Synagogue (Memmingen)

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New Synagogue on Schweizerberg (1910)

The synagogue in the Upper Swabian town of Memmingen , Bavaria , was the place of worship for the local Jewish community . It was inaugurated on 8 September 1909 and - the only one in Bavarian Swabia  - immediately after the desecration during the Kristallnacht pogrom still from 10 November 1938 to its foundations destroyed.

23 years after Nördlingen  (1886) and a few years before Augsburg  (1914/17), the building was the penultimate synagogue built in Bavarian Swabia to this day. Its architect, Max Seckbach from Frankfurt am Main, was - as far as is known - the first Jewish master builder who was able to realize such a building in the region. Turning away from the style that had prevailed until then for Jewish sacred new buildings, especially Neo-Moorish forms, Seckbach, at the explicit request of the religious community, placed emphasis on a deliberately down-to-earth structure in his design, which was similar to a baroque church , but loosened the facade with modern details. This approach was later developed further , for example by Fritz Landauer in Augsburg, in the sense of an independent Jewish synagogue building language.

prehistory

Schappelerhaus with memorial stone
North wing of the Fugger building

From 1861, Jewish families from rural communities such as Osterberg or Fellheim moved to Memmingen because of the better economic conditions. As early as 1871, 54 Jews were counted, so that from August 1872 the establishment of a separate religious community was carried out. A central prerequisite for this was the establishment of a synagogue or at least a prayer room .

For this purpose, the initially small community initially rented a hall with an adjoining room on the second floor of the "Schappelerhaus" ( Fuggergasse 3 ) from the merchant Derpsch from October 1873 . This is the rear building of the “department store” ( Herrenstrasse 9 ), in which important and committed representatives of the Memmingen cultural community lived with banker Heinrich Mayer and his authorized signatory Albrecht Gerstle.

The number of Jewish people from Memmingen rose rapidly due to further immigration. In 1875 there were already 99 parishioners, five years later 144, so that new premises were soon sought. This was found in the immediate vicinity, on the ground floor of the north wing of the Fugger building ( Fuggergasse 5 ), which was available on May 12, 1879. This place was to remain the center of the religious community for 30 years.

At the end of October 1879, the Jewish cemetery in the east of the city was expanded by a donation from Heinrich Mayer, so that funds already earmarked for the purchase of land were released. These were rededicated in a building fund for a future synagogue. Over the years, additional funds have flowed into this fund, especially from estates. Master butcher Isak Mannheimer bequeathed a large part of his fortune to the community in his will of August 6, 1896. After her death on August 15, 1907, the nurse Therese Fränkel also left a substantial sum that was added to the fund.

Planning and construction

Westertorplatz with synagogue, Bismarck school and tax office (around 1911)
Synagogue and Bismarck School (around 1925)
Festive procession of the Torah scrolls to the new synagogue (1909)

From 1901 the parishioners were increasingly dissatisfied with the situation in the Fuggerbau. In the following year, a fundamental decision was made not to expand the existing building, but to finally take steps towards an own synagogue. However, initially no suitable property was found.

In the course of 1907 two possible building sites became available. The first, extremely attractive option was the house with barn and garden belonging to the dental technician F. S. Kohn ( Schweizerberg 17 ). In 1899 the neighboring house was demolished and the ring of the city ​​wall was opened so that the road coming from the Schweizerberg could be continued between the "Rabenkeller" ( Schweizerberg 8/10 ) and the Kohn house into the hop gardens. The resulting Bismarckstrasse was - next to Buxacher Strasse - foreseeable one of the main development axes to the west, and in fact the representative Bismarck School had already opened there on September 15, 1902 . The plot envisaged thus extended along this new axis between the city wall and the Kaisergraben with the school immediately next to it, so that generous construction was possible in close proximity to the old town.

As an alternative to this, the location of the Zehntstadel of the former Antoniterkloster ( Martin-Luther-Platz ) , which was demolished in 1907, was suggested. This building was once - separated by the former cemetery - next to the Martinskirche and was directly connected to the children's teaching church . Although it was located in the middle of the old town, in the shadow of St. Martin, there was less space for architectural development and, in particular, for other community facilities.

Still undecided for the time being, it was agreed on December 1, 1907 to commission the Frankfurt architect Max Seckbach to draw up designs for both properties. At the invitation of the community, shortly afterwards, on January 5, 1908, Seckbach was in town for a meeting. He was instructed by the community that the external shape of the synagogue "should take into account the surroundings as much as possible and adapt to the down-to-earth construction".

On March 22, 1908, the community finally settled on the Kohn property, the advantages of which justified the higher purchase price of 36,000  marks . The two existing buildings within the former city wall, the residential building and the barn, were to be renovated and converted into a parish hall with an apartment for the religious teacher and cantor . The garden outside the city fortifications was to be built with the actual synagogue. The area of ​​the former Zehntstadel, which was rejected as a construction site, was instead planted with trees by the city and redesigned into the green area that still exists today.

In June 1908, after an elected building committee of the religious community had visited various synagogues, Seckbach was officially commissioned to realize his design and to take over the construction management . This is noteworthy insofar as - as far as is known - it was the first time that a Jewish master builder was able to build a synagogue in Bavarian Swabia. By the end of August, Seckbach had completed the submission plans , which were approved by the municipal building authority on September 8, 1908 . At the same time, the future teacher's apartment was being renovated so that it was ready for occupancy in September 1908. In addition, earthworks were carried out to prepare the construction site for the synagogue.

After the preparatory work had been completed, the foundation stone was laid on November 2, 1908 . In the presence of the Ichenhausen district rabbi Ahron Cohn, a certificate signed by the two religious leaders, Albrecht Gerstle and Heinrich Guggenheimer, and a list of the parishioners, each with a copy of all Bavarian coins in circulation at the time, was deposited. The Mayor of Memmingen, Karl Scherer, brought the congratulations from the municipality.

After almost a year of construction, the synagogue was finally inaugurated on September 8, 1909. After saying goodbye to the old prayer room in the Fugger building in a last service, the Torah scrolls were brought to the new church in the pageant, accompanied by Munich Chief Rabbi Cossmann Werner , District Rabbi Cohn and the two religious leaders. After a ceremony in front of the main portal, a consecration ceremony took place inside the building. Mayor Scherer was also present with a delegation from the city council. "Thousands" of visitors used the afternoon of the day for a tour.

The construction is said to have cost a good 120,000 marks . In addition to the price of 36,000 marks for the property, a further 50,000 marks went to the shell and 28,000 marks to the furnishing of the synagogue. A large part of this sum was already available when the order was placed. Since the end of 1879 about 22,000 marks had accumulated in the building fund, another 20,000 marks could be recorded from donations, and 60,000 marks could be borrowed from the Bayerische Handelsbank under favorable conditions . The construction work had been awarded by tender , with Memmingen companies such as the construction business Unglehrt being preferred.

Map of the synagogue (left) and the teacher's house (right). The park-like property with a fountain (circle) was separated from the streets by walls. The main entrance was through a gate on Kaisergraben, and a side gate was on Schweizerberg. The current course of the road and today's buildings are shown in black and gray.

description

New synagogue and Bismarck school
Model of the Memmingen synagogue in the City Museum ( Hermansbau )

The synagogue essentially consisted of a strictly east-facing nave 13.50 m long and 8.60 m wide, which was cut in the middle by a transept of almost the same size . This resulted in approximately a Greek cross with legs of the same length as the essential floor plan. On the narrow sides of the nave, polygon apses were attached as a five- eighth connection. The interior thus had maximum dimensions of 22 m in length and 13.50 m in width. The corners between the nave and the transept were used for stairwells, with rooms only in the southeastern area . Semicircular porches were attached to the two western staircases. This resulted in maximum external dimensions of 24 m in length and 18 m in width.

The nave and transept each had barrel vaults with a maximum interior height of 10 m. A hanging dome with an opaion spanned the central crossing where the two ships crossed. The room there reached a maximum height of 11.75 m. This design has been popular for synagogues since the mid-19th century and is reminiscent of the layout of cross-domed churches . The building was completed with a high and steep tiled roof so that the dome was not visible from the outside. The roof ridge reached a height of 18 m above the ground. The eaves were 10 m high, but pulled down to 7 m above the stairwells. The roof was hipped over the apses and transept . Above the opaion of the dome, at the intersection of the roof of the long and transept roof , was a roof turret . The two semicircular porches of the western stairwells were closed with copper-clad dome halves.

