Aberdaron

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The Tŷ Newydd Hotel on Aberdaron Beach

Aberdaron is a parish and former fishing village on the westernmost tip of the Lleyn Peninsula ( Welsh : Penrhyn Llŷn) in County Gwynedd, Welsh . It is about 24 km west of Pwllheli and about 54 km southwest of Caernarfon . In 2011 it had 965 inhabitants. Sometimes it is referred to as the "Land's End of Wales" ( Pendraw'r Byd in Welsh ). The municipality includes Bardsey Island (Ynys Enlli), the coastal area around Porthor and the villages of Anelog , Llanfaelrhys , Penycaerau , Rhoshirwaun , Rhydlios , Uwchmynydd and Y Rhiw . The village was the last resting place for pilgrims en route to Bardsey Island, the legendary island of 20,000 Saints . A shipyard and port developed in the 18th and 19th centuries. The mines and quarries became major employers and limestone , lead , jasper and manganese were exported. A pier was built at Porth Simdde (an old name for the west end of Aberdaron Beach ). Mining collapsed after World War II and Aberdaron became a popular vacation spot. The beach won the Seaside Award in 2008 .

The coastal waters are part of the Pen Llŷn a'r Sarnau Special Area of ​​Conservation ( Welsh Ardal Cadwraeth Arbennig Pen Llŷn a'r Sarnau ), one of the largest marine protected areas in the United Kingdom . The coast itself is part of the Aberdaron Coast and Bardsey Island Special Protection Area ( Welsh Ardal Gwarchodaeth Arbennig Glannau Aberdaron ac Ynys Enlli ), and was named Heritage Coast in 1974. As early as 1956, the area belonged to the Llŷn Area of ​​Outstanding Natural Beauty ( Welsh Ardal o Harddwch Naturiol Eithriadol Llŷn ). Protected areas have been established in Aberdaron, Bardsey Island and Y Rhiw; in addition, the area has been designated a Landscape of Historic Interest .

Surname

Aberdaron means "mouth of the Daron river" based on the Afon Daron which flows into the Bae Aberdaron in the local area .

history

Findings from one of the most important archaeological site in Wales, the Wallburg from the Iron Age at Castell Odo , Mynydd Ystum , suggest that the area around Aberdaron since the 4th century. V. When a wave of Celtic settlers opened up the Irish Sea (Môr Iwerddon). The first construction was used for defense, but over time the fortifications lost their defiant character and finally the fortifications were voluntarily leveled. Apparently Aberdaron became a peaceful peasant settlement. Ptolemy calls the Lleyn Peninsula Ganganorum Promontorium (Peninsula of the Gangani). These Gangani were an Irish Celtic tribe and it is believed that there were strong ties to Leinster .

Gruffudd ap Cynan , the displaced King of Gwynedd, seeks refuge in St Hywyn's Church (1094)

The church in Aberdaron has had asylum rights for ages . In 1094, Gruffudd ap Cynan , the exiled king of Gwynedd, sought protection in his attempt to regain his throne. He escaped to Ireland in the monks' boat. He regained his kingdom in 1101 and in 1115 took Gruffydd ap Rhys († 1137) , the expelled Prince of Deheubarth , protection in Aberdaron to avoid capture by the King of Gwynedd. Henry I had invaded Gwynedd the previous year and forced Gruffudd ap Cynan to pay homage to him and a heavy fine. The king wanted to hand over the fugitive prince and ordered that the fugitive should be taken out of the church by force, but his soldiers were repulsed by the monks. Gruffydd ap Rhys escaped under cover of night and fled south, where he met his supporters in Ystrad Tywi . After the conquest of Gwynedd in 1284, Edward I visited his newly conquered territories. He visited the castles at Conwy and Caernarfon , held court at Nefyn , where his subjects had to show their loyalty, and also visited Aberdaron on his way to Bardsey Abbey.

After the English Civil War , even when the Parliamentarians under Oliver Cromwell instituted a radical Protestant regime, Catholicism remained the dominant religion in the area. Catholics who supported the royalists, the so-called Cavaliers, were often viewed as traitors and persecuted. The prosecution extended to Aberdaron in 1657 when Y Rhiw's Gwen Griffiths was called to the Quarter Sessions Court and charged as a "papist".

In the 19th century, the Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution came to Aberdaron. The Inclosure Act of 1801 made it easier for landowners to cultivate their lands more economically. Despite strong opposition, Rhoshirwaun Common was included in this program in 1814, while the implementation in Aberdaron, Llanfaelrhys and Y Rhiw was to last until 1861. Mining developed mainly in Y Rhiw , where manganese was discovered in 1827.

During World War II , Y Rhiw played a vital role in preparing for Operation Neptune . As a test, engineers set up a radio station in the decimeter wave range. From there they could establish a direct connection with Fishguard ( Welsh Abergwaun ) and Llandudno . The system used a frequency that the German military could neither monitor nor interfere and was used during the Normandy landing in 1944.

administration

Between 1974 and 1996, Aberdaron was part of the Dwyfor District .

Aberdaron, Bardsey Island, Bodferin , Llanfaelrhys and Y Rhiw were civil parishes in the district (Cwmwd Cymydmaen) of Cantref Llŷn in Caernarfonshire . In the course of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 , the villages were combined into "unions": The Pwllheli Poor Law Union was created in 1837. Through the Public Health Act 1848 the area of ​​the Poor law union became the Pwllheli Rural Sanitary District , which formed a second level of local administration since 1889, below the Caernarfonshire County Council . Y Rhiw was incorporated into the smaller Llanfaelrhys in 1886; and by the Local Government Act 1894 , the four remaining administrative units became part of the Llŷn Rural District ( Welsh Dosbarth Gwledig Llŷn ). Bodferin , Llanfaelrhys , and parts of Bryncroes and Llangwnnadl were merged with Aberdaron in 1934. The Llŷn Rural District was abolished in 1974 and Bardsey Island was added to the area to form a community in Dwyfor district in the new Gwynedd district ; Dwyfor was again abolished when Gwynedd became a Unitary Authority in 1996 .

Today the community is part of the electoral district of Gwynedd Council (Cyngor Gwynedd) and elects a councilor ; William Gareth Roberts from Plaid Cymru was re-elected in 2008. The Aberdaron Community Council consists of 12 elected members who represent three counties: Aberdaron De (Aberdaron South), Aberdaron Dwyrain (Aberdaron East) and Aberdaron Gogledd (Aberdaron North). Aberdaron has been part of the Caernarfon constituency since 1950 . In 2010 the parish was assigned to Dwyfor Meirionnydd , represented by Elfyn Llwyd from Plaid Cymru. In the National Assembly for Wales it belonged to Dwyfor Meirionnydd since 2007 . The constitution is part of the electoral region of Mid and West Wales .

geography

The bridge over the Afon "Cyll-y-Felin" was built in 1823 in the center of Aberdaron.

Aberdaron is located on the coast of Bae Aberdaron in a small valley at the confluence of the Afon Daron and Afon Cyll-y-felin rivers between the plateaus of Uwchmynydd in the west and Trwyn y Penrhyn in the east. At the mouth of the bay are two islands: Ynys Gwylan-Fawr and Ynys Gwylan-Fach , which are collectively known as Ynysoedd Gwylanod (Seagull Islands, Seagull Islands). Gwylan-Fawr rises to 33 m (108 ft) above sea level . The Llŷn Peninsula is a mountain range eroded by the sea in continuation of the Snowdonia massif (Eryri). It has a complex geology, including Precambrian rocks. The rocky coastline is divided by pinnacles, scree slopes and cliffs; Hills with heather alternate with pastures in the valleys.

To the east, Mynydd Rhiw , Mynydd y Graig and Mynydd Penarfynydd form a so-called "hog-back ridge". A range of hills made of volcanic rock runs for 4.8 km . This range of hills reaches the sea at Trwyn Talfarach . Above 240 m the hills are covered with hard gabbro . At the northern end of the range of hills, Mynydd Rhiw , a Marilyn, rises to a height of 304 m (997 ft). The range of hills also forms the Clip y Gylfinhir (Curlew's Crag) above the village of Y Rhiw . Mynydd Penarfynydd is one of the best outcrops of stratified effluent rock in the British Isles .

Islyn Bakery, a corrugated iron building on the main road to Pwllheli . A steep climb in the Daron valley.

To the east of Y Rhiw there is a low, wide plateau with heights between 20 and 30 m. The rocks in this area are soft, so erosion has washed out the sand from the rock and boulder clay . Therefore the large beach of Porth Neigwl (Hell's Mouth) is a sandy beach. To the west of Aberdaron, four hills rise above the rocky coastline of Uwchmynydd. Mynydd Anelog (191 m; 627 ft), Mynydd Mawr (160 m; 525 ft), Mynydd y Gwyddel (90 m; 295 ft) and Mynydd Bychestyn (100 m; 330 ft) above sea level.

3 km (1.9 mi) from Pen y Cil is the famous Bardsey Island . It is 1 km wide and 1.6 km long.

The Aberdaron coast has seen many shipping accidents. In 1822 the Bardsey Island lighthouse tender sank , killing six people. In 1752 the schooner John the Baptist , which was supposed to bring oats from Wexford to Liverpool , sank . The sailing ship Newry with 400 passengers from Warrenpoint to Québec sank at Porth Orion in 1880. The crew let the passengers down. The captain, the mate and a sailor alone managed to get 375 men, women and children to safety with the help of three residents. On October 26, 1859, a strong storm hit the area. Many ships were lost in the process: Nine were destroyed at Porthor alone, seven of which also tore the entire crew to the grave. On the south coast ships were often driven ashore at Porth Neigwl, because there is often a dangerous combination of gusts of wind from the west and deceptive coastal currents. The Transit sank in 1839, the Arfestone the next year, and the Henry Catherine in 1866. The Bay acquired its English title of Hell's Mouth from the many ships that sank there in the days of great sailors.

climate

Aberdaron is known for its clean air and little pollution. The 2004 Gwynedd State of the Environment Report recorded very low levels of sulfur dioxide , nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide . Also fine was hardly discernible. It is therefore not surprising that it is one of the few places in Great Britain where the golden hair lichen , a bright orange lichen that is very sensitive to air pollution, is found. The climate is relatively mild and frosts rarely occur due to the Gulf Stream .

The climate is oceanic and extremes rarely occur. However, some special data was recorded:

  • On August 2, 1995 Aberdaron recorded the highest daily minimum temperature in Wales of 22 ° C, and the maximum temperature of 29.2 ° C.
  • On December 20, 1998 the maximum daily temperature was below 5 ° C. Soon after, the UK recorded the highest daily temperature in January at 20.1 ° C. However, the daily average was only 6.4 ° C.
  • ON July 9th, 2009 Aberdaron had the lowest daily temperature in July in the whole of Great Britain at -2.5 ° C.

Despite these facts, the number of frosts per year is very low with only 7.2 days / year. This is similar to coastal areas in Devon and Cornwall . In the region (England NW and Wales N) the number is 52.3 days and December alone exceeds the annual frost periods in Aberdaron. Winds prevail all year round and get stronger in autumn and winter. The sunshine times are shorter than the UK average. Rain is well below the Welsh average.

economy

Sheep on the rise of Porth Neigwl, a well-known ship disaster

Sheep have been raised on the Lleŷn Peninsula for over a thousand years. Aberdaron exported wool for a long time. The main product was felt . There were two fulling mills , three flour mills at Afon Daron, and lichens were collected at Y Rhiw, which were used for gray dyeing. The main crops grown were wheat , barley , oats and potatoes . The field boundaries go back several centuries and are marked by stone walls, the so-called cloddiau and hedgerows ; important habitats for a wide range of wildlife and plants. Piracy and smuggling supplemented the population's income. In 1743 John Roberts and Huw Bedward were convicted of the murder of two sailors stranded on the coast of Porth Neigwl by Y Rhiw. On January 6, 1742, Jonathan Morgan was killed by a knife stab in the neck and Edward Halesham, still a boy, was strangled. A ship supposedly coming from France unloaded tea and brandy at Aberdaron in 1767 and tried to sell the cargo to the local population. A tax authority ship discovered smuggled salt at Porth Cadlan in 1809 and a ship en route from Guernsey to Scotland was seen in Y Rhiw in 1824 bringing lace , tea, brandy and gin ashore.

The Tŷ Newydd Hotel is one of two hotels in Aberdaron

In the 19th century, high quality limestone and a small amount of lead ore were mined. Jasper was dug in Carreg; Granite was quarried at Porth y Pistyll ; and there was a brick factory at Porth Neigwl . However, the main income of the population was herring fishing . There was a regular boat service to Liverpool , which allowed pigs, poultry and eggs to be exported. The ships returned laden with coal. Limestone was also imported, unloaded into the water at high tide and collected at low tide. Lime was needed for soil improvement and lime kilns were built on the beaches at Porthor , Porth Orion , Porth Meudwy , Aberdaron and Y Rhiw to process limestone into quicklime . There was a shipyard at Porth Neigwl , where the last ship, a sloop named Ebenezer , was built in 1841 ; and at Porthor the last ship was built in 1842 with the schooner Sarah . Shipbuilding ended earlier in Aberdaron, with the sloop Victory built in 1792 and the last ship in Porth Ysgo being the sloop Grace 1778.

The outbreak of World War I created a great demand for manganese as an admixture for steel. Ores had been discovered at Y Rhiw in 1827 and the industry became an important employer in the area. More than 115,000 t were mined between 1840 and 1945 and in 1906 the industry employed 200 people.

Tourism developed after 1918. The first tourist guide was published in 1910 and extolled the beauty of "the salubrious sea and mountain breezes". In addition to the village's two hotels, farmhouses offered guest rooms.

In 2001, 59.4% of the population were employed and 23.5% were self-employed. The unemployment rate was 2.3%; 16% of the population was retired. The community is part of the Pwllheli and Llŷn Regeneration Area . It was rated in the 2005 Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation as the electoral region in Gwynedd with the worst access to office and services and is ranked 13th in Wales. A 2000 agricultural census recorded 33,562 sheep, 4,380 calves, 881 beef cattle, 607 dairy cows and 18 pigs; there were 130 hectares of agricultural land.

population

In 2001 Aberdaron had a population of 1,019 people and 53.7% of the buildings were owned by home ownership; 21.7% were rented; 19.6% are holiday homes. 71.9% of the population were born in Wales; 26.9% in England. 73.5% of the population are Welsh-speaking.

Population development in Aberdaron
year 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891
Aberdaron 1.141 1,442 1,234 1.389 1,350 1,239 1.266 1.247 1.202 1.170
Bardsey Island 71 86 84 90 92 81 84 132 77
Bodferin 58 87 61 56 64 57 50 62 42 45
Llanfaelrhys 224 246 262 258 236 255 208 198 186 490
Y Rhiw 282 318 380 358 378 376 370 340 350
total 1.705 2.164 2.023 2.145 2.118 2.019 1.975 1.931 1.912 1,782
year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1951 1961 2001
Aberdaron 1.119 1.106 1.075 983 1.275 1.161 1.019
Bardsey Island 124 53 58 54 14th 17th
Bodferin 49 43 43 36
Llanfaelrhys 499 495 449 385
Y Rhiw
total 1.791 1.697 1.625 1.458 1.289 1.178 1.019

Attractions

Aberdaron

Y Gegin Fawr, built in the 13th century for pilgrims; today a tearoom.

Two stone bridges, Pont Fawr (Great Bridge) and Pont Fach (Small Bridge) were built in 1823 over the Afon Daron and Afon Cyll y Felin in the center of Aberdaron. At the entrance to the bridges, the road opens to a small market square. The Old Post Office was designed by the architect Clough Williams-Ellis from Portmeirion . Y Gegin Fawr (The Great Kitchen) was built in the 13th century as a community kitchen where pilgrims could claim a meal on their way to Bardsey Island . Aberdaron was the last place by land and pilgrims often had to spend weeks in the village before getting a crossing over the dangerous waters of Bardsey Sound (Swnt Enlli). At the parking lot is a field Cae y Grogbren (Gallows Field, Galgenfeld ) on which there is also a large red rock. In the Middle Ages, the abbot of Bardsey Island monastery came to this rock for justice. When criminals were convicted, they were hanged and thrown into the Pwll Ddiwaelod (The Bottomless Pool). The pond is a kettle lake that was formed at the end of the last ice age when blocks of ice were trapped in the ground and later melted into round, deep lakes. Above the village, on Afon Daron, is Bodwrdda , a stone house from the early 16th century. originally a fulling mill belonged to it, later two large wings made of brick were added, which give the house an imposing facade with windows from the 17th century. To the south is Penrhyn Mawr , an 18th century farmhouse with a gable front.

Bardsey Island

Restored farmhouses on Bardsey Island.

Bardsey Island (Ynys Enlli) was inhabited since the Neolithic . In the 5th century it became a retreat for persecuted Christians and a Celtic monastery developed. Saint Saint Cadfan came from Britain in 516 and had St Mary's Abbey built. For centuries the island was “the holy place of burial for all the bravest and best in the land”. It was described by Barden as "the land of indulgences, absolution and pardon, the road to Heaven, and the gate to Paradise"; and in the Middle Ages three pilgrimages to Bardsey Island were considered equivalent to one pilgrimage to Rome. The monastery was still a Celtic institution in 1188, but by 1212 it belonged to the Augustinian order . In 1986 the island was declared a nature reserve. and has since been part of the Aberdaron Coast and Bardsey Island Special Protection Area (Ardal Gwarchodaeth Arbennig Glannau Aberdaron ac Ynys Enlli). The Bardsey Bird and Field Observatory (Gwylfa Maes ac Adar Ynys Enlli) catches and rings around 8,000 birds annually on their migration routes. The Bardsey Island Trust (Ymddiriedolaeth Ynys Enlli) acquired the island in 1979 and looks after it. The Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society also conducts research in the area. Bottlenose dolphins in particular can be seen from the coast.

Llanfaelrhys

Relics of the manganese mine at Nant y Gadwen .

Porth Ysgo is owned by the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty . The cliff is reached via a steep climb from Llanfaelrhys , 5.3 km east of Aberdaron. On the way there is an abandoned manganese mine, Nant y Gadwen . In 1906 the mine employed 200 workers; It was closed in 1927 after 46,376 tons of ore had been mined. As soon as the path from Ysgo reaches the beach, a waterfall, Pistyll y Gaseg , plunges into the depths. At the east end of the bay is Porth Alwm , where the Nant y Gadwen flows into the sea. The bay, which is open to the south, has a beach with fine, firm sand. To the west, near Porth Cadlan , lies the area where, according to legend, King Arthur is said to have fought his last battle against his archenemy Mordred . Off the coast is a rock called Maen Gwenonwy , named after Arthur's sister. Lladron Maelrhys are two large stones on the coast between Llanfaelrhys and Y Rhiw. It is reported that thieves broke into St. Maelrhys Church . They were caught in the act and fled for their lives. However, they were caught up and killed in the same place. The stones mark their graves. Another version of the story tells that the culprits were turned to stone when they tried to leave the confines of the parish.

Porthor

The Porthor coast is part of a 170 hectare National Trust nature reserve.

Porthor (Eng .: Klingender Sand; Whistling Sands) is a cove 5.1 km north of Aberdaron with soft white sand; when dry, the sand whispers or squeaks underfoot. The crescent-shaped bay is framed by hard rock cliffs that were formed by the rough sea. The sanctuary in which it is located consists of beach, headlands and farmland and also includes Mynydd Carreg and Mynydd Anelog . Heather and gorse , shaped by the prevailing winds, grow on the hilltops . Beach carnation and sand thyme grow on the acidic soils. The cliffs are a refuge for choughs and nesting grounds for razorbills and guillemots . Lichen , seaweed , sponges , limpets and barnacles thrive on the lower rocks in the area of ​​the tides . To the south are Dinas Bach and Dinas Mawr , twin peninsulas made of weathered pillow lava . They are 600 million years old. In the Iron Age there were probably fortified living spaces there. Kittiwakes , cormorants and shags look to the cliffs as resting places, while birds roam the fields, e.g. B. yellowhammer who seek out gorse thickets. At the Mynydd Anelog , experimental areas were staked out to explore different ways of preserving the heather for the future. North of Porthor is Porth Iago , a small, rocky bay with a small beach and steep cliffs.

Rhoshirwaun

Capel Saron in Rhoshirwaun was founded in 1903 by Calvinistic Methodists .

Rhoshirwaun is 3.4 km northeast of Aberdaron. It used to be a march . In the area, peat was cut for fuel, cattle grazed, and the communally managed lands occupied land, especially fishermen who were tolerated. In 1802 an Inclosure Act was passed, which should expel all occupiers who had lived there for less than 20 years. The resistance was fierce and could only be broken by a unit of Dragoons . Ultimately, the 1814 law was fully enforced. New roads were built through the moor, boundaries were established, settlement land was designated and wetlands were reclaimed.

Castell Odo , on Mynydd Ystum , is one of Europe's oldest Iron Age settlements 150 m above sea level . The hill fort with a diameter of 50 m has visible traces of eight circular huts. found dishes date from the year 425 BC Legend has it that a giant, Odo Gawr , is buried under a cairn on the summit; nearby is a great rock Carreg Samson , thrown there by Uwchmynydd of Samson . The holes in the rock are said to be the prints of his fingers and it is rumored that a kettle full of gold lies under the rock. The Felin Uchaf environmental center is located in the east of the village . Courses are held on a former farm and the replica of a round house from the Iron Age teaches visitors how to deal sustainably with nature.

Uwchmynydd

Uwchmynydd, 2.9 km southwest of Aberdaron, has a long history of settlement. Flint tool from the Mesolithic were found and at Mynydd Mawr an ax from the Stone Age was discovered. On the summit the circular imprints of hut walls can be seen and part of a Roman anchor was discovered at Trwyn Bychestyn .

Mynydd Mawr's picnic area offers views of Cardigan Bay ( Bae Ceredigion in Welsh ), Bardsey Island and the Wicklow Mountains ( Sléibhte Chill Mhantáin in Welsh ) when the weather is clear ; at night, South Stack Lighthouse ( Welsh Goleudy Ynys Lawd ) is visible in the distance. A road to the summit owned by the National Trust was built during World War II . Men were stationed at the summit to warn Liverpool if the German Air Force was launching attacks. The former coastguard station, which was manned for almost 80 years before becoming obsolete in 1990, offers views across Bardsey Sound to the island. In the hut there is now an exhibition on the natural history of the area and a mural of local children. The headland at Braich y Pwll is the only known site in Great Britain for the spotted rock rose . It develops bright yellow flowers that only bloom for a single day. The coast here consists of open pastureland and mountainous areas towering over picturesque cliffs and bays - an ideal place to observe wildlife. The migrations of the birds can be observed especially in spring and autumn. You can see Alpine crows, razorbills, guillemots, peregrine falcons , kestrels , puffins , stonechats and Atlantic shearwaters and dolphins, porpoises and seals frolic in the sea.

Porth Meudwy, the traditional departure point for pilgrims to Bardsey Island

Above the cliffs are the remains of Capel Mair (St. Mary's Chapel), where pilgrims used to pray for the protection of the Virgin Mary before setting out on the dangerous crossing to Bardsey Island. At the foot of Mynydd Mawr is Ffynnon Fair (St. Mary's Well), the last resting place for pilgrims on their way to the island. The freshwater spring is washed over by the tides twice a day.

Cwrt (English Court), now a large farm, was formerly the administrative center of the holdings of Bardsey Abbey on the mainland, the "Court of Bardsey". The highest cliffs on the Lleŷn peninsula are at Y Parwyd . A ghost story takes place in this place. In 1794 a young couple moved into a nearby cottage. For years they were haunted by a phantom. As soon as they read from the Bible, the apparition retreated to Y Parwyd and hovered over the cliffs before disappearing. The couple ultimately moved to Bodferin . In 1801 a ship's pilot was dropped on the rocks below the cliffs. Although he was very drunk, he managed to climb the cliff and lay down to sleep on the top in a sheep hut. He woke up early in the morning and went home. However, he went the wrong way and fell from the cliffs into the sea, where he disappeared.

The embarkation point for pilgrims to Bardsey Island was at Porth Meudwy (Hermit's Cove), where lobsters are caught today. Further south is Porth y Pistyll, which offers good views of the Ynysoedd Gwylanod , islands where puffins and guillemots breed, and to Pen y Cil , where the Precambrian pillow lava grows and forms picturesque formations.

Y Rhiw

Bwlch y Garreg Wen at Y Rhiw

The village on the Y Rhiw mountain peak is 6.3 km east of Aberdaron. It offers wonderful views over the Lleŷn Peninsula to Snowdonia ( Eryri in Welsh ). On the slope of Mynydd Rhiw there is a late Stone Age burial chamber and Neolithic quarries. At nearby Mynydd y Graig , three hill forts, several circles of huts and terraced fields have been discovered that have been dated to the Iron Age; In 1955 a Bronze Age urn was discovered.

Plas yn Rhiw is owned by the National Trust . It is an early 17th century house and was renovated in 1939 by the Keating sisters advised by Clough Williams-Ellis . It is believed that the house stands on the site of a previous building that Meirion Goch is said to have built in the 10th century as a defense against the Vikings .

Bwlch y Garreg Wen bei Y Rhiw is a Croglofft -Cottage from 1731, a typical farmer's house from this period.

traffic

The passenger ferry in Bardsey Island upon arrival from Porth Meudwy

Aberdaron is at the western end of the B4413 road . The road comes from Llanbedrog in the east, where it connects with the A499 ( Pwllheli - Abersoch ).

Bardsey Boat Trips ( Mordeithiau Enlli in Welsh ) operates passenger ferries between Porth Meudwy and Bardsey Island. They are supplemented by Enlli Charters , which operate between Pwllheli and the island. At low tide, the ferry must be pulled up to the boathouse by tractors before the passengers can disembark.

Buses are offered by two companies: Nefyn Coaches (route Pwllheli – Llanbedrog– Mynytho –Nanhoron– Botwnnog - Sarn Meyllteyrn –Penygroeslon – Rhoshirwaun – Aberdaron) and Arriva Buses Wales

The nearest train station is Pwllheli railway station , approximately 15 miles east on the Cambrian Coast Line ( Welsh Lein Arfordir y Cambria ) to Machynlleth . The line is operated by Arriva Trains Wales ( Trenau Arriva Cymru in Welsh ).

Public services

Water and sanitation is at Dŵr Cymru (Welsh Water). The electricity grid is owned by Scottish Power , a subsidiary of the Basque company Iberdrola .

Welsh Ambulance Services NHS Trust ( Welsh Gwasanaethau Ambiwlans Cymru ) and North West Wales NHS Trust ( Welsh Ymddiriedolaeth GIG Gogledd Orllewin Cymru ) provide medical care. The nearest hospital is Ysbyty Bryn Beryl in Pwllheli; The North Wales Police ( Welsh Heddlu Gogledd Cymru ) was established in 1967 as Gwynedd Constabulary . North Wales Fire and Rescue Service ( Welsh Gwasanaeth Tân ac Achub Gogledd Cymru ) was formed in 1996 from the fire brigades of Gwynedd and Clwyd and maintains a fire station near Abersoch.

education

At the beginning of the 19th century there was a school for the poor that alternated every four years between Aberdaron, Llanfaelrhys, Bryncroes and Y Rhiw. The Elementary Education Act 1870 called for elementary schools in every location, but was opposed by the local church. As a result, the process dragged on and the government had to pressurize the regulations in Aberdaron, Llanfaelrhys and Y Rhiw. Mitestablished church. The national school was opened in Y Rhiw in 1877 with 74 students. It was closed in 1965.

Primary school is now offered by Ysgol Crud y Werin in Aberdaron and Ysgol Llidiardau in Rhoshirwaun. Welsh is the main language of instruction. A secondary school is Ysgol Botwnnog .

Culture

Dic Aberdaron (after his place of birth), a character from a poem by RS Thomas

Aberdaron is a predominantly Welsh speaking community. 75.2% of the population speak this language. There is a mobile library. and the Llanw Llŷn , a newspaper from Abersoch, serves the area. the most popular English language newspapers are the Caernarfon and Denbigh Herald and the Cambrian News , from Aberystwyth . In St. Hywyn's Church concerts are held in the summer; Gŵyl Pen Draw'r Byd (The Land's End Festival) is an annual event with beach concerts and competitions and an evening concert at Morfa Mawr Farm . Gŵyl Pentre Coll (The Lost Village Festival) has been held at Felin Uchaf's in Rhoshirwaun since 2008; and a local eisteddfod , