A Little Night Music
A Little Night Music is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and a book by Hugh Wheeler from 1973. Inspired by the Ingmar Bergmann film from 1955 "Smiles of a Summer Night" (German " Smiles of a Summer night "), it is about the romantic life of several couples.
Its title is a literal English translation of the German name for Mozart's Serenade No. 13 for strings in G major , " Eine kleine Nachtmusik ". The musical includes the popular song " Send In the Clowns ".
Since its original Broadway production in 1973, the musical has been produced for professional performances in the West End , by opera companies, at a Broadway revival in 2009, and elsewhere, and is a popular choice for performance by regional or amateur groups.
It was filmed in 1977 as " The Smile of a Midsummer Night ", directed by Harold Prince and starring Elizabeth Taylor , Len Cariou , Lesley-Anne Down and Diana Rigg .
Synopsis
first act
The setting is Sweden , around 1900 . One after the other, the quintet - five singers who comment like a Greek choir throughout the show - join in and get into the mood. Little by little her singing becomes an overture , which mixes fragments from "Remember", "Soon" and "The Glamorous Life" and ends in the first "Night Waltz". The other characters enter the waltz , but each character feels uncomfortable with their partner. After retiring, the aging and sardonic Madame Armfeldt and her granddaughter Fredrika enter . Mrs. Armfeldt tells the child that the summer night "smiles" three times: firstly about the young, secondly about the fools and thirdly about the old people. Fredrika vows to watch the smile. Fredrik Egerman is a successful middle-aged lawyer. He recently married an 18-year-old woman, Anne, a naive girl who loves Fredrik but is too immature to understand what appears to be the concept of marriage. The two have been married for eleven months, but Anne is still protecting her virginity. Fredrik makes plans to seduce his wife. Meanwhile, his son Henrik, a year older than his stepmother, is frustrated and ignored ("Later"). Anne promises her husband that she will consent to the sex soon ("Soon"), which leads to all three of them complaining at once. Anne's maid, Petra, an experienced and open-minded girl, a little older than the teenager himself, gives her worldly but blatant advice.
Desiree Armfeldt is a celebrity and glamorous actress who is now pared down to touring in small towns. Ms. Armfeldt, Desiree's mother, has taken care of Desiree's daughter Fredrika. Fredrika misses her mother, but Desiree always hesitates to visit her and, ironically, prefers "The Glamorous Life". She is performing near Fredrik's house, and Fredrik brings Anne to see the play. While she is there, Desiree notices Fredrik in the audience; the two had been lovers years earlier. Anne, suspicious and annoyed by Desiree's amorous looks, demands that Fredrik take her home immediately. Meanwhile, Petra tries to seduce a nervous and moody Henrik.
That night, when Fredrik remembers his past with Desiree, he sneaks out to her; the two have a happy but tense reunion as they "remember". They think about their new life, and Fredrik tries to explain how much he loves Anne ("You have to meet my wife"). Desiree responds sarcastically, bragging about her own adultery after dating the married Dragoons , Count Carl-Magnus Malcolm. When she learns that Fredrik hasn't had sex in eleven months, she agrees to do him a favor for an old friend.
Frau Armfeldt offers young Fredrika advice. The older woman thinks movingly about her own eventful past and wonders what has become of her sophisticated "liaisons". Back at Desiree's apartment, Count Carl-Magnus Malcolm announces his unannounced arrival in his usual booming tone. Fredrik and Desiree fob the Count off with an innocent explanation for their disheveled looks, but he's still suspicious. Fredrik immediately displeases him and he returns to his wife, Countess Charlotte. Charlotte is well aware of her husband's infidelity, but Carl-Magnus is too engrossed in his suspicions about Desiree to speak to her ("In Praise of Women"). When she persuades him to share the whole story, a twist is revealed - Charlotte's little sister is a school friend of Anne's.
