. Often "round points" are used, which are nevertheless pointed in thin needle sizes. With thicker needles, the degree of rounding varies in order to reduce damage to the sewing material. "Cutting needles", which have a cutting edge instead of a point, are occasionally used in the leather goods sector for decorative stitches in thicknesses 130 - 160. Cutting needles can also be found in other areas (closing bags).
Needle names for household sewing machines
Two types of needles are common for household sewing machines:
- System 130/705 H (flat piston)
- System 287 WH (round bottom flask = 1738 A)
Of these, the 130/705 system is more common. Additional letters can be added to this designation with the following meaning:
Sewing needles are often coded with colors, which are located on the top of the needle. If this colored ring is missing, it is usually a universal or jersey needle.
| Abbreviation | Color coding | field of use |
|---|---|---|
| H | no | stands for fillet, without further information it is a universal needle with a normal round point |
| HE | Embroidery, decorative needle | |
| HJ | Jeans , jeans needle with a pointed round tip and a thick shaft | |
| HM | Microfiber, Microtex needle with a pointed round tip | |
| HQ | Quilting , quilting needle | |
| HS | Stretch, stretch needle with a small ball point | |
| H-SUK | Ball point needle with medium ball point | |
| H-LL | leather |
In addition, the thickness of the needle is given in 1/100 millimeters. For example 70 = 0.7 mm or 100 = 1.0 mm. In the United States, size is usually given with two numbers, for example 12/80. Both designate the same needle size: the first number according to the outdated Singer standard, the second number according to the modern NM standard in 1/100 millimeters.
The width of the eye of the needle is usually 40% of the needle diameter. With a 100 mm needle with a diameter of 1 mm, the needle eye is 0.4 mm wide.
Darning needle
The darning needle is a special sewing needle with a rounded tip for darning socks and stockings.
Sewing awl
Already the Neanderthals used awls made of bones (without an eye) as “forerunners” of the sewing needles, which were mainly used to make fur clothing. Sewing numbers are still used today in leather processing and on coarse materials. Modern sewing numbers are similar to common machine needles: They are significantly thicker and longer, have a thread groove and the eye near the point. They are also provided with a handle (booklet) which, on some models, can also hold a spool of thread.
Sheep pin
The sheep needle was a utensil in stocking knitting.
Robe pin
Garment pins are used to hold items of clothing together. Robe pins made of copper and later bronze have been found since the Bronze Age. Their shapes are subject to rapid change, so they often serve as a dating aid. Garment needles occur singly or in pairs, usually in the shoulder area. From the Iron Age onwards, they are largely replaced by fibulae .
| period | Needle type |
|---|---|
| Early Bronze Age | Rudder- head needle , loop needle , Horkheimer needle , eyelet- head needle, disc-head needle, diagonally perforated ball-head needle, hole neck needle |
| Barrows Bronze Age | Wheel needle , needle with ribbed piston head |
| Urnfield time | Poppy head needle , vase head needle |
Safety pin
A safety pin or closing pin is used, similar to a pin, to temporarily attach two textiles together. However, it is curved, its tip is placed in a capsule so that the fabric cannot slip out. In the middle, the needle shaft is bent into a springy spiral, or provided with a ball to prevent the material from getting caught. With the duplex safety needle, the needle tip can be inserted into the capsule from both sides, with the simplex needle only from one side.
The fibula is considered to be the oldest form of a safety pin; first finds come from the late Bronze Age. The safety pin in its current form was invented in 1849 by the American mechanic Walter Hunt . In France it is still called épingle anglaise, English needle.
pin
The pin is mainly used to attach two textiles together before sewing them together. It has a head at the end of the handle, which makes it easier to grasp and prevents it from slipping through the fabric. For example, pins can be used instead of thumbtacks on pin boards, among other uses.
Knitting needle
Knitting needles are the main tool in knitting . Depending on the purpose and work, different models are used: The basic model, two long, straight knitting needles with a button at one end that prevents the handwork from slipping out. In order to knit socks or other round pieces having a relatively small diameter, a is pointed needles , five relatively short needles used consisting of peaks on both sides. So-called circular knitting needles are used for larger circular knitting work. H. two needles connected by a plastic rope. The length of the synthetic rope can vary depending on the application of the circular needles. With a circular knitting needle you can also knit back and forth like with so-called jacket needles. Circular knitting needles are particularly comfortable, convenient and fast because no stitches can slip down at the end of the needle.