In addition to the roof, transept and apses, the overall external appearance was dominated by a series of large windows: on the narrow sides of the transept there were round windows about 3 m in diameter, and in the apsidal walls there were high oval windows about 3 m high and 1.5 m wide. In addition, pilaster strips structured the outer walls so that the overall impression of a baroque sacred building that is by and large symmetrical along the west-east axis is created. Other window openings, on the other hand, were rectangular or provided with round arches, and thus corresponded to other architectural styles.

The former garden, in which the synagogue was built, and its trees were largely preserved and formed the park-like enclosure. While the property in the east was closed by the old city wall and the teachers' house, it was enclosed by newly erected walls in the north and west against the two streets. The main entrance to the “Kaisergraben” was through a large arched gate, and to the “Schweizerberg” there was a secondary entrance. In the garden, gravel paths and a fountain had been created between the synagogue and the teaching house.

Premises and equipment

The main entrance to the synagogue itself was also on the west. Through an imaginary portal, the gable of which showed the tablets of the law , a vestibule was reached that occupied the ground floor of the western apse. There was a fountain made of shell limestone . The prayer room, which was intended for men, could be reached from there via two passages. Two more passages each led to the two western stairwells, where the women's galleries could be reached via half-turn stairs in the porch . These stairwells each had their own outside access. The women's galleries themselves were on the upper floor of the west apse and in the arms of the transept. The western gallery rose in steps.

The eastern apse was also separated on the ground floor. The Torah shrine (Holy Ark) was housed in this east wall of the prayer room . Before that was increased by four notches dais on which the Bima (also rostrum , lectern for Torah) was. In the actual east apse there was a conference room on the ground floor, which was also to be used for weddings, and above it a choir gallery with an organ . This fourth gallery was reached via a two-flight staircase with a half-landing in the northeast stairwell, which also had its own outside access. In the south-eastern part of the building there was a dressing room for the cantor, comparable to a sacristy , with another adjoining room above it.

The prayer room on the ground floor was provided with all-round, stained wood paneling. The walls and vaults above were plastered and painted according to a design by the Frankfurt artist Karl Lanz. In accordance with the ban on images that existed in Judaism, ornaments made from plant and star motifs were used. In addition, rows of benches made of dark-stained larch wood were permanently installed in the prayer room , interrupted by two corridors. The details of the exact number of seats vary slightly. For the year of the opening, 1909, 110 men and 24 child seats in the hall and 78 seats in the women's galleries are "provisionally" named.

The synagogue - at least in the eastern part - had a cellar. This cellar housed a heating system that supplied the prayer room with heated air. It also offered space for storing the coal required for this . The area was accessible via the non-public northeast stairwell. The other two rooms were heated, as was the lighting, at least initially, with town gas .

Synagogue floor plans
Floor plan of the Memmingen synagogue - ground floor
Ground floor with seating
Floor plan of the Memmingen synagogue - upper floor
First floor


Structural features of Reform Judaism

As a result of the Haskala , the Jewish Enlightenment, liberally oriented Reform Judaism emerged in Europe in the early 19th century . In addition to innovations in theological and philosophical questions, there was also a reform of the Orthodox liturgy, which was based on Protestant worship. For example, a sermon held in the national language was introduced and the background music allowed with musical instruments and singing.

These liturgical changes had an impact on the synagogue architecture, as can also be seen, for example, at the Memmingen synagogue: If the Bima , also Almemor , the desk from which the Torah is read, was previously set up on a centrally located pedestal in the prayer room, so In reform synagogues such as in Memmingen, the bima and Torah shrine are combined to form a dais on the east side, comparable to a Christian altar . The fixed rows of pews are also a typical feature of synagogues of liberal congregations, so that the believers looked towards Misrach , east, during the ceremony .

In Memmingen, as in many other places, the separation of the sexes at church services was taken into account by the women's galleries, which, however, had no additional mechizot , such as privacy screens. The use of the eastern gallery for musical purposes and the installation of an organ also correspond to the liberal school of thought.

Classification of the architectural style

The building history of the synagogues in Bavarian Swabia can be divided into several phases. After the persecution in the Middle Ages , synagogues were not built again in the region until the 17th century, although they were initially indistinguishable from secular buildings in order to avoid conflicts with the Christian population . In the course of the 18th century, the traditional hall building with barrel vaults, popular in southern Germany, was used . Synagogues from this phase became more visible as sacred buildings due to their relatively high roof gables and large windows , for example in Harburg or Fischach . Finally, at the beginning of the 19th century, in places with large Jewish communities, specifically in Ichenhausen , Altenstadt an der Iller and Hürben near Krumbach , representative synagogues of a special Swabian late baroque - early classicist style were built, which were based on the stately Catholic church buildings of that time.