Charlotte visits Anne and describes Fredrik's rendezvous with Desiree. Anne is shocked and sad, but Charlotte explains that this is the lot of a wife and that love brings pain ("Every day a little death"). Meanwhile, Desiree asks Madame Armfeldt to host a party for Fredrik, Anne, and Henrik. Although she hesitates, Ms. Armfeldt agrees. She sends out a personal invitation, the receipt of which puts Anne into a frenzy and introduces herself to "A weekend in the country" with the Armfeldts. Anne does not want to accept the invitation, but Charlotte convinces her to do so to heighten the contrast between the older woman and the young and beautiful teenager. Charlotte relates this to the Count who (much to her chagrin) decides to visit the Armfeldts uninvited. Carl-Magnus plans to challenge Fredrik to a duel while Charlotte hopes to seduce the lawyer in order to make her husband jealous and end his philandering. The plot ends when all the characters make their way to Mrs. Armfeldt's estate.
Second act
At this high degree of latitude, Frau Armfeldt's country estate is bathed in the golden glow of the eternal summer sunset ("Nachtwalzer Eins und Zwei"). Everyone arrives, everyone with their own amorous intentions and wishes - even Petra, who catches the eye of Armfeldt's enchanting servant, Frid. The women start arguing with each other. Fredrik is amazed to learn the name of Desiree's daughter. Henrik gets to know Fredrika and confesses his deep love for Anne. Meanwhile, in the garden, Fredrik and Carl-Magnus think about how hard it is to get angry with Desiree and agree, "It would have been wonderful" if she hadn't been quite so wonderful. Dinner is served and the characters "perpetual anticipation" enliven the meal.
At dinner, Charlotte tries to flirt with Fredrik and exchanges insults with Desiree. Soon everyone was screaming and swearing, except for Henrik, who finally spoke up. He accuses the whole of society of being amoral and runs away from the scene. Stunned, everyone reflects on the situation and leaves. Fredrika tells Anne about Henrik's secret love, and the two go in search of Henrik. In the meantime, Desiree meets Fredrik and asks him if he still wants to be "saved" from his life. Fredrik honestly replies that he loves Desiree but can't bring himself to part with Anne. Hurt and bitter, Desiree can only think about the nature of her life and her relationship with Fredrik ("Send In the Clowns"). Anne finds Henrik trying to commit suicide. The clumsy boy cannot do the job, and Anne tells him that she loves him too. The couple begin kissing, leading to Anne's first sexual encounter. Meanwhile, Frid is sleeping not far away on Petra's lap. The maid envisions advantageous marriages but comes to the conclusion that in the meantime, "a girl should celebrate what goes by" ("The Miller's Son"). Charlotte admits her plan to Fredrik and they both watch as Henrik and Anne, happy together, run away to start their new lives. The two regret on a bench. Carl-Magnus, who is preparing for a romance with Desiree, sees this and challenges Fredrik to Russian roulette , in which a nervous Fredrik fails and only touches his own ear. The victorious Carl-Magnus begins a romance with Charlotte and finally fulfills her wish.
After the Count and Countess leave, Fredrika and Frau Armfeldt discuss the chaos of recent events. The older woman then asks Fredrika a surprising question: "What is all this good for?" Fredrika thinks about it and decides that for all her frustrations, love "must be worth it". Mrs. Armfeldt is surprised and remorsefully realizes that in Fredrika's age she rejected the love of material wealth. She praises her granddaughter and remembers the transience of true love.
Eventually Fredrik confesses his love for Desiree, acknowledges that Fredrika is his daughter, and the two promise to start a new life together ("Send the clowns in" (recapitulation)). Frau Armfeldt is sitting alone with Fredrika. Fredrika tells her grandmother that she watched attentively but still didn't see the night smile. Frau Armfeldt laughs and points out that the night actually smiled twice: firstly at Henrik and Anne, the boys, and secondly at Desiree and Fredrik, the fools. When the two wait for the "third smile ... at the old ones", it comes to that: Mrs. Armfeldt closes her eyes and dies peacefully with Fredrika at her side
Characters
- Fredrik Egerman: A successful middle-aged widowed lawyer. He is married to 18 year old Anne and has a son from his previous marriage, Henrik. In the past, he and Desiree were lovers. Baritone A2-E4
- Anne Egerman: Fredrik's new, naive wife who is still a virgin after 11 months of marriage. soprano
- Henrik Egerman: Fredrik's son, 20 years old, and Anne's stepson. He is serious but confused; he reads the works of philosophers and theologians while he studies for the Lutheran priesthood. His sexual oppression is a big cause of his turmoil as he longs for Anne and tries to have a sexual encounter with Petra. Tenor G3-B4
- Petra: Anne's maid and closest confidante, cheeky, bold and flirtatious. She has relationships with Henrik. Mezzo
- Desiree Armfeldt: Self-loving, once successful actress who is now touring the countryside in a clearly not "glamorous life". Had love for Fredrik for years since their affair. Mezzo
- Fredrika Armfeldt: Desiree's thirteen-year-old daughter who (without knowing Fredrik) may or may not be the product of the affair between the actress and Fredrik. Soprano C4
- Mrs. Armfeldt: Desiree's mother, a former courtesan who had "liaisons" with the royal family. Alt C3
- Count Carl-Magnus Malcolm: A military dragoons who is Desiree's newest lover. Hypocritically values loyalty, is enormously possessive when it comes to both his wife and his lover. Comedic role. Opera baritone G2
- Countess Charlotte Malcolm: Carl-Magnus' wife, to whom he displays his infidelity. She despises her husband for his behavior, but obeys his commands because of her hopeless love for him. Self-contempt and borderline alcoholic, but the smarter half of the Malcolm couple. Mezzo G3-F5
- Frid: Frau Armfeldt's servant. Has a rendezvous with Petra.
- The quintet: Mr. Lindquist, Ms. Nordstrom, Ms. Anderssen, Mr. Erlanson and Ms. Segstrom. A group of five singers who perform as a Greek choir. Sometimes referred to as the love song singers, although Stephen Sondheim and Hugh Wheeler did not write them for that title but use quintets instead. The first use of love songs for the quintet was during the production of the New York Opera in 1990. Prince said these characters represent "people on the show who don't waste time ... the piece is about wasting time".
- Malla: Desiree's maid who is with her all the time. Silent role
- Osa: Maid in Frau Armfeldt's rectory. Silent role
- Bertrand: Page in the rectory of Mrs. Armfeldt. Silent role
Productions
Original Broadway production
On February 25, 1973, a little night music was premiered on Broadway at the Shubert Theater . It played there until September 15, 1973 , then moved to the Majestic Theater on September 17 and closed there on August 3, 1974 after 601 performances and 12 pre-premieres.
Directed by Harold Prince, the choreography by Patricia Birch and the design by Boris Aronson. The cast consisted of Glynis Johns (Desiree Armfeldt), Len Cariou (Fredrik Egerman), Hermine Gingold (Madame Armfeldt), Victoria Mallory (Anne Egerman), Judith Kahan (Fredrika Armfeldt), Mark Lambert (Henrik Egerman), Laurence Guittard (Carl -Magnus Malcolm), Patricia Elliott (Charlotte Malcolm), George Lee Andrews (Frid) and D. Jamin Bartlett (Petra). It won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award and the Tony Award for Best Musical.
Australian premiere
The first international production opened in November 1973 at Her Majesty's Theater in Sydney , Australia , with a cast of Taina Elg , Bruce Barry, Jill Perryman, Doris Fitton, Anna Russell and Geraldine Turner. Australian revivals were in 1990 by the Sydney Theater Company (with Geraldine Turner and a young Toni Collette ), in 1997 by the Melbourne Theater Company (with Helen Morse and John O'May), in 2009 by Opera Australia (with Sigrid Thornton and Anthony Warlow) and presented in 2019 by Victorian Opera (with Ali McGregor, Simon Gleeson and Verity Hunt-Ballard).
