East Franconian dialects

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East Franconian

Spoken in

BavariaBavaria Bavaria ( Lower Franconia , Middle Franconia , Upper Franconia ) Baden-Württemberg ( Tauberfranken , Hohenlohe ) Thuringia (south of the Rennsteig ) Saxony ( Vogtland ) Hesse ( East Hesse )
Baden-WürttembergBaden-Württemberg 
ThuringiaThuringia 
SaxonySaxony 
HesseHesse 
Linguistic
classification
Language codes
ISO 639-3

vmf

East Franconian is the south-eastern dialect group in the Franconian language area and belongs to the transition area between the Central German and Upper German language areas, whereby it is usually assigned to the latter group. The East Franconian language area extends from the Heilbronn-Franconia and Tauberfranken region in Baden-Württemberg through the Bavarian administrative districts of Middle , Lower and Upper Franconia to southern Thuringia and into the transition area of ​​the Saxon Vogtland . In Hesse , the East Hessian spoken in the Rhön becomes East Franconian. Before the expulsion of the German Bohemia , the East Franconian dialect area extended into today's Czech Republic. In everyday life, the East Franconian dialects are simply called Franconian .

Demarcation

East Franconian has a transitional character between Middle German and Upper German and is separated from the neighboring languages ​​by different isoglosses:

  • From the Rhine Franconian (or Hessian ) through the Germersheimer line and the Speyerer line : In East Franconia p is shifted to pf throughout (except for s ) , so that in Rhine Franconia it is called Pund Äppel , in East Franconia it is called pound apples . This line runs in the Spessart through the administrative district of Lower Franconia and linguistically separates the Aschaffenburg area from the rest of the administrative district. This distinctive language border is popularly known as the Äppeläquator .
  • Either the Speyer line or a bundle of isoglosses is used as the border to the Thuringian-Upper Saxon region . Further differences to Thuringian-Upper Saxon are the n- apocopes and the Schwa-apocopes. In the Rhön, the Rhöner Platt is a mixed group of dialects between Hessian, Thuringian and East Franconian. In Thuringia, the Rennsteig forms a clear language border. In Saxony, the Southeast Vogtland dialect forms a transition dialect to the closely related Erzgebirge language .
  • From Bairischen East Frankish delimited by the personal pronoun 2nd person plural: East Frankish states this in the nominative her and in the accusative and dative you / Aich; in Bavarian, on the other hand, ees (less often äds, deeds, diats ) and enk . Another difference is the monophthongization of the Middle High German diphthong ei: “wide” means braad or bread in East Franconia , while in Bavarian it means broat (more rarely broit ). The Nuremberg dialect forms a transition zone that already has many Bavarian characteristics.
  • From Swabian through one of the unit plural lines: In Swabian, verbs in the plural are always conjugated in the same way ( me mow, you mow, she mow ), while in East Franconian it means me, you mow, she is called. The Middle High German diphthongs ei also developed differently; in Swabian, like in Bavarian, you can find broat or broit . A third distinguishing feature is the pronunciation of the intervocal g (e.g. in stomach ): In Swabian it remains a plosive ( g ), while in Franconian languages ​​it is spirantized to fricatives such as ç , x or ɣ . The border between Ellwangen and Crailsheim runs very sharply; south of Dinkelsbühl , on the other hand, there is a transition area that also merges into Bavarian . ​​​​​​​​
  • The border to southern Franconia is fluid and the least clearly defined. In the literature, the firm - fescht line is often given (Südfränkisch fescht versus Ostfränkisch fest ). According to this definition, the Hohenlohe (otherwise assigned to East Franconian) and other areas in the Ansbach area would have to be counted as South Franconian.