If the contemporary architectural styles were used up to around 1830, the question of how synagogues could be made recognizable through uniform stylistic elements was posed - from the non-Jewish side - in connection with the incipient historicism . The background to this was the generally accepted idea that the function of a building must be deducible from its appearance. Ultimately, the design by Friedrich von Gärtner for the new synagogue in Ingenheim , which was designed in neo-Moorish style , was decisive . This was characterized by rather exotic-looking elements such as horseshoe arches , columns and colored ornaments. In Ingenheim, clearly visible signs of the law were introduced as symbols for the Jewish religion. On the part of state building authorities, this style, as it was not linked to Christian churches in contrast to Gothic and Baroque and referring to the supposedly oriental nature of Judaism, was considered suitable and consequently enforced. In the region, this affected the synagogue of Binswangen , where an earlier classicist design was revised in a neo-Moorish way by the government architect Eduard Rüber . Other examples of Neo-Moorish architecture in the region are the synagogues of Buttenwiesen and Hainsfarth .

At the same time, on the initiative of the Jewish architect Albrecht Rosengarten , a less strange design language known as the round arch style became popular for synagogues. Rosengarten realized this style, which is very closely related to the neo-Romanesque, for example in Kassel . A purely neo-Romanesque synagogue was not built in Bavarian Swabia, but mixed forms can be found, for example in Nördlingen . When the Fellheim synagogue was redesigned , Neo-Moorish and Neo-Romanesque elements were also combined.

Almost two and a half decades after Nördlingen, the Memmingen synagogue was finally planned. Their design style differs significantly from the previously built synagogues in two respects: On the one hand - at the express request of the community, as a sign of rootedness and in deliberate departure from the practice previously prescribed by the state - instead of an alien, orientalizing overall appearance, one of the churches in the region was more likely Corresponding neo-baroque basic form selected. Characteristic of this are the oval windows in the apses and the pilaster strips . On the other hand, Max Seckbach reduced this historicist approach and at the same time used clearly modern elements such as the semicircular stairwells to the women's galleries with their multi-section ribbon windows. The style of the Memmingen synagogue can accordingly be described as late historical- early modern . A similar but more extreme combination of abstract historical forms and modern elements can be found a little later in the last synagogue to be built in Bavarian Swabia, namely the Augsburg synagogue by Fritz Landauer . In this respect, the Memmingen synagogue is an early example of the development of a modern, independent Jewish synagogue language, which culminated in the buildings of the interwar period , such as the Plauen synagogue, also designed by Landauer, in the New Objectivity style .

Desecration and Destruction

On November 7, 1938, Herschel Grynszpan shot the Legation Secretary Ernst Eduard vom Rath in the German Embassy in Paris , who died two days later from his injuries. This attack offered the Nazi leadership the pretext to carry out mass arrests that had been planned for some time and to stage the November pogroms against Jews and their institutions, euphemistically referred to as “Kristallnacht” . On the evening of November 9th, the attacks were coordinated at the highest level, so that the mob  - mostly consisting of members of various Nazi organizations such as the Sturmabteilung (SA) in particular - struck in the larger cities from around 11 p.m. at the latest. In the early morning of November 10th, at 1:20 a.m., Reinhard Heydrich 's lightning telex with detailed instructions also reached the Memmingen police and the local branch of the security service (SD). This included the request to coordinate with the district leadership of the NSDAP and to discuss measures against the Jewish population. One of the suggestions was to carry out an arson attack on the synagogue. In particular, the police should in no way take action against the action and only prevent attacks on non-Jewish property.

The local district leader Wilhelm Schwarz was only informed of this order around 3:00 p.m. While the SD representative, SS-Obersturmführer Erwin Hanusch, pleaded for arson, Schwarz initially wanted to take over the synagogue intact so that the building could later be used for other purposes. During an inspection with other members of the NSDAP district leadership, they found it unsuitable for use as a granary, indoor swimming pool or youth hostel. Instead, the plan arose to use the property for a war memorial after the demolition. Schwarz commissioned the district office manager, architect and city councilor Hans Wagner to begin with the immediate demolition. This process is unique in Bavarian Swabia. Arson was rejected as too dangerous because of the danger to neighboring buildings.

Wagner immediately commissioned the construction companies Hebel , Unglehrt and Kutter with the demolition via the district operations chairman of the German Labor Front (DAF), Josef Veh . The carpenters Ernst Mayr and Wilhelm Welte and the locksmith Anton Spitz were also notified. Of these companies, only Welte tried not to have to take part in the demolition - but ultimately unsuccessfully. Valuable cult objects were confiscated for the attention of the Gestapo , files and other archive material were finally sent to the Augsburg SD.

The demolition did not begin until around 4 p.m., initially with the removal of the roof tiles and the dismantling of the roof structure . At the same time, the wall paneling and the chandelier were removed from the interior. While access to the synagogue was initially restricted, outsiders, especially those of the Nazi regime in Memmingen, soon began to participate in the increasingly wilder devastation, so that a pile of rubble soon piled up in the prayer hall. Wagner personally smashed the memorial plaques for those who fell in the First World War . Meanwhile, in a large fire in the park in front of the synagogue, pieces of furniture and books written in Hebrew were burned. In the light of two searchlights brought in from the municipal gas works, the work of destruction continued until around 10:00 p.m., culminating in the demolition of the massive dome. In the course of a single day, under the eyes and with the participation of the population, the synagogue was turned into a roofless ruin, deprived of all decoration and facilities. At the same time as the synagogue, private homes of Jewish citizens in Memmingen were also devastated.

A few days after the pogrom, the still standing walls of the church were blown up and leveled by the Kutter company. The demolition costs totaling 12,000  Reichsmarks were billed to the community. Presumably this also included the cost of the victory celebrations in various Memmingen inns. The teacher's house, which was damaged in the demolition, was confiscated and used from then on by the Hitler Youth and the Nazi war victims' pension. This ended - in addition to the loss of the synagogue - also the Jewish religious education.

Legal processing

In 1948 the destruction of the synagogue was tried in a criminal case before the Memmingen district court . This also documents the course of the destruction. By judgment of July 21, 1948, 15 of a total of 33 defendants were sentenced to prison terms for trespassing and trespassing . Schwarz received two years, other defendants between three months and a year.

Reuse of the property

Memorial stone at the old location
Extended memorial site with outlines of the synagogue embedded in the ground
Metal relief of the synagogue
Stumbling blocks for Emil, Lothar and Irma Liffgens

From 1940 the city of Memmingen tried to acquire the property of the religious community from the Reich Association of Jews in Germany with a view to the planned war memorial . However, 700 m² of the original total area of ​​2080 m² were to be assigned free of charge for the widening of today's streets “Kaisergraben” and “Schweizerberg”. The value of the remaining area of ​​1380 m² was also calculated artificially low. While the three complete parcels of land still had an estimated unit value of 36,500 Reichsmarks in 1935 , this value fell to just 11,800 Reichsmarks for the reduced property in 1940. The city finally offered 12,000 Reichsmarks, but also wanted to purchase the small plot of land for the ritual bath. The Munich district office of the Reich Association of Jews in Germany, however, demanded 22,000 Reichsmarks, as there was a price bid in this amount for the synagogue property alone. The city subsequently increased its offer to 14,900 Reichsmarks, but no agreement could be reached by October 28, 1943, when the Munich chief finance president announced the imminent takeover of the management of formerly Jewish assets by the Reich finance administration and reserved the right of disposal. The purchase was initially unsuccessful.

After the Second World War , the property was handed over to the Jewish Restitution Successor Organization (JRSO), which again negotiated the sale with the city. Again, no agreement could be reached on the price. There were also disagreements when the Mayor of Memmingen, Heinrich Berndl, continued to insist on free land assignment and contributions for road construction. The representative of the JRSO then accused Berndl of wanting to benefit from the demolition of the synagogue in terms of the legal treatment of the matter.

Finally, the JRSO came to an agreement with Lech-Elektrizitätswerke (LEW), who bought the property on May 31, 1951. It was not until the first half of the 1960s that the previously existing teachers' house was demolished and the site was built over with an administration building. The LEW used this building until 2007 and then sold it to a group of investors in 2010. In 2011 and 2012, part of the building was demolished and a new guest room was built, which has since been used by a brewery .

memorial

During the construction of the LEW building, a metal relief with a view of the synagogue was added. In addition, a memorial stone was erected showing a menorah , a seven-armed candlestick, and an inscription reminding of the synagogue. On July 5, 1998, the memorial was expanded by two wings on which the names of the murdered Jewish Memmingers are recorded.

In the course of the conversion of the LEW building into a restaurant, there was a controversial discussion as to whether it was appropriate to use it as a beer garden in view of the history of the place. Various alternative proposals were made, including the construction of a memorial grove and the reconstruction of the synagogue. It was finally agreed to separate part of the site from the guest establishment with a screen and to place the memorial there more prominently. In addition, the outline of the synagogue was marked on the floor with metal bands.

In addition to the memorial for the synagogue, stumbling blocks for Emil Liffgens, the last religious teacher and cantor of the religious community, his wife Irma Liffgens, born on September 12, 2015, were placed on the sidewalk in front of the former teacher's house . Goldstein, and his nephew Lothar Liffgens. The Liffgens were deported from Augsburg to Auschwitz in March 1943 and murdered there, Lothar Liffgens in Majdanek as early as 1942 .

See also

literature

  • Paul Hoser : The history of the city of Memmingen. From a new beginning in the Kingdom of Bavaria to 1945. Konrad Theiss Verlag , Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8062-1316-X .
  • Angela Hager, Hans-Christof Haas: Memmingen . In: Wolfgang Kraus, Berndt Hamm, Meier Schwarz (eds.): More than stones ... Synagogue memorial volume Bavaria . tape 1 . Kunstverlag Josef Fink, Lindenberg im Allgäu 2007, ISBN 978-3-89870-411-3 , p. 504-510 .
  • Benigna Schönhagen (Ed.): "Ma Tovu ...". "How beautiful are your tents, Jakob ..." Synagogues in Swabia . Franz Schiermeier Verlag, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-943866-24-7 , pp. 123–128 (Accompanying volume to the traveling exhibition “Ma Tovu…”. “How beautiful are your tents, Jakob…” Synagogues in Swabia of the Jewish Culture Museum Augsburg-Swabia and the Network of Historic Synagogue Places in Bavarian Swabia).
  • Julius Miedel : The Jews in Memmingen . Th. Otto's Buchdruckerei, Memmingen 1909, The present Israelite cultural community, p. 91–103 , urn : nbn: de: hebis: 30-180011699007 .