Toured the United States
A US national tour began on February 26, 1974 at the Forrest Theater , Philadelphia , and ended on February 13, 1975 at the Shubert Theater . Jean Simmons as Desiree Armfeldt, George Lee Andrews as Fredrik Egerman and Margaret Hamilton as Madame Armfeldt led the cast.
West End premiere
The musical was performed on April 15, 1975 in the West End of the Adelphi Theater. The leading roles were Jean Simmons, Joss Ackland , David Kernan, Liz Robertson and Diane Langton, while Hermione Gingold took up her role as Madame Armfeldt again. There were 406 performances. During the time, Angela Baddeley replaced Gingold and Virginia McKenna replaced Simmons.
1989 West End revival
A revival was staged on October 6, 1989 in the West End at the Piccadilly Theater , directed by Ian Judge, designed by Mark Thompson and choreographed by Anthony Van Laast. It starred in Lila Kedrova as Madame Armfeldt, Dorothy Tutin as Desiree Armfeldt, Peter McEnery as Fredrick and Susan Hampshire . Production ran for 144 performances and ended on February 17, 1990 .
1995 London resumption
A revival by the Royal National Theater opened on September 26, 1995 at the Olivier Theater. Directed by Sean Mathias , stage design by Stephen Brimson Lewis, costumes by Nicky Gillibrand, lighting by Mark Henderson and choreography by Wayne McGregor . The main actors were Judi Dench (Desiree), Siân Phillips (Madame Armfeldt), Joanna Riding (Anne Egerman), Laurence Guittard (Fredrik Egerman), Patricia Hodge (Countess Charlotte) and Issy van Randwyck (Petra). Production closed on August 31, 1996 . Dench received the Olivier Prize for best actress in a musical.
2008 London resumption
The third London revival took place at the Menier Chocolate Factory from November 22, 2008 to March 8, 2009 . The production, directed by Trevor Nunn , with choreography by Lynne Page, sets and costumes by David Farley and new orchestrations by Jason Carr. The cast included Hannah Waddingham as Desiree, Alexander Hanson as Frederik, Jessie Buckley (Anne), Maureen Lipman (Madame Armfeldt), Alistair Robins (the Count), Gabriel Vick (Henrik), Grace Link (Fredrika) and Kasia Hammarlund (Petra) . This critically acclaimed production has been relocated to the Garrick Theater in the West End for a limited season, where it opened on March 28, 2009 and ran through July 25, 2009. After that, production moved to Broadway with a new line-up.
Broadway resumption in 2009
The 2008 production of the Menier Chocolate Factory was previewed on Broadway in the Walter Kerr Theater on November 24, 2009 and officially opened on December 13, 2009 with the same creative team. The cast consisted of Angela Lansbury as Madame Armfeldt and, on her Broadway debut, Catherine Zeta-Jones as Desiree. Other cast members included Alexander Hanson as Frederik, Ramona Mallory (the daughter of the original Broadway debutants Victoria Mallory and Mark Lambert) as Anne, Hunter Ryan Herdlicka as Henrik, Leigh Ann Larkin as Petra, Erin Davie as Countess, Aaron Lazar as Count and Bradley Dean as Frid. Zeta-Jones was named Best Actress in a Musical at the 64th Tony Awards .
Originally, Katherine Doherty and Keaton Whittaker played Fredrika in rotating performances, beginning with the preview in November 2009. On the official show album, which was recorded in January 2010, both Doherty and Whittaker can be heard as Fredrika (on different songs). However, Katherine McNamara replaced Doherty in February 2010. McNamara and Whittaker stayed with the production until it ended in January 2011.
When the contracts of Zeta-Jones and Lansbury expired, production was temporarily suspended on June 20, 2010 and resumed on July 13 with Bernadette Peters as Desiree Armfeldt and Elaine Stritch as Madame Armfeldt. In an interview, Peters said that Sondheim "suggested the idea to her this spring and urged the producers of the revival to cast her". Trevor Nunn led rehearsals with the two new stars, and the rest of the original cast remained. Peters and Stritch extended their contracts through January 9, 2011, when production ended with 20 previews and 425 regular performances. Before production stopped, it recouped its initial investment.
Europe
Zarah Leander played Madame Armfeldt both in the Austrian original production (1975) and in the Swedish original production in Stockholm 1978 (here with Jan Malmsjö as Fredrik Egerman) and performed "Send In The Clowns" and "Liaisons" in both productions. The successful Stockholm production was staged by Stig Olin. For 2010 the return of the musical to Stockholm and the Stockholm City Theater was planned. The cast consisted of Pia Johansson, Dan Ekborg, Yvonne Lombard and Thérese Andersson.
The production of the Théâtre du Châtelet , Paris ran from February 15, 2010 to February 20, 2010. Lee Blakeley directed and Andrew George was the choreographer . In Italy -born actress Greta Scacchi played Desiree and Leslie Caron played Madame Armfeldt.
The Turku City Theater staged the musical in 2011 with Kirsi Tarvainen in the role of Désirée. Tuomas Parkkinen directed and Jussi Vahvaselkä was musical director.
Opera companies
The musical is now part of the repertoire of some opera ensembles. The Michigan Opera Theater was the first major American opera company to present the work in 1983 and again in November 2009 . Light Opera Works produced the work in August 1983. New York City Opera staged it in 1990, 1991 and 2003, the Houston Grand Opera in 1999, the Los Angeles Opera in 2004 and the Hartford Opera Theater in 2014. The New York City Opera production in August 1990 and July 1991 (a total of 18 performances) won the 1990 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival and aired on the PBS show Live at Lincoln Center on November 7, 1990 .
The cast consisted of Sally Ann Howes and George Lee Andrews as Desiree and Frederick, and regular opera actress Regina Resnik as Madame Armfeldt (1991). The 2003 production featured a young Anna Kendrick as Fredrika Armfeldt, alongside Jeremy Irons as Frederick, Juliet Stevenson as Desiree, Claire Bloom as Madame Armfeldt, Danny Gurwin as Henrik, Michele Pawk as Charlotte and Marc Kudisch as Carl-Magnus.
Opera Australia presented the piece in Melbourne in May 2009 with Sigrid Thornton as Desiree Armfeldt and Nancye Hayes as Madame Armfeldt in the leading roles. Production returned to the Sydney Opera House in 2010, where Anthony Warlow took on the role of Fredrik Egerman. The production was directed by Stuart Maunder, designed by Roger Kirk and directed by Andrew Greene. The musical was performed at the Opera Theater of Saint Louis in June 2010. Designer Isaac Mizrahi directed and directed the production with a cast starring Amy Irving , Siân Phillips and Ron Raines.
The piece has also become a popular choice for amateur musical theater and light opera ensembles. In 2017 the musical was performed by students from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art , among others .
filming
A 1977 film adaptation of A Little Night Music starring Elizabeth Taylor, Lesley-Anne Down and Diana Rigg was released, with Len Cariou, Hermione Gingold and Laurence Guittard resuming their Broadway roles. The set for the film was moved from Sweden to Austria. Stephen Sondheim wrote lyrics for the theme "Nachtwalzer" ("Love takes time") and wrote a completely new version of "The glamorous life", which has been incorporated into several subsequent productions of the stage musical. Other songs, including "In Praise of Women", "The Miller's Son" and "Liaisons", have been cut out and can only be heard as background orchestration. With the film, Broadway director Hal Prince was used as a film director for the second time. Critical reactions to the film were mostly negative, with much being said about Taylor's weight fluctuating greatly from scene to scene. Some critics were more positive about the film, with Variety calling it "an elegant-looking, contemporary romantic charade ". Diana Rigg's performance was recognized, and orchestrator Jonathan Tunick received an Oscar for his work on the score . A soundtrack recording was released on LP and a DVD was released in June 2007 .
Music analysis
The score for Eine kleine Nachtmusik contains elements that are not often found in music theater and presents a challenge for the performers with complex meters, pitch changes, polyphony and high notes for men and women. The difficulty is increased when songs are intermingled skip over, as in "Jetzt" / "Later" / "Soon", since all three songs must be performed in the same key, which limits the ability to choose a convenient key for each singer. Commented the critic Rex Reed: "The score of 'Nachtmusik' ... contains pattern songs, contrapuntal duets and trios, a quartet and even a dramatic double quintet to puzzle through. All of this was wonderfully orchestrated by Jonathan Tunick; there are none Rhythm section, only strings and woodwinds that carry the melodies and harmonies up.
Counterpoint and polyphony
In several places Sondheim has several performers sing a different song at the same time. This use of counterpoint maintains coherence, even if it expands the notion of round known in songs like the traditional "Frère Jacques" into something more complex. Sondheim said: "As for the three songs ... (...) At that time I was busy with contrapuntal and choral writing ... and I wanted to develop my technique by writing a trio. Which I didn't wanted was the Quodlibet method ... Wouldn't it be nice to have three songs that you think don't go together and they still go together ... The trick was the little vamp on "Soon", that has five- and six-measure chords. " Steve Swayne comments that "the contrapuntal episodes in the extended ensembles ... stand as evidence of his interest in counterpoint".
Awards and nominations
Original Broadway production
| year | Award | category | Nominee |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1973 | Drama Desk Award | Outstanding Book of a Musical | Hugh Wheeler |
| Outstanding Music | Stephen Sondheim | ||
| Outstanding Lyrics | |||
| Outstanding Actress in a Musical | Glynis Johns | ||
| Patricia Elliott | |||
| Outstanding Director | Harold Prince | ||
| Most Promising Performer | D'Jamin Bartlett | ||
| Grammy Award | Best Musical Show Album | ||
| Theater World Award | Laurence Guittard | ||
| Patricia Elliott | |||
| D'Jamin Bartlett | |||
| Tony Award | Best musical | ||
| Best Book of a Musical | Hugh Wheeler | ||
| Best Original Score | Stephen Sondheim | ||
| Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical | Len Cariou | ||
| Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical | Glynis Johns | ||
| Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical | Laurence Guittard | ||
| Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical | Patricia Elliott | ||
| Hermione Gingold | |||
| Best costume design | Florence Klotz | ||
| Best Scenic Design | Boris Aronson | ||
| Best lighting design | Tharon Musser | ||
| Best Direction of a Musical | Harold Prince | ||
1995 London Revival
| Year | Award | category | Nominee |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | Laurence Olivier Award | Best Actress in a Musical | Judi Dench |
| Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical | Siân Phillips | ||
| Best Theater Choreographer | Wayne McGregor | ||
| Best costume design | Nicky Gillibrand |
2009 London Revival
| Year | Award | category | Nominee |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Laurence Olivier Award | Best Revival of a Musical | |
| Best Actress in a Musical | Hannah Waddingham | ||
| Best Actor in a Musical | Alexander Hanson | ||
| Best Performance in a Supporting role in a Musical | Maureen Lipman | ||
| Best Performance in a Supporting role in a Musical | Kelly Price | ||
2009 Broadway Revival
| Year | Award | category | Nominee |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Drama Desk Award | Outstanding Revival of a Musical | |
| Outstanding Actress in a Musical | Catherine Zeta-Jones | ||
| Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical | Angela Lansbury | ||
| Outer Critics Circle Award | Outstanding Revival of a Musical | ||
| Outstanding Actress in a Musical | Catherine Zeta-Jones | ||
| Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical | Angela Lansbury | ||
| Tony Award | Best Revival of a Musical | ||
| Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical | Catherine Zeta-Jones | ||
| Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical | Angela Lansbury | ||
| Best sound design | Dan Moses Schreier and Gareth Owen | ||
| 2011 | Grammy Award | Best Musical Show Album | |
bibliography
- Citron, Stephen. "Sondheim and Lloyd-Webber: The New Musical" (2001). Oxford University Press US.
- Wolfe, Graham. "Sondheim's A Little Night Music : Reconciling the Comic and the Sublime." Studies in Musical Theater 8.2 (2014): 143–157.
Web links
- A Little Night Music on The Stephen Sondheim Reference Guide
- A Little Night Music at the Music Theater International website
- A Little Night Music info page on StageAgent.com - A Little Night Music plot summary & character descriptions
- A Little Night Music - A Little Night Music Broadway Revival
- "Sondheim's A Little Night Music : Reconciling the Comic and the Sublime" by Graham Wolfe
Individual evidence
- ^ A Little Night Music - a musical by Stephen Sondheim and Hugh Wheeler. Retrieved May 2, 2020 .
- ^ A Little Night Music. Retrieved May 2, 2020 .
- ↑ AusStage. September 21, 2017, accessed May 2, 2020 .
- ^ Archives: STC Musicals - Sydney Theater Company. September 21, 2017, accessed May 2, 2020 .
- ↑ Send in the clones - Arts - Entertainment - theage.com.au. September 21, 2017, accessed May 2, 2020 .
- ↑ Complicated take on elusive desire - Arts - Entertainment - theage.com.au. September 21, 2017, accessed May 2, 2020 .
- ^ Sondheim Guide / A Little Night Music. Retrieved May 2, 2020 .
- ↑ Olivier Winners 1996 | The Official London Theater Guide. February 13, 2012, accessed May 2, 2020 .
- ↑ TonyAwards.com - The American Theater Wing's Tony Awards® - Official Website by IBM. May 7, 2010, accessed May 2, 2020 .
- ↑ Kenneth Jones: A Little Night Music Cast Album Gets Recorded Jan. 4 , January 4, 2010, accessed May 2, 2020 .
- ↑ Andrew Gans: Broadway's Little Night Music, with Bernadette Peters and Elaine Stritch, Ends Run Jan. 9 , January 9, 2011, accessed on May 2, 2020 .
- ^ Andrew Gans: Broadway's A Little Night Music, with Bernadette Peters and Elaine Stritch, Recoups. January 6, 2011, accessed May 2, 2020 .
- ^ How Sondheim Found His Sound . ISBN 978-0-472-11497-9 ( online [accessed May 3, 2020]).
- ↑ Adam Hetrick: Scacchi and Caron Sing A Little Night Music in Paris Beginning Feb. 15 , February 15, 2010, accessed on May 2, 2020 (English).
- ^ "Live from Lincoln Center" New York City Opera: A Little Night Music (TV Episode 1990) - IMDb. June 9, 2015, accessed May 2, 2020 .
- ^ Sondheim Guide / A Little Night Music. Retrieved May 2, 2020 .
- ↑ Vincent Canby: Film: 'A Little Night Music': Bergman-Inspired . In: The New York Times , March 8, 1978.
- ^ A Little Night Music. Retrieved May 2, 2020 .
- ^ A Little Night Music. Retrieved May 2, 2020 .
- ^ A Little Night Music - London Cast 1975 (Arkiv version). Retrieved May 3, 2020 (American English).
- ↑ a b Swayne, Steve. How Sondheim Found His Sound , University of Michigan Press, 2007, ISBN 0-472-03229-1 , p. 251
- ^ Andrew Gans: Idiot, Fela !, Night Music, Promises and Sondheim Are Grammy-Nominated. December 1, 2010, accessed May 3, 2020 .