Knitting needles
Circular needles
Knitting needle games
Knitting needles and double pointed needles made of bamboo
Latch needle
The latch needle is a knitting needle equipped with a retaining device that is used in machine knitting .
Needles as a fashion accessory
- Pins are used to attach jewelry or political messages to the wearer's clothing. See brooch , pin or badge of honor .
- Hairpins are used to pin up hair and were already an important fashion accessory in ancient times.
- The tie pin is a piece of jewelry for men that is attached to the tie .
- With hat pins women anchor their hats in the hairstyle .
- Versace's safety pin dress was held together with pins.
Needles in medicine
Hypodermic needle
The injection needle (cannula, hollow needle) is a special type of needle. It consists of a thin, obliquely cut tube through which liquid (rarely gas) can be injected or sucked out after piercing. The main application is in medicine as part of a syringe , but it is also used in other technical processes. There are various options for sharpening the tip of the cannulas.
To place peripheral venous catheters , special cannulas are used (often referred to as "Braunüle" after the largest manufacturer), which are also surrounded by a plastic tube that is 2 to 3 mm shorter than the metal cannula. After the vein has been "pierced" (puncturing) the metal cannula is pulled out, the plastic tube, which does not pierce the posterior vein wall and is not very flexible, is fixed on the skin and can remain for a few days without changing.
The needles for carpule syringes, sharpened on both sides, are a special form of injection needles . There are also thin needles for fine needle biopsy . For the lumbar puncture there are also special, particularly long and thin cannulas with a stylet, which are intended to prevent clogging during the puncture and to mechanically stabilize the actual cannula.
Sharpened tip of a hypodermic needle
Injection needle for carpule syringe
Needle for venous catheter
Surgical needle
Needles curved in a semicircle are usually used as surgical needles. Until the introduction of atraumatic needles , there were only surgical needles with a patent needle eye , in which the tensioned thread was clamped under pressure into the needle eye , which was open from behind , without having to laboriously thread it. This patent needle eye has elastically resilient side walls with a kind of barbs that prevent the thread once clamped from sliding out.
The atraumatic (non-injurious) surgical needle was invented in order to keep the puncture channel as small as possible in the surgical suture . With her, the surgical thread was inserted into the end of the needle during manufacture in such a way that the transition to the thread results without fluctuations in the caliber and the thread completely fills the puncture channel. The inability to clamp a new thread appears to be a disadvantage, because atraumatic needle thread combinations are exclusively disposable . They are offered sterile packed (naturally with the thread). An instrumental knot (with the needle holder ) enables economical consumption. The size and curvature of the needle are indicated on the packaging as a fraction of a full circle (e.g. 3/8) or shown in original size, usually also a representation of the needle cross-section.
The cross-section of the surgical needles is triangular or circular, depending on the use. Needles with which the outer skin is to be pierced have a (three) angular cross-section, because beveled edges “cut” better through the relatively firm skin. Often only the front third of the needle, in the area of the needle tip, is triangular and the remaining part has a circular cross-section. Needles for suturing internal organs have a round cross-section so that it does not cut into the tissue when the needle is guided. Sewing with bent needles in the needle holder requires practice because the needle has to be moved on a circular path that corresponds to its radius of curvature. If an inadequate pushing motion is performed, at best the needle can bend or the needle can cut through the tissue. Mild overuse of a good needle is compensated for by its elasticity, brittle needles break quickly during use.
In microsurgery and ophthalmological operations, particularly small needles, so-called microsurgical needles , are used.
In dentistry, straight needles are occasionally used to sew the papilla tips ( periodontal surgery; incision of the gum line for root tip resections ).
Acupuncture needles
Acupuncture needles have been used in medicine for a long time. They consist of the actual, pointed and long needle and a handle.
Acupuncture needle
Comparison of the size of acupuncture needles with a matchstick
Acupuncture needles are mostly made from corrosion-free, medical grade stainless steel. The type and shape of the handles is very diverse. The most common types are the copper spiral handle and the plastic handle. But there are also acupuncture needle types with aluminum tube and silver spiral handles.
Acupuncture needle with traditional copper coil handle
Both classic uncoated acupuncture needles, as they are usually used in China, and silicone-coated needles, which are widespread in Western countries, are used. The coating significantly reduces the puncture resistance and thus the effects of pain on the patient.
The variety of sizes varies depending on the type and manufacturer, whereby acupuncture needles with a copper spiral handle can have a diameter of 0.16 mm to 0.35 mm and a length of up to 100 mm.
Other uses
Historical
In Hasanlu , long needles were used to hold the shroud together, especially in female burials.
Before the advent of the paper clip , needles were used to staple papers together.
Needles when fishing
An approx. 20 cm long needle with a foldable / bendable eye is used to thread bait onto the fishing line. This eye allows you to hang up the looped leader . The fishing method of “ pöddern ” calls for a bait needle.
Needles in technology
- Magnetic needle, see compass
- Record needle, see record player and cartridge .
- Speedometer needle, see speedometer
- Printer needle , see dot matrix printer
- Pneumatic needle
More needles
- Rock needle
- Felting needle
- Focus needle
- Robe pin
- Leather needle
- Packing pin
- Prickle needle
- Etching needle
- Broach
- (Scriber)
- Roulade needle (for the preparation of roulades ; see also wrapping (cooking) )
- Cheat needle
- Fir needle, see fir trees
- Trembling needle
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Friedrich Kluge , Alfred Götze : Etymological dictionary of the German language . 20th edition. Edited by Walther Mitzka , De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 1967; Reprint (“21st unchanged edition”) ibid 1975, ISBN 3-11-005709-3 , p. 501 f.
- ↑ Danielle Stordeur-Yedid: Les aiguilles à chas au paleolithique (= Suppléments à Gallia Préhistoire. 13). Éditions du Center national de la recherche scientifique, Paris 1979, ISBN 2-222-02369-6 .
- ^ R. Walter: Magdalenian period bone needles from Baden-Württemberg. In: Mamoun Fansa (Ed.): Experimental Archeology, Balance 2001 (= Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Nordwestdeutschland. Supplement 38). Isensee Verlag, Oldenburg 2000, pp. 7-20.
- ^ Jean-Luc Piel-Desruisseaux: Outils préhistoriques: forme, fabrication, utilization. Masson, Paris 1998, fig. 254.
- ^ Jean-Luc Piel-Desruisseaux: Outils préhistoriques: forme, fabrication, utilization. Masson, Paris 1998, fig. 255.
- ↑ Surmely Fréderic, Fontana Laure, Bourdelle Yves, Liabeuf René, Nouveaux éléments apportés à l'étude du site magdalénien d'Enval (Vic-le-Comte, Puy-de-Dôme, France) et du peuplement de la Limagne d'Auvergne . Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française. 94/2, 1997, pp. 172-181, fig. 9.3. doi: 10.3406 / e.g. 1997.10875 .
- ↑ Andrew W. Kandel et al. a .: The earliest evidence for Upper Paleolithic occupation in the Armenian Highlands at Aghitu-3 Cave. In: Journal of Human Evolution . 110, 2017, p. 50 and fig. 12.
- ^ A b c Ian Gilligan: The Prehistoric Development of Clothing: Archaeological Implications of a Thermal Model. In: Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 17/1, 2010, pp. 15-80, here p. 49, JSTOR 25653129 .
-
↑ Stephen Mithen: The Prehistory of the Mind. Thames & Hudson, London 1996. -
Francesco d'Errico et al. a .: Archaeological evidence for the emergence of language, symbolism, and music: an alternative multidisciplinary perspective. In: Journal of World Archeology. 17 (2003), p. 18. - ↑ Lawrence Guy Straus, Manuel González Morales, Ana Belén Marín Arroyo, María José Iriarte Chiapusso: The Human Occupations of El Mirón Cave (Ramales De La Victoria, Cantabria, Spain) during the Last Glacial Maximum / Solutrean Period. In: Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Series I, Nueva época Prehistoria y Arqueología. 5, 2012, ISSN 1130-0116 , p. 413–426, here p. 414, doi : 10.5944 / etf_i.5.5351 (currently unavailable) ( e-spacio.uned.es [abstract and link to PDF; 770 kB ] ).
- ^ The Groove and Splinter Technique of working antler in Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Europe with special reference to the material from Star Carr. In: Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. 6, 1953, pp. 148-160.
- ^ A b Mary C. Beaudry: Findings. The Material Culture of Needlework and Sewing. Yale University Press, 2006, p. 46, JSTOR j.ctt1bh4br8.6 .
- ^ John Nunn, John Rowling: The Eye of the Needle in Predynastic Egypt. In: Journal of Egyptian Archeology . 87, 2001, pp. 171-172, JSTOR 3822378 .
- ↑ Ute Seidel: Bronze Age. Württembergisches Landesmuseum, Stuttgart 1995, p. 112.
- ↑ Sam Lucy, Christopher Evans, Rosemary Jefferies, Grahame Appleby, Chris Going: Romano-British Settlement and Cemeteries at Mucking. Excavations by Margaret and Tom Jones, 1965-1978. Oxbow Books, Oxford 2016, p. 124, JSTOR j.ctt1kw2bbc.9 .
- ↑ a b Penelope M. Allison: Characterizing Roman Artifacts to investigate gendered Practices in Contexts without sexed Bodies. In: American Journal of Archeology . 119/1, 2015, p. 113, doi: 10.3764 / aja.119.1.0103 .
- ↑ Dominique Bertin: La topographie de Vieux - Araegenuae (Calvados), capitale de la cité des Viducasses, d'après les fouilles anciennes et les sondages récents. In: Annales de Normandie. 27/2. 1977, pp. 131–150, here p. 145, doi: 10.3406 / annor . 1977.5222 .
- ^ Penelope M. Allison: Characterizing Roman Artifacts to investigate gendered Practices in Contexts without sexed Bodies. In: American Journal of Archeology . 119/1, 2015, pp. 114–115, doi: 10.3764 / aja.119.1.0103 .
- ^ L. Allason-Jones: Small Finds from Turrets on Hadrian's Wall. In JC Coulton (ed.): Military Equipment and the Identity of Roman Soldiers. Proceedings of the 4th Roman Military Equipment Conference (= British Archaeological Reports. 394). Archaeopress, Oxford 1988, p. 203, cit. n. Penelope M. Allison: Characterizing Roman Artifacts to investigate gendered Practices in Contexts without sexed Bodies. In: American Journal of Archeology . 119/1, 2015, p. 113.
- ^ Mary C. Beaudry: Findings, the Material Culture of Needlework and Sewing. Yale University Press, New Haven 2006, p. 118 (note 1), JSTOR j.ctt1bh4br8.6 .
- ↑ Alexander Tuma: Pelz-Lexikon. Fur and rough goods. XIX. Tape. Alexander Tuma publishing house, Vienna 1950, keyword “Kürschnernadel”.
- ^ Mária Kresz: Folk Hungarian furrier work (= Hungarian folk art. 9). Corvina, Budapest 1979, ISBN 963-13-0419-1 , pp. 25-26.
- ↑ a b Needle ABC. In: hackmayer.de, accessed on July 23, 2020.
- ↑ Rooby: Needles - What the Home Sewer Needs to Know ( Memento of 31 January 2012 at the Internet Archive ). (PDF; 103 kB) In: kiteguy.info, Web of Thread, Inc., 2004, accessed on July 23, 2020.
- ↑ Dirk Husemann: The Neanderthals: Geniuses of the Ice Age. Campus-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main / New York, 2005, ISBN 3-593-37642-3 , p. 127.
- ↑ ZB Wolf Kubach: The needles in Hessen and Rheinhessen (= prehistoric bronze finds. Department 13: needles. Volume 3). Beck, Munich 1977, ISBN 3-406-00763-5 (Zugl .: Frankfurt (Main), Univ., Philos. Fac., Diss., 1970).
- ↑ Alfons Hofer: Textile and Model Lexicon. 7th edition. Volume 2. Deutscher Fachverlag, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-87150-518-8 , keyword “safety pin”.
- ↑ Tips and recommendations for use on acupuncture needles and other acupuncture needs . In: aku-net.de . Retrieved October 21, 2016.
- ↑ acupuncture needles . In: Dr-Gumpert.de . Retrieved October 21, 2016.
- ↑ Michelle I. Marcus: Dressed to Kill: Women and Pins in Early Iran. In: Oxford Art Journal. 17/2, 1994, pp. 3-15, here p. 4 JSTOR 1360571 .
- ↑ This practice was prohibited by the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz in 1905 (Railway Directorate Mainz (ed.): Official Gazette of the Royal Prussian and Grand Ducal Hessian Railway Directorate in Mainz. February 4, 1905, No. 7. Announcement No. 62, p . 44).