Web links

Commons : Synagogue  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Schönhagen (Ed.): "Ma Tovu ..." p. 142 .
  2. ↑ a b In addition to the Memmingen synagogue, only the one in Krumbach-Hürben was destroyed in Bavarian Swabia during the Nazi era , but not until 1941/42 after an arson in 1939. After the pogrom, it was initially used as a hay store for the Wehrmacht been. The other synagogues in the region were used for other purposes and some of them were only demolished years after the war had ended. See Schönhagen (Ed.): "Ma Tovu ..." p. 147 .
  3. ↑ Schönhagen (Ed.): "Ma Tovu ..." p. 117-121 .
  4. ↑ Schönhagen (Ed.): "Ma Tovu ..." p. 131-137 .
  5. ↑ a b c d Schönhagen (Ed.): "Ma Tovu ..." p. 126-128 .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h Ulrich Knufinke: Synagogue architecture in Bavarian Swabia . In: Schönhagen (Ed.): "Ma Tovu ..." p. 183-190 .
  7. ^ Miedel: The Jews in Memmingen . S. 91 ff .
  8. ↑ old house number 108; formerly Vöhlinsche Prädikatur , then home of the reformer Christoph Schappeler
  9. ↑ Old house number 112
  10. ^ Miedel: The Jews in Memmingen . S. 93 . Hoser: History of the City of Memmingen . S.
     340 .
  11. ^ Jewish Culture Museum Augsburg-Swabia : Synagogues in Bavarian Swabia. Retrieved on May 8, 2017 (letter from city magistrate to government dated December 29, 1874, signature Memmingen 6-4-0).
  12. ^ Miedel: The Jews in Memmingen . S. 92 .
  13. ↑ Old house number 106d
  14. ^ Miedel: The Jews in Memmingen . S. 95 .
  15. ↑ Around 4,000  marks according to Miedel
  16. ↑ Miedel also uses the spelling Fränkl
  17. ↑ 1,800  marks according to Miedel
  18. ^ Miedel: The Jews in Memmingen . S. 96 f .
  19. ↑ a b c d e f g Miedel: The Jews in Memmingen . S. 97 ff .
  20. ↑ Old house number 391½ according to Miedel or numbers 391 and 392 according to the city map
  21. ↑ Old house number 103
  22. ↑ Old house number 104
  23. ↑ a b Uli Braun: Memmingen, when the world still seemed whole . Ed .: Curt Visel. Maximilian Dietrich Verlag, Memmingen 1987, ISBN 3-87164-122-7 , p. 27 together with the city map in the header . Uli Braun: Memmingen in the oldest photographs . Ed .: Curt Visel. Maximilian Dietrich Verlag, Memmingen 1988, ISBN 3-87164-125-1 , p. 30 with the city map in the header .
  24. ↑ a b Christoph Engelhard: Memmingen . Sutton Verlag, Erfurt 2009, ISBN 978-3-86680-476-0 , p. 26 .
  25. ^ Hoser: History of the City of Memmingen . S. 352 .
  26. ↑ At that time Kaiserpromenade
  27. ^ Uli Braun: Memmingen. Old postcards. SPRL SODIM, Brussels 1975, Fig. 40 .
  28. ^ A b Jewish Culture Museum Augsburg-Swabia : Synagogues in Bavarian Swabia. Retrieved on May 7, 2017 (Synagogue map, call number Memmingen 2-98-0).
  29. ↑ Original plans in StadtA Memmingen, B EAP1 333/5
    Hager, Haas: Memmingen . In: Kraus, Hamm, Schwarz (ed.): More than stones ... p. 506 (reproduction). Schönhagen (Ed.):     "Ma Tovu ..." p.
     127 (reproduction).
  30. ↑ Originals in the StadtA Memmingen are preserved in the Memmingen
    City Archives (ed.): “Eternal names I give them…” memorial booklet for the Jewish women, men and children from Memmingen who were persecuted, abducted and murdered during the Nazi era (=  materials on Memmingen City history series B: Research . No. 13 ). Memmingen 2013, p. 5 ( memmingen.de [PDF; 4.3 MB ; accessed on May 7, 2017]).
  31. ^ Hager, Haas: Memmingen . In: Kraus, Hamm, Schwarz (ed.): More than stones ... p. 505 . Bayer: History of the Synagogue .
  32. ^ Miedel: The Jews in Memmingen . S. 103 .
  33. ↑ 4.25% interest, 1% repayment according to Miedel
  34. ↑ a b Miedel: The Jews in Memmingen . S. 99 .
  35. ↑ Individual trades and executing persons according to Miedel: earthworks and masonry work Franz Unglehrt and Karl Maurer; Carpentry work Jakob Schmid; Stone carving by Georg Pöppel; Plumber work Ludwig Kurringer; Carpentry work by Leonhard Vogt and Michael Rabus; Painting by Mrs. W. Fackler; Locksmith work Jakob Motz
  36. ↑ a b c d e f g h Different sources give slightly different dimensions. The dimensions mentioned here are taken from the input plans published by Schönhagen and Hager. Because of the reduced reproduction, the values ​​are only approximately accurate.
  37. ↑ 14.50 m to 9.30 m
  38. ↑ a b Hager, Haas: Memmingen . In: Kraus, Hamm, Schwarz (ed.): More than stones ... p. 505 f .
  39. ↑ a b c d e f Miedel: The Jews in Memmingen . S. 101 ff .