Phonology

Consonants

The consonant system of East Franconian is similar to that of standard German z. B. the second sound shift was carried out (almost) completely, so that the sound pf is used in all East Franconian dialects . However, there are some striking features:

  • The inland German consonant weakening of voiceless (hard) aspirated consonants was carried out almost completely in East Franconian, so that t - in the perception of standard German speakers - becomes d , k becomes g and p becomes b .
  • However, that does not mean that the original Fortis and Lenis coincided in all cases. In many dialects are g and b between vowels spirantisiert so that bird as Vochel [ foːχl̩ ] and fork as Gawel [ ɡaːβl̩ pronounced]. For g this also affects the final sound , so that Berg is pronounced as Berch [ bɛrç / bɛɐç ].
  • Similarly, there often for intervocalic d to rhotacism to [⁠ ɾ ⁠] ( voiced alveolar tap ) so that brother as Brurer [ bruːɾɐ is pronounced]. A similar phenomenon can be found in many English dialects , especially in North America.
  • One of the most striking features is the rolled r [⁠ r ⁠] ( voiced alveolar Vibrant ), which Speaker of the East Frankish often use in standard German. In addition, the uvular r [ ʁ / ʀ ] can also be used in free variation .​​​​
  • In the final syllable after vowels, however , the r does not have to be consonantic; often it will [⁠ ɐ ⁠] vocalized z. B. Beer [ biːɐ̯ ]. After short front-tongue vowels , there may be a complete fading with a centralization of the vowel. B. leads to the pronunciation of Nuremberg as Nämberch [ ˈnɘmbɛɐç ].
  • The consonant ch can be completely deleted at the end of the word. B. finally becomes finite [ ˈɛndlɪ ]. The pronunciation of the personal pronoun I as i [⁠ ɪ ⁠] can be interpreted as a result of this redemption.

Vowels

The vowel status in East Franconian is predominantly Central German, but there is hardly a feature where East Franconian dialects diverge as strongly as in their vowel system. Depending on the region, East Franconian dialects show a variety of different phenomena, which are often found in neighboring dialects:

  • The Middle High German -centering diphthongs ie [ iə ] uo [ uə ] and üe [ yə ] were in the north of Central Franconia, Upper Franconia western and northern Lower Franconia (as in standard German) monophthongiert . In the south of Lower Franconia and in the west of Middle Franconia, the old diphthongs were retained (as in Alemannic, Swabian and Bavarian). In the East Franconian-North Bavarian transition area in Central and Upper Franconia, they were "overthrown" to falling diphthongs like in North Bavaria.
  • Another language border within East Franconian is the implementation of the delabialization (also de-rounding): In Lower Franconia and western Upper Franconia, ö, ü and eu / äu were retained, while in Middle Franconia and Eastern Upper Franconia, as in almost all High German dialects, they become e, i and ei / ai have been de-rounded. Because of the independent distribution of the monophthonging, there are five different realizations for the Middle High German diphthong üe [ yə ] in East Franconian.
  • A typical Central German feature of almost all East Franconian dialects is the monophthonging of the Middle High German vowels ei [ ɛi ], ou [ ɔu ] and öu [ œy ]. The exact vowel quality of ei z. B. in broad is used here not only for external delimitation, but also to subdivide into Upper East Franconian ([ aː ]) and Lower East Franconian ([ eː ] or [ ɛː ]). Only in the Rhön and around Dinkelsbühl are some of the diphthongs oa [ oɐ ] or oi [ teilweise ].
  • The original Middle High German ô z. B. in straw and dead and ê z. B. in snow have each developed a parallel development: In the central language area they have remained monophthong ([ oː ] or [ eː ]). In parts of Upper Franconia they were raised to uu [ uː ] and ii [ iː ]. Around Würzburg and Ansbach, on the other hand, you can find the rising diphthong oa [ oɐ ] or ea [ ɛɐ ]. Around Sonneberg and Lichtenfels the vowels were diphthonged and raised, so that ue [ uə ] and ia [ iə ] result. In the East Franconian-North Bavarian transition area one finds ou [ gestu ] or äi [ ɛɪ ] analogous to the "fallen" diphthongs . In areas with delabialization, œ (e.g. in beautiful ) usually coincides with ê.
  • The Middle High German â z. B. in Schaf and inquire is often raised, so that the resulting long vowel can range from [ ɒː ] to [ ɔː ] to [ oː ]. In the East Franconian-North Bavarian transition strip and in northern Upper Bavaria you can find the falling diphthong ou [ ɔu ], in parts of Lower Franconia and Central Franconia the rising diphthong oa [ oɐ ]. In many dialects, the original ô and â have thus coincided.
  • The Middle High German monophthongs î [ iː ], û [ uː ] and iu [ yː ] were diphthongized everywhere, as in Standard German .

The following table shows the different development of the vowels and diphthongs using the example of six East Franconian dialects:

Middle High German Standard German Schweinfurt Wurzburg Rothenburg o. T. Bayreuth Coburg Nuremberg
head [⁠ œ ⁠] Heads [⁠ œ ⁠] Kopf [⁠ œ ⁠] Kopf [⁠ œ ⁠] Kepf [⁠ ɛ ⁠] a Kepf [⁠ ɛ ⁠] a Kopf [⁠ œ ⁠] Kepf [⁠ e ⁠] a
hiuser [ yː ] Houses [ ɔɪ ] Hoiser [ ɔɪ ] Hoiser [ ɔɪ ] Haiser [ aɪ ] a Haiser [ aɪ ] a Hoiser [ ɔɪ ] Haiser [ aɪ ] a
kuo [ uə ] Cow [ uː ] b Kuu [ uː ] b Kua [ uə ] Kua [ uə ] Kuu [ uː ] b Kuu [ uː ] b Kou [ ou ] c
dear [ iə ] dear [ iː ] b liib [ iː ] b liib [ i: ] b liab [ iə ] liib [ iː ] b liib [ i: ] b läib [ ɛi ] c
tired [ yə ] tired [ yː ] b tired [ yː ] b tired [ yə ] miad [ iə ] a miid [ iː ] a, b tired [ yː ] b maid [ ɛi ] a, c
stone [ ɛi ] Stone [ aɪ ] Stee (n) [ eː ] d Stee (n) [ eː ] d Staa (n) [ aː ] d Staa (n) [ aː ] d Stää [ aː ] d Staa (n) [ aː ] d
boum [ ɔu ] Tree [ aʊ ] Bääm [ ɛː ] d Bääm [ ɛː ] d Baam [ aː ] d Baam [ aː ] d Baam [ aː ] d Baam [ aː ] d
strō [ oː ] Straw [ oː ] Stroo [ oː ] Stroa [ oa ] e Stroa [ oa ] e Struu [ uː ] f Strue [ uə ] e, f Strou [ ɔu ] g
snē [ eː ] Snow [ eː ] Snow [ eː ] Schnea [ ɛa ] e Schnea [ ɛa ] e Schnii [ iː ] f Schnia [ iə ] e, f Schnäi [ ɛɪ ] g
beautiful [ øː ] beautiful [ øː ] schüan [ yə ] e schö (n) [ øː ] schean [ eə ] a, e scheen [ eː ] a schö (n) [ øː ] schäi (n) [ ɛɪ ] a, g
schāf [ aː ] Sheep [ aː ] Schòf [ ɔː ] Schòf [ ɔː ] Schòf [ ɔː ] Schof [ oː ] Schouf [ ɔu ] g Schouf [ ɔu ] g
Vocalism phenomena: a delabialization, b monophthongization of the rising diphthongs, c fallen diphthongs, d monophthongation of the falling diphthongs, e diphthongization to a rising diphthong, f elevation of [ eː ] and [ oː ], g diphthongation to a falling diphthong

Morphosyntax

East Franconian differs from standard German not only in phonology and vocabulary , but also in various morphosyntactic peculiarities. It shares numerous characteristics with the other Upper German languages :

  • Tempus : The synthetic past tense is usually replaced by the analytic perfect tense. I ate → I ate. An exception, however, is the auxiliary verb sein , which can also be used in the past tense e.g. B. I was. This linguistic peculiarity is by no means limited to the dialect speakers. Rather, it is the case that the past tense is avoided in the written language as far as possible, because it is not used in the dialect. It should be noted that in the verbs standing , sitting and lying, sein (instead of having ) is used as an auxiliary verb in the perfect tense .
  • Case : The genitive has disappeared. Property display for persons is replaced by a combination of dative and pronouns familiar from all German dialect areas (but also Turkish ) : Eva's sister → der Eva her (e) sister . Otherwise the genitive is replaced by the analytical form of + dative . The dative is also used after prepositions that result in the genitive in high-level German: if you like → because of me .
  • Relative pronouns : The use of the word “wo” as a relative particle is mandatory here. The High German relative pronouns der, die, replace where not, but are optional additions: The woman (who) where I know ... The film where you told me yesterday that ...
  • Participle Perfect : The prefix overall will g- syncopated , so said to gsagt (or gsachd ) is. Before plosives, the prefix is ​​completely reduced z. B. come → come .
  • Diminutive : The East Franconian diminutive suffix is not derived from -chen (as for example in the neighboring Rheinfränkischen), but from -lein z. B. Hündle or Hündla . In some dialects there is a separate suffix for the plural e.g. B. -lich in the Rhön or -li around Würzburg, Fürth and Ansbach.

Some morphosyntactic features can be regarded as special features of East Franconian:

  • Infinitive : The Franconian infinitive ends in Lower Franconia and in Hohenlohe predominantly on -e ( hope, do ), in Upper and Middle Franconia on -n ( hope'n, do'n ). Some dialects of East Franconian (Schweinfurt, Würzburg) are the only German dialects to give up fixed infinitive endings and thus resemble English : sleep → sleep, criticize → criticize . The fact that the omission of the -en is not simply a phonetic phenomenon, but can be seen as grammaticalized, is shown by the fact that in the 1st and 3rd person plural, forms that are homophonic with the infinitive in High German, the ending -en what remains: we have to sleep → I have to sleep or I have to sleep .
  • Participle Perfect : The diffraction shipments will be reduced in some regions: eating becomes gegess or gessn . In some cases the past participle has a different form than in standard German, for example instead of known it says gwisst, instead of thought thinks, instead of been often gweesd .
  • Typical of East Franconian dialects is also the dative section of many prepositions , which in the standard German language have the accusative : Without me → without me, for you → for you, against you → against you, it depends on you → on you it depends etc.
The East Franconian language area

East Franconian dialects

The East Franconian dialect group is divided into the three main groups Lower East Franconian, Upper East Franconian and South East Franconian dialect areas. The Lower Franconian dialect area includes the Coburg area, the Grabfeld dialect, the so-called Lower Franconian in the Würzburg area and all Franconian dialects northwest of it. Most of the areas of Upper Franconia and Middle Franconia are included in the Upper Franconian language area. The south-east Franconian area mainly comprises parts of north-east Baden-Württemberg and neighboring areas of Bavaria , especially in western Central Franconia . The Linguasphere Register (edition 1999/2000, page 431, Zone 52-ACB-dj) lists 14 dialects under East Franconian .

"Franconian" labeled map of the individual dialects

The concise dictionary of Bavarian Franconia subdivides individual dialect areas more finely. Different dialect areas are distinguished in Upper Franconian, Bamberg and Ansbach. In addition, the work leads as another dialect area

Vogtland is spoken in the transition area from East Franconian to Thuringian-Upper Saxon :

Scientific processing

Dictionaries, language atlases

The vocabulary of the East Franconian dialects is recorded and described in the Franconian dictionary . The linguistic atlas of Lower Franconia , the linguistic atlas of Middle Franconia and the linguistic atlas of Northeast Bavaria cover the linguistic geography of the East Franconian dialects in Bavaria. The East Franconian dialects in the area of ​​the Free State of Thuringia were scientifically researched by the Thuringian Dictionary or are being scientifically researched by its successor to the Thuringian Dialect Research Unit in Jena.

Lower Franconian dialect research and cultural work

The Lower Franconian Dialect Institute (UDI) researches, carries out cultural work and disseminates its knowledge through youth, educational and public relations work.

See also

literature

Web links

Test Wikipedia in East Franconian

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Henneberg-Itzgrund-Franken e. V., Cultural ( Memento from December 5, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ Hubert Klausmann: Schwäbisch, 2014, pp. 63–77.
  3. ↑ Franconian dictionary, publications: The history of settlements from a linguistic perspective. The linguistic geographical perspective. ( Memento from December 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  4. ↑ Master's thesis on relative clauses in Franconian ( Memento from February 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  5. ^ A b Alfred Klepsch, Eberhard Wagner: Concise dictionary of Bavarian Franconia . Edited by the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. Verlag Fränkischer Tag, Bamberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-936897-52-4 , p. 609 ff.
  6. ↑ On the special case of Dinkelsbühl cf. David Neu: One speaker - multiple dialects. Code mixing and code switching in the tridialectal area around Dinkelsbühl. Published online at urn: nbn: de: bvb: 824-opus4-2153 or http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ku-eichstaett/frontdoor/index/index/docId/215 .
  7. ^ Lower Franconian Dialect Institute at the Institute for German Philology at the University of Würzburg