Tauberfranken
The Tauberfranken region is part of the Franconian region , which is largely located in Baden-Württemberg . Tauberfranken is almost congruent with the Main-Tauber district , which is crossed lengthways by the Tauber . A small part of the Bavarian districts of Würzburg and Ansbach are also included. The largest cities in Tauberfranken are Wertheim , Tauberbischofsheim , Lauda-Königshofen and Bad Mergentheim on the Baden-Wuerttemberg and Röttingen in the district of Würzburg.
There is also the Tauberfranken wine-growing area of the same name in the Baden wine-growing region in the state of Baden-Württemberg . While the wine towns in the two Bavarian districts of Tauberfranken belong to the Franconian wine-growing region .
dialect
The residents of Tauberfranken mostly speak East Franconian dialect in Main Franconian and Hohenlohe variants.
tourism
Tourist routes
The Romantic Road , a holiday route that begins in Würzburg , runs through Tauberfranken and changes back to Bavarian Franconia at Rothenburg ob der Tauber . It is the oldest and one of the most famous holiday routes in Germany. In addition, the Tauberfranken region is also on Siegfriedstrasse .
Biking and hiking trails
There are also some bike paths through Tauberfranken, some of which have won awards, for example the Taubertal bike path , a 101 kilometer long bike path . The cycle path is known as the "Liebliches Taubertal - the classic". It runs in its entire length through the valley of the Tauber. If you follow the course of the Tauber it is only a little uphill. Alternatively, there is also the “Liebliches Taubertal - der Sportive” cycle path, on which significantly more vertical meters have to be conquered.
In addition to the signposted cycle paths, there is also an "educational wine trail" for hikers at the municipal Rebgut am Edelberg in Tauberbischofsheim . In Bad Mergentheim and Tauberbischofsheim there are “fitness trails” that can be followed in several routes with movement and information boards. In the municipality of Külsheim there are several hiking trails with different lengths and themes, e.g. B. the panorama hiking trail, the orchid hike or the natural history-geological hiking trail.
Culture
Important cities and cultural assets
Culturally significant cities in Tauberfrankonia are Weikersheim , Bad Mergentheim and Tauberbischofsheim . In addition, the castles Wertheim , Gamburg , Igersheim and Freudenberg as well as the Bronnbach Monastery , the Mergentheim Castle , the Kurmainzische Castle Tauberbischofsheim , the castle in the Hofgarten Wertheim and the Castle Weikersheim are in the region.
landscape
The landscape of the Tauberfranken region is characterized by the wooded Franconian hill country. A stone bar landscape is typical on the sides of the Taubertal and its side valleys . There are extensive fruit and wine-growing areas in the valley lowlands.
Viticulture
Tauberfranken is an independent wine-growing area in the Baden wine-growing region , which includes the vineyards between Bad Mergentheim-Dainbach and Wertheim-Dertingen. Two supraregional cooperatives, the Becksteiner Winzer eG in Beckstein (part of Lauda-Königshofen) and the Winzergemeinschaft Franken eG (GWF) in Kitzingen with the Tauberfränkische Bocksbeutelkellerei in Wertheim- Reicholzheim , collect and market the majority of the harvest. There are also some smaller private, self-marketing wine-growing businesses. This region and parts of the Ortenau are the only German wine regions outside of Bavaria in which wine can be bottled in Bocksbeutel , which is considered a symbol of Franconian wine .
Sports
The world-famous fencing club Tauberbischofsheim (with over 370 medals at the Olympic Games, World and European Championships) was founded in 1954 by Emil Beck as a fencing department at TSV Tauberbischofsheim and has existed as an independent club since 1967. In 1966, FC Tauberbischofsheim launched the Frankenland tournament . In addition to a state and federal performance center , FC TBB has also had the national Olympic base in Tauberbischofsheim for fencing since 1986 .
history
Early history and the migration of peoples
The Taubertal has been around 6/5. Settled by Celts in the 19th century BC. In addition to small Celtic finds, the most important evidence of Celtic settlement culture is the Celtic ring wall ( Oppidum Finsterlohr ) at the height of the Tauberspitze near Finsterlohr / Burgstall. The complex, which is now accessible via a signposted hiking trail, is considered the largest former Celtic refuge in southern Germany. Furthermore, Celtic toponyms are the name of the Tauber themselves (see above) and the place name Lauda , which, according to Karl Schreck, means celt. "Lutuhezi" is interpreted going backwards. From the first century BC the Celts came under increasing pressure between the northward activities of the Roman Empire and the Germanic tribes advancing from the north, so that they built many such refuges. When Antonius moved the Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes forward in the 2nd century, the Taubergrund became the immediate Limes foothills, the next fort in Osterburken was only about twenty kilometers away from the Tauber. Lively trade in the Limes foothills is due to numerous Roman coin finds in house renovations and new buildings, especially in the 20th century. From the first century onwards, Alemannic settlers from the north took over the Maingegend and the Taubergrund, and from the 5th century onwards, Franconian settlers displaced the Alemanni (battles near Zülpich 496 and others on the Upper Rhine up to 506), some of whom moved further south. The Franks founded a duchy named after them and a large number of new settlements on the Tauber. Above all, the place names ending in -heim and -hausen (Wertheim, Waldenhausen , Reicholzheim, Niklashausen, Hochhausen, Bischofsheim, Dittigheim, Distelhausen, Gerlachsheim, Markelsheim, Elpersheim, Weikersheim, Tauberrettersheim) can be recognized as Franconian foundations (Mergentheim is a transformation of modern times from Mergenthal ).
Middle Ages and the rise of the Hohenlohe
In the Middle Ages, when the Gau constitution , which dates back to Charlemagne , was in existence, most of the Taubergrund and its surroundings formed one of the largest Gaue in the Duchy of Franconia under the name Taubergau . In the historical documents there are different spellings for it such as Tubergewe, Tubergowe, Tuberegewe, Tubargewe, Thubargowe, Dubragaoe and the Latin form Dubragagensis pagus. The city of Rothenburg o. D. T. (i.e. whether the Tauber ) did not belong to the Taubergau back then (as it is not to the Main-Tauber district today), but to the Mulachgau . Initially, the Gaue were also assigned to counts, around 1100 this assignment slowly dissolved and names such as Taubergau became a landscape designation without political significance. Already in 1058 the Taubergau was named next to a county Mergintaim . The following are documented as rulers for the Taubergau: 807 Count Audulf (the seneschal and kitchen master of Charlemagne, later also governor in Baiern ), 962, 972 and 973 Count Gerung, 1018 and 1054 Hezilo, presumably from the Weikersheim-Hohenlohe dynasty and brought large parts of the Taubergau and areas to Jagst and Kocher into his possession. In 970, a nobleman named Reiniger was mentioned in Mulachgau am Tauberoberlauf, who established a parish in Detwang in the same year. In 1079 a Heinrich von Luden (Lauda) appears for the first time in Taubergau, 1153 Konrad von Weikersheim-Hohenlohe, 1192–1209 Heinrich von Hohenlohe. Until the 14th century, the Hohenlohe in the Taubertal held the right of escort on the streets there, in 1418 Emperor Sigismund Albrecht von Hohenlohe granted unlimited jurisdiction over the entire territory, in 1495 Hohenlohe became a county .
Fragmentation in the Early Modern Era
In modern times , the area on the Tauber was politically more and more fragmented, the Hohenlohe largely surrendered their possessions in the Taubertal to other rulers, and from 1555 to 1806 the lines of the Hohenlohe were continually divided. The territories often changed from place to place. The most important rulers were the Grafschaft Wertheim , the Electoral Palatinate , the Teutonic Order (with seat and castle in Bad Mergentheim), the Principality of Würzburg (under which Lauda became the Oberamtsstadt for the other localities of the Taubergrund belonging to Würzburg), the Electorate of Mainz (to the belonged to Königshofen) and the imperial city of Rothenburg . Despite this political fragmentation, the Taubertal remained an important traffic, economic and trading area, which had a strong position especially in viticulture, both as a producer and as a trading hub, where the wine trade route along the Tauber to the northwest (Kurpfalz, Trier) and crossed vertically between Central Württemberg and Main Franconia (Tauber-Furt near Königshofen, later bridge in Lauda).