  40. ↑ Photographs from the interior are published by Hager / Haas, Schönhagen and Hoser. More pictures can be seen in the Memmingen City Museum. Many of these photos show the destruction during the November pogrom .
  41. ↑ Hager / Haas has 129 seats in the hall and 88 seats in the women's galleries, Schönhagen 134 seats in the hall and 76 seats in the women's galleries. 114 seats in the hall are entered in the input plans.
  42. ↑ The published part of the input plans does not show the basement. However, Miedel explicitly mentions the cellar and photographs also show a cellar window in the area of ​​the northeast stairwell, so that the existence of the cellar must be assumed.
  43. ↑ Short summary of the main article " Liberales Judentum "; Details and evidence there.
  44. ↑ Short summary of the main article " Bima "; Details and evidence there.
  45. ↑ For example, Eduard Bürklein represents this point of view in an essay on his design for the Heidenheim synagogue .
  46. ↑ Short summary of the main article " November Pogrome 1938 "; Details and evidence there.
  47. ↑ Heydrich may have explicitly ordered the arson to be carried out by the Memminger SD, but this can no longer be specifically proven. See Hoser: History of the City of Memmingen . S. 226 , footnote 191 .
  48. ↑ a b c d e Hoser: History of the City of Memmingen . S. 224 ff .
  49. ↑ Bayer: History of the Synagogue .
  50. ^ Hoser: History of the City of Memmingen . S. 229 , fig. 40 .
  51. ^ Edith Raim: Justice between dictatorship and democracy . Oldenbourg Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-486-70411-2 , p. 818 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed May 7, 2017]).
  52. ^ A b StA Augsburg, Memmingen public prosecutor's office, KLs 14/1948
    Jewish Culture Museum Augsburg-Swabia : Synagogues in Bavarian Swabia. Retrieved on May 12, 2017 (judgment of the Memmingen Regional Court, signature Memmingen 3-4-0).
  53. ^ Hoser: History of the City of Memmingen . S. 221 .
  54. ↑ The forced departure of the teacher Emil Liffgens and his wife Irma is documented by November 29, 1938 at the latest. See Stadtarchiv Memmingen (ed.): "I give them eternal names ..." Memorial booklet for the Jewish women, men and children from Memmingen who were persecuted, abducted and murdered during the Nazi era (=  materials on the history of the town of Memmingen, series B: Research . no. 13 ). Memmingen 2013, p. 43 ( memmingen.de [PDF; 4.3 MB ; accessed on May 7, 2017]).
  55. ^ Hager, Haas: Memmingen . In: Kraus, Hamm, Schwarz (ed.): More than stones ... p. 506 . Curt Visel: Memmingen at war . Maximilian Dietrich Verlag, Memmingen 1992, ISBN 3-87164-128-6 , p.
     31 .
  56. ^ LG Memmingen, file number KLs 14/1948
  57. ↑ Parcel 442 with 190 m² (teachers' house), parcel 443 with 90 m² (barn) and parcel 981 with 1800 m² (synagogue)
  58. ^ Jewish Culture Museum Augsburg-Swabia : Synagogues in Bavarian Swabia. Retrieved May 7, 2017 (letter from Heinrich Berndl dated December 12, 1942, signature Memmingen 2-6-1).
  59. ↑ Parcel 1763½ with 70 m²
  60. ^ Hoser: History of the City of Memmingen . S. 221 f .
  61. ^ Hager, Haas: Memmingen . In: Kraus, Hamm, Schwarz (ed.): More than stones ... p. 508 .
  62. ↑ a b c d Hager, Haas: Memmingen . In: Kraus, Hamm, Schwarz (ed.): More than stones ... p. 509 .
  63. ↑ Postcard ALU 560, Verlag Foto Kohlbaur, Pfronten 1960, shows the teacher's house and the grounds of the synagogue still undeveloped, while an aerial photo in Half a Century of Memmingen , Memmingen 1968, dated 1964 , already shows the new LEW building.
  64. ↑ a b c Alemannia Judaica: Memmingen (city district). Retrieved May 12, 2017 .
  65. ↑ “The synagogue for our fellow citizens of the Jewish faith was built here in 1909. In 1938 she fell victim to the tyranny. This stone serves as a reminder and as a reminder. "
  66. ↑ a b c Otto Lohr: Dealing with synagogues in Swabia after 1945 and their use today . In: Schönhagen (Ed.): "Ma Tovu ..." p. 191-198 .
  67. ↑ "Memory brings redemption"
  68. ↑ Stadtarchiv Memmingen (ed.): "Eternal names I give them ..." Memorial booklet for the Jewish women, men and children from Memmingen who were persecuted, abducted and murdered during the National Socialist era (=  materials on the history of the town of Memmingen, series B: Research . no. 13 ). Memmingen 2013 ( memmingen.de [PDF; 4.3 MB ; accessed on May 7, 2017]).
  69. ↑ Stolpersteine ​​in Memmingen e. V. Retrieved May 13, 2017 .
  70. ↑ Reminder workshop Augsburg: Emil Liffgens. Retrieved May 13, 2017 .

Coordinates: 47 ° 59 '3.3 "  N , 10 ° 10' 40.2"  E