United Artists

This article is about the film studio. Previously, it operated a cinema chain bearing this name, now owned by Regal Entertainment Group.

For the related record label see United Artists Records.

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The current United Artists logo (a variant was used during the 1980s).

United Artists Corporation (a.k.a. United Artists Pictures, Inc. United Artists Films, Inc., and United Artists Studio) is an American film studio and a subsidiary of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc., which in turn is owned by a consortium including Sony Corporation of America, Comcast, Texas Pacific Group (now TPG Capital, L.P.) and Providence Equity Partners. UA has recently been "branded" as an art-house studio.

In November 2006, producer/actor Tom Cruise and his production partner, Paula Wagner, signed an agreement with MGM to run United Artists as well as acquire a small stake in the studio. Wagner will serve as United Artists' chief executive officer while Cruise will produce and star in films for UA, which will continue to be distributed by MGM.

The early years

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Founders: Fairbanks, Griffith, Pickford, Chaplin

UA was incorporated as a joint venture on February 5, 1919 by four of the leading figures in early Hollywood: Mary Pickford, Charles Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, and D. W. Griffith. The idea for the venture originated with Fairbanks, Chaplin, Pickford, and cowboy star William S. Hart a year earlier as they were traveling around the U.S. selling Liberty bonds to help the World War I effort. Already hardened veterans of Hollywood, the four film stars began to talk of forming their own company to better control their own work as well as their futures. They were spurred on by established Hollywood producers and distributors making moves to tighten their control on star salaries and creative control, a process which would evolve into the rigid studio system. With the addition of Griffith, planning began, but Hart bowed out even before things had formalized. When he heard about their scheme, Richard A. Rowland, head of Metro Pictures, said, "The inmates are taking over the asylum." The four partners, with advice from former Secretary of the Treasury William G. McAdoo (son-in-law of then-President Woodrow Wilson), formed their distribution company, with Hiram Abrams as its first managing director.

The original terms called for Pickford, Fairbanks, Griffith and Chaplin to independently produce five pictures each year. But by the time the company got under way in 1920-1921, feature films were becoming more expensive and more polished, and running times had settled at around ninety minutes (or eight reels). It was soon clear that no one, no matter how popular, could produce and star in five quality feature films a year. By 1924, by which time Hart and Griffith had dropped out, the company was facing a crisis: either bring in others to help support a costly distribution system or concede defeat. The veteran producer Joseph Schenck was hired as president. Not only had he been producing pictures for a decade, but he brought along commitments for films starring his wife, Norma Talmadge, his sister-in-law, Constance Talmadge, and his brother-in-law, Buster Keaton. Contracts were signed with a letter of independent producers, especially Samuel Goldwyn, Alexander Korda and Howard Hughes. Schenck also formed a separate partnership with Pickford and Chaplin to buy and build theaters under the United Artists name.

Still, even with a broadening of the company, UA struggled. The coming of sound ended the careers of Pickford and Fairbanks. Chaplin, rich enough to do what he pleased, worked only occasionally. Schenck resigned in 1933 to organize a new company with Darryl F. Zanuck, Twentieth Century Pictures, which soon provided four pictures a year to UA's schedule. He was replaced as president by sales manager Al Lichtman who himself resigned after only a few months. Pickford herself produced a few films, and at various times Goldwyn, Korda, Walt Disney, Walter Wanger, and David O. Selznick were made "producing partners" (i.e., sharing in the profits), but ownership still rested with the founders. As the years passed and the dynamics of the business changed, these "producing partners" drifted away, Goldwyn and Disney to RKO, Wanger to Universal Pictures, Selznick to retirement. By the late 1940s, United Artists had virtually ceased to exist as either a producer or distributor.

Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers

The Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers was founded in 1941 by Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, Walt Disney, Orson Welles, Samuel Goldwyn, David O. Selznick, Alexander Korda, and Walter Wanger - many of the same people who were members of United Artists. Later members included William Cagney, Sol Lesser, and Hal Roach.

The Society aimed to preserve the rights of independent producers in an industry overwhelmingly controlled by the studio system.

SIMPP fought to end monopolistic practices by the five major film studios - MGM, Paramount Pictures, RKO, Warner Bros. and Twentieth Century Fox - that controlled the production, distribution, and exhibition of films.

In 1942, the SIMPP filed an antitrust suit against Paramount's United Detroit Theatres. The complaint accused Paramount of conspiracy to control first-run and subsequent-run theaters in Detroit. It was the first antitrust suit brought by producers against exhibitors alleging monopoly and restraint of trade.

In 1948, the United States Supreme Court Paramount Decision ordered the Hollywood movie studios to sell their theater chains and to eliminate certain anti-competitive practices. This effectively brought an end to the studio system.

By 1958, many of the reasons for creating the SIMPP had been corrected and SIMPP closed its offices.

The 1950s and 1960s

In 1951, two lawyers-turned-producers Arthur Krim and Robert Benjamin approached Pickford and Chaplin with a wild idea: let them take over United Artists for five years. If, at the end of those five years, UA was profitable, they would be given an option to buy the company. Since UA was barely alive, Pickford saw nothing to lose and agreed. Chaplin was against the deal, but changed his mind in late 1952 when the US government revoked his re-entry visa while he was in London for the UK premiere of Limelight. He sold his remaining shares of UA several years later.

In taking over UA, Krim and Benjamin created the first studio without an actual "studio". Primarily acting as bankers, they offered money to independent producers. UA leased space at the Pickford/Fairbanks Studio, but did not own a studio lot as such. Thus UA did not have the overhead, the maintenance or the expensive production staff which ran up costs at other studios. Among their first clients were Sam Spiegel and John Huston, whose "Horizon Productions" gave UA two major hits, The African Queen (1951) and Moulin Rouge (1952). Others followed, among them Stanley Kramer, Otto Preminger, Hecht-Hill-Lancaster, and a number of actors, newly freed from studio contracts and anxious to produce or direct their own films. UA production-head Arnold Picker could do no wrong in selecting the properties which the company would back. With UA's new success, Pickford saw a chance to exit gracefully, though she still held out for top dollar, walking away with $1.5 million in 1955.

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Albert Broccoli

UA went public the following year, and as the other mainstream studios fell into decline, UA prospered, adding relationships with the Mirisch brothers, Billy Wilder, Joseph E. Levine and others. In the 1960s, UA introduced U.S. audiences to The Beatles by releasing producer Walter Shenson's A Hard Day's Night (1964) and Help! (1965). At the same time it backed two expatriate Americans in Britain, who had acquired screen rights to Ian Fleming's Bond novels. For $1 million, UA backed Harry Saltzman and Albert Broccoli's Dr. No (which was a sensation in 1962) and served as the launching point for the James Bond series. That franchise has outlived UA's life as a major studio, still running forty years later. Other successful projects backed in this period included Blake Edwards's Pink Panther series, which began in 1964, and Sergio Leone's Spaghetti Westerns, which made a star of Clint Eastwood.

Borrowing the idea of financial backing for television, UA's television division was responsible for shows like Gilligan's Island, The Fugitive, Outer Limits, The Patty Duke Show, and thirtysomething. The television unit also had begun to build up a substantial — and profitable — rental library, having purchased Associated Artists Productions, owners of Warner Bros. pre-1948 shorts and cartoons as well as Popeye cartoons, purchased from Paramount Pictures a few years earlier. (See note below at '"Film Archives"' for more on this).

There was also a record division, later sold to Thorn EMI.

On the basis of its fantastic string of film and television hits in the 1960s, the company was an attractive property, and in 1967 Krim and Benjamin sold control of UA to the San Francisco-based insurance giant, Transamerica Corp.

The 1970s and 1980s

What Transamerica got was not just the UA name and library, but the expertise and experience of Krim, Benjamin and a team of others. For a time the flow of successful pictures continued. New talent was encouraged, including Woody Allen, Robert Altman, Sylvester Stallone, Saul Zaentz, Miloš Forman, and Brian De Palma. In 1973 UA took over the sales and distribution of MGM's films (ironically, MGM would soon be distributing UA's films in the future).

But insurance companies are a cautious, steady business. The ups-and-downs of movie making made them nervous. And then there were the costs; Hollywood has always been based on image, so executives had to be pampered a bit. All of this drove the insurance company crazy. Finally in 1978, following a dispute over administrative expenses, UA's top executives, including chairman Krim and president Benjamin, walked out. Within days they announced the formation of Orion Pictures, with backing from Warner.

The inexperienced new leadership of UA, anxious to show that they could make quality pictures too, agreed to back Michael Cimino's pet project, a big-budget western, Heaven's Gate. After a tumultuous two-year gestation, the picture turned out to be a colossal box office bomb, angering critics and alienating audiences. The publicity about runaway costs far overshadowed any appeal the film might have. United Artists recorded a major loss for the year; to Transamerica, it was only a blip on a multi-billion dollar balance sheet, but it soured the relationship forever. To the greater Hollywood community, it also signalled that this was a company that could no longer produce pictures. Within a year, UA was sold to Kirk Kerkorian, who merged it into his MGM. Film editors replaced UA logos on all prints to remove any reference to former owner Transamerica (though on such films as Rocky, The Black Stallion, Sam Whiskey, and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, the Transamerica logos were retained).

Despite the financial ruin, UA's blockbuster franchise films (Rocky and James Bond) were emphasized more heavily than financial flops.

In 1975, Harry Saltzman sold UA his 50% stake in Danjaq, LLC, the holding-company for the Bond films. UA was to remain a silent partner, putting up money, while Albert Broccoli took producer credit. John Cork, producer of dozens of documentaries for the Bond films on DVD, claims that UA sold this 50% stake back to Broccoli in the mid-1980s. It has also been claimed that MGM/UA kept a distribution deal with Danjaq said to be far better than that given Broccoli and Salzman in 1962.

Under Kerkorian, United Artists became a shell. The studio, which was essentially bankrupt following the disaster of Heaven's Gate, cut its production schedule sharply. MGM and UA were merged into MGM/UA Entertainment Co. from 1981 to 1987. UA was essentially dormant after 1989, releasing no films for several years. In part this was due to the continuing turmoil at MGM/UA; bought by Ted Turner in 1986, he could not get financial backing to complete the deal and, seventy-four days later, re-sold UA and the MGM trademark to Kerkorian, while keeping the MGM/UA library for himself (with the exception of those MGM/UA releases by United Artists). (See below for a note on the film library.)

The 1990s

In 1990 came the farcical sale to the Italian promoter Giancarlo Parretti. Having bought MGM/UA by wildly overstating his own financial condition, within a year Parretti had defaulted to his primary bank, Crédit Lyonnais, which foreclosed on the studio in 1992. In an effort to make MGM/UA saleable, Credit Lyonnais ramped up production, reviving two long-running franchises, the Pink Panther and James Bond films. MGM was sold in 1997, again to Kirk Kekorian.

The 2000s

During the 2000s, UA was repositioned as a boutique or specialty studio. The distributorship and branding for UA's main franchises (James Bond, Pink Panther, and Rocky) were moved to MGM, although select MGM releases (notably the James Bond franchise co-held with Danjaq, LLC and the Amityville Horror remake) carry a United Artists copyright.

UA (re-christened United Artists Films) distributed a few "art-house" films, among them Michael Moore's Bowling for Columbine, 2002's foreign-film Academy Award winner, No Man's Land, and 2004's Hotel Rwanda, a co-production of UA and Lions Gate Films.

On April 8, 2005, a partnership of Comcast, Sony and several merchant banks bought United Artists and its parent, MGM, for a total of $4.8 billion.

In March 2006, MGM announced that it would return once again as a distribution company. Striking distribution deals with The Weinstein Company, Lakeshore Entertainment, Bauer Martinez and other independent studios, MGM distributes films from these companies on its own. MGM continues funding and co-producing projects that are released in conjunction with Sony's Columbia Pictures.

Technically, MGM and UA are two entities that are run independently of Sony's Columbia Pictures in Culver City. Sony has a minority stake in MGM and UA but otherwise MGM and UA will operate under Harry Sloan's (CEO of MGM and a minority owner himself) direction.

In 2001, MGM and UA starting distributing films worldwide through 20th Century Fox - ironically, UA had distributed films by predecessor 20th Century Pictures in the 1930s (as mentioned above).

The Cruise/Wagner Era

On November 2, 2006, MGM announced that actor Tom Cruise and his long-time production partner Paula Wagner were resurrecting United Artists. (This announcement came after the duo ended a fourteen-year production relationship at Viacom-based Paramount Pictures earlier that year). Cruise and Wagner acquired a small stake in the studio, with the approval by MGM's consortium of owners.

The deal gives them control over production, from development to the "green-lighting" of films. Wagner was named CEO of United Artists, which will have an annual slate of four films with different budget ranges, while Cruise serves as a producer for the revamped studio as well as serving as the occasional star.

Notable Films

1920s

• Way Down East (1920)
• The Three Musketeers (1921)
• Robin Hood (1922)
• The Thief of Bagdad (1924)

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Logo from silent era (1919-1929)

• The Gold Rush (1925)
• The General (1927)
• The Circus (1928)
• The Trespasser (1929)

1930s

• The Lottery Bride (1930)
• City Lights (1931)
• Rain (1932)
• Scarface (1932, plus Universal Studios remake in 1983)
• Modern Times (1936)
• Dodsworth (1936)
• The Prisoner of Zenda (1937)
• Nothing Sacred (1937)
• Stella Dallas (1937)
• A Star Is Born (1937)
• Wuthering Heights (1939)
• Stagecoach (1939)

1940s

• Rebecca (1940)
• The Thief of Bagdad (1940, Korda's version)
• The Great Dictator (1940)
• That Hamilton Woman (1941)
• To Be or Not to Be (1942)
• Since You Went Away (1944)
• Spellbound (1945)
• Red River (1948)
• Africa Screams (1949)

1950s

• The African Queen (1951)
• Moulin Rouge (1952)
• Suddenly (1954)
• Vera Cruz (1954)
• Marty (1955)
• The Night of the Hunter (1955)
• A Kiss Before Dying (1956)
• Around the World in Eighty Days (1956) (now owned by Warner Bros.)
• The Delinquents (1957)
• Sweet Smell of Success (1957)
• 12 Angry Men (1957)
• Saint Joan (1957)
• Witness for the Prosecution (1958)
• The Big Country (1958)
• The Vikings (1959)
• Some Like It Hot (1959)

1960s

• Elmer Gantry (1960)
• The Alamo (1960)
• The Apartment (1960)
• The Magnificent Seven (1960)
• Judgment at Nuremberg (1961)
• The Misfits (1961)
• West Side Story (1961)
• One, Two, Three (1961)
• Dr. No (1962)
• From Russia with Love (1963)
• The Great Escape (1963)
• Tom Jones (1963)
• The Pink Panther (1963) (produced by The Mirisch Company) (plus a variety of sequels and an MGM reboot in 2006)
• A Hard Day's Night (1964)
• A Fistfull of Dollars (1964)
• A Shot in the Dark (1964) (produced by The Mirisch Corporation)
• Goldfinger (1964)
• The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965)
• Help! (1965)
• For a Few Dollars More (1965)
• Thunderball (1965)
• The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966)
• How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying (1967)
• In the Heat of the Night (1967)
• You Only Live Twice (1967)
• The Graduate (1967) (UK distributor)
• The Thomas Crown Affair (1968)
• Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
• Yellow Submarine (1968)
• Midnight Cowboy (1969)
• Take the Money and Run (1969)
• On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)

1970s

• Let It Be (1970)
• Bananas (1971)
• 200 Motels (1971)
• Diamonds Are Forever (1971)
• The Hospital (1971)
• Fiddler On The Roof (1971)

The United Artists opening logo of the 1970s

The United Artists opening logo of the 1970s

• Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex (But Were Afraid to Ask) (1972)
• Last Tango in Paris (1972)
• The Long Goodbye (1972)
• Live and Let Die (1973)
• White Lightning (1973)
• Sleeper (1973)
• The Man with the Golden Gun (1974)
• Thieves Like Us (1974)
• One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
• The Return of the Pink Panther (1975) (co-production with ITC Entertainment)
• Love and Death (1975)
• Carrie (1976)
• Network (1976, co-prod. MGM)
• Gator (1976)
• Rocky (1976)
• The Pink Panther Strikes Again (1976)
• Annie Hall (1977)
• The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)
• Semi-Tough (1977)
• Convoy (1978)
• Revenge of the Pink Panther (1978)
• Interiors (1978)
• The Lord of the Rings (1978) (now owned by Warner Bros.)
• La Cage aux Foles (1979)
• Manhattan (1979)
• Apocalypse Now (1979) (now owned by Paramount Home Entertainment)
• The Black Stallion (1979)
• Rocky II (1979)
• Moonraker (1979)
• Roller Boogie (1979)

1980s

• Foxes (1980)
• Stardust Memories (1980)
• Heaven's Gate (1980)
• For Your Eyes Only (1981)
• The Dogs of War (1981)
• Trail of the Pink Panther (1982)
• Rocky III (1982)
• The Secret of NIMH (1982) (plus sequel in 1998)
• The Black Stallion Returns (1983)
• Curse of the Pink Panther (1983)
• WarGames (1983)
• Yentl (1983)
• Octopussy (1983)
• Rocky IV (1985)
• A View to a Kill (1985)
• The Living Daylights (1987)
• Child's Play (1988)
• I'm Gonna Git You Sucka (1988)
• Rain Man (1988)
• All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989) (sequels in 1996 and 1998)
• Licence to Kill (1989)
• Road House (1989)

1990s

• Rocky V (1990)
• Son of the Pink Panther (1993)
• Hackers (1995)
• GoldenEye (1995)
• Rob Roy (1995)
• The Birdcage (1996)
• Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)
• Ronin (1998)

2000s

• The Claim (2000)
• Ghost World (2001)
• No Man's Land (2001)
• Dark Blue (2002)
• Nicholas Nickleby (2002)
• 24 Hour Party People(2002)
• Bowling for Columbine (2002)
• Igby Goes Down (2002)
• Jeepers Creepers II (2003)
• The Yes Men (2003)
• Osama (2003)
• Coffee and Cigarettes (2003)
• Code 46 (2003)
• Pieces of April (2003)
• Saved! (2004)
• Undertow (2004)
• Hotel Rwanda (2004)
• Capote (2005) (co-released by Sony Pictures Classics)
• Romance & Cigarettes (2005)
• The Woods (2006)

Upcoming Films

• Lions for Lambs (2007)
• Youth Without Youth (2007) (distribution only, produced by American Zoetrope)
• Valkyrie (2008)
• A Night in Old Mexico (2008)
• On the Road (2009)

Film Archives

The value of film libraries has increased exponentially in recent years, even as ownership gets more fractured. Few studios had the foresight or ability to maintain control over every picture they produced or released. United Artists, through various strategic purchases, built up a substantial film library. Included were rights not only to some of UA's own releases, but to the pre-1948 Warner Bros. and RKO libraries. Having passed through numerous hands, this catalog now belongs to Time Warner's Turner Entertainment division.

Since UA produced very few of the pictures it released, ownership of UA's output often rests with the individual or company producing. Some UA films of the 1930s, 1940s and early 1950s fell into the public domain, to be picked up by Republic Pictures (today part of Paramount Pictures) or small boutique houses like Castle Hill Productions.

Charlie Chaplin's films, features and shorts, are controlled by his estate, with the DVD rights licensed to Warner Home Video.

When she retired from pictures in 1933, Mary Pickford wanted to destroy her films; afraid that they would be laughed-at, she was finally made to see that they would have artistic or historic value, and today rights to all of her films are held by the Pickford Foundation.

All of the Disney shorts released through United Artists in the early 1930s are owned by The Walt Disney Company. Rights to Selznick International Pictures and other later productions from David Selznick are held by ABC (which is also owned by Disney); of course, this excludes Gone with the Wind, which was released by MGM and is now owned by Turner Entertainment. The Twentieth Century pictures released by UA between 1933 and 1935 rest with the successor company, 20th Century Fox. The pre-1941 Samuel Goldwyn films released by UA are now held by a company with which Goldwyn feuded for years, MGM.

Most of the Beatles' films are owned by the surviving members of the group, through Apple Corps; A Hard Day's Night is controlled by Miramax Films (another Disney subsidiary), but Yellow Submarine is held by UA. Rights to Mike Todd's splashy Around the World in Eighty Days and the UA-distributed Saul Zaentz films are now in the hands of Warner Bros.

But a good number of United Artists' films from the 1920s through the 1940s, in the public domain, have been forgotten. Of the hundreds of fiilms distributed by UA over eighty-plus years, those which it owns outright today are its own productions from 1951 forward, plus a few pre-1951 films such as 1933's Hallelujah, I'm A Bum and Howard Hawks's Red River (1948).

Notes on Sources

• Bach, Steven. Final Cut. New York: Morrow, 1985.
• Balio, Tino. United Artists: The Company Built by the Stars. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976.
• Balio, Tino. United Artists: The Company That Changed the Film Industry. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987.
• Berg, A. Scott. Goldwyn. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.
• Gabler, Neal. An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood. New York: Crown Publishers, 1988.
• Schickel, Richard. D.W. Griffith: An American Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983.
• Thomson, David. Showman: The Life of David O. Selznick. New York: Alfred A, Knopf, 1992.

See also

• United Artists Television
• United Artists Records
• List of Hollywood movie studios

External links

• United Artists website