Territorial consolidation since 1803
As a result of the Napoleonic Wars and the ensuing upheavals in the Holy Roman Empire that led to the main Imperial Deputation, the offices of (Tauber-) Bischofsheim, Lauda and, above all, the communities north of Tauberbischofsheim came to the short-lived Principality of Leiningen in the years 1803 to 1806 . At the same time, places in the southern and eastern parts of the Tauber came to Bavaria, along with most of the Main Franconia. In 1806 the entire north of the Taubertal including Leiningen came to Baden in 1806 due to skillful Baden diplomacy in France, the middle part - apart from four small towns between Creglingen and Weikersheim, which had fallen to Bavaria in 1803 (Klingen, Bieberehren, Röttingen and Tauberrettersheim) - came in 1810 as Oberamt Mergentheim the Landvogtei an der Jagst to the Kingdom of Württemberg , and the southeast fell with the upper reaches of the Tauber to Tauberzell near Rothenburg to the Kingdom of Bavaria . Since then, the border between Baden and Württemberg ran along the Tauber between the towns of Unterbalbach (Baden) and Edelfingen (Württemberg), while the Tauber changed four times between Württemberg and Bavaria as a result of the new demarcation (→ border treaty between Württemberg and Baden ). This area consolidation paradoxically led to a significant economic setback and a loss of importance for the Taubergrund. All cities and municipalities were now the hinterland of one of three large countries and now consistently had an extreme peripheral location in their new state. The formerly wealthy Würzburg towns around the Oberamt Lauda lost their relationship with Würzburg, 40 km away, and now had a capital three times as far away and not a traditional wine buyer. Bad Mergentheim even went from a kind of capital ( seat of the Teutonic Order ) to a small town on the northern edge of the Kingdom of Württemberg, as did Rothenburg, whose decline had already begun during the Thirty Years War .
After many changes and re-cuts in the small-scale allocation of offices in the Taubertal between 1806 and 1938, the northern part became the Tauberbischofsheim district in 1939 , the middle part the Mergentheim district , the southeastern part the Rothenburg ob der Tauber district , and the four above-mentioned. Since then, small towns have belonged to the Würzburg district . In the same year a new division into Reichsgaue took place one level higher , which was based on the district division of the NSDAP from 1925 and apart from the name Gau had nothing to do with the district division of the medieval empire. The northern Taubertal belonged to the Reichsgau Baden with the district capital Strasbourg until 1945 , the middle part to the Reichsgau Württemberg-Hohenzollern (Stuttgart), the section of the four small Lower Franconian towns to the Reichsgau Mainfranken (Würzburg) and the southeastern section on the upper reaches of the Tauber to the Reichsgau Franconia (Nuremberg). In April 1945, Wehrmacht units (tank and air force units ) and fanatical SS and HJ units offered considerable resistance to the advance of American troops and slowed it down on the natural obstacles in the terrain of Tauber, Steigerwald and Frankenhöhe . The Americans were bitter about the heavy losses in these apparently pointless final battles; Even when there was little resistance they used bombs and heavy weapons on a large scale and also murdered prisoners of war.
After the end of the Second World War, the entire Taubertal belonged to the US-American zone of occupation , while the districts of Tauberbischofsheim and Mergentheim belonged to the state of Württemberg-Baden until 1952 and to the administrative unit of North Württemberg- North Baden of the US-American zone of occupation. When Baden, Württemberg and Hohenzollern were united to form the new federal state of Baden-Württemberg in April 1952, the north and south-central Taubertal remained politically united on the level above the districts. Since then, the Tauber has only flowed through two federal states, Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg.
Today's administrative structure of the Taubergrund
As part of the regional and district reform both Baden-Württemberg counties Tauberbischofsheim (TBB) and Mergentheim (MGH) were on 1 January 1973 with the addition of some communities in the old district Book (BCH) for Tauber District (combined on 1 January 1974 renamed Main-Tauber-Kreis), which has been part of the Franconian administrative region of the state of Baden-Württemberg since then . Rothenburg and five other communities on the Tauber (Schnelldorf, Wettringen, Insingen, Diebach, Gebsattel and Steinsfeld) have belonged to the district of Ansbach in the Central Franconia administrative region since the Bavarian district reform of July 1, 1972 . In the district of Schwäbisch Hall , the Tauber runs through the municipality of Rot am See alone , initially the Reubach district at its source near Weikersholz, shortly before it crosses over to Bavaria, the district of Michelbach at the gap borders on the right bank for a short distance, further down the valley, almost at Insingen, the water at the Thomasmühle passes over again for a short distance to the Reubacher district. The latter mill is the only settlement in the district of Schwäbisch Hall that lies on the water. Thus, since 1974, the Tauber has only flowed through four districts: Schwäbisch Hall (SHA), Ansbach (AN), Main-Tauber (TBB) and Würzburg (WÜ), the latter part of the Lower Franconia administrative region .
Historical echoes
In Baden-Wuerttemberg territory, however, the division into a northern Baden region and a southern Wurttemberg region continues to exist in many areas, such as the sports associations, the high school authorities or the wine-growing regions. With regard to the wine-growing areas, the separation even referred to the time before Napoleon until almost the turn of the last millennium, when the northern part of the Taubertal valley in Baden belonged to the Franconian wine-growing area , which is predominantly in the state of Bavaria. Since then, Tauberfranken has been officially reclassified to the Baden wine-growing region , but has retained the Franconian wine-growing region's right to Bocksbeutel bottling, which the other winegrowers in Baden-Württemberg do not have. The wines from the northern part of the Tauber are still considered Franconian wines, while those in the southern part of the Württemberg wine-growing region are not, although they also belong to the Heilbronn-Franconia region .
Tauberfranken as namesake
The Tauber-Franken-Halle in Königshofen has been the largest event hall in the Taubertal since 1967 and is used for industrial fairs, sports competitions (e.g. handball), music events (dance floor and concerts), festivals, folk and sports festivals for the entire region. Every year in September the ten-day Königshöfer fair takes place around the hall , the largest fair in Tauberfränk.
The Tauberfranken barracks in Lauda was a 20 hectare site of the Bundeswehr air force and was closed in 2004 as part of the nationwide troop reduction and reduction at Bundeswehr locations . The area is currently being converted into a high-quality industrial area, for which the city founded a development company called i_PARK TAUBERFRANKEN GmbH in 2006 .
Furthermore, some companies use the word Tauberfranken as part of their name, such as the Sparkasse Tauberfranken .
The regional currency Tauber Franconia has existed since 2005 .
Individual evidence
- ^ Touristikgemeinschaft Liebliches Taubertal: Cycling - The classic online at www.liebliches-taubertal.de. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
- ^ Fränkische Nachrichten: Educational wine trail set up . Online at www.fnweb.de. April 5, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
- ↑ Fitness trail: Fitness trail Tauberbischofsheim . Online at www.trimm-dich-pfad.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
- ↑ Fitness trail: Fitness trail Bad Mergentheim . Online at www.trimm-dich-pfad.com. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
- ↑ Külsheimer Wanderwelt: Wanderwelt Külsheim . Online at www.kuelsheim.de. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
- ↑ Lovely Taubertal: Lovely Taubertal . Online at www.main-tauber-kreis.de. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
- ↑ Viticulture History . Working group Weinland Taubertal, accessed on August 11, 2013 .
- ↑ The Tauberbischofsheim Medal Forge: Successes of the Tauberbischofsheim fencing club. (No longer available online.) Fecht-Club Tauberbischofsheim eV, archived from the original on May 5, 2015 ; accessed on May 2, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Fecht-Club Tauberbischofsheim: History ( Memento of the original from May 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Online at www.fechtentbb.de. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
- ↑ Karl Schreck: Lauda - fates of a former Franconian upper official city . Lauda 1973.
- ↑ Stephen G. Fritz : Endkampf: Soldiers, Civilians, and the Death of the Third Reich . University of Kentucky , Lexington 2004, ISBN 0-8131-2325-9 (paperback 2011, ISBN 978-0813134611 ), chap. 4 and 6.
- ↑ The Last Offensive - European Theater of Operations , chap. XVIII: The Myth of the Redoubt , p. 413 ff. ( Online )
- ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit: Fear and Terror . FAZ of April 25, 2006, p. 8.
- ^ Sparkasse Tauberfranken: Portal. Retrieved September 29, 2010 .
- ↑ Tauber-Franken e. V. - Initiative for sustainability: Der Tauberfranken. Retrieved August 8, 2018 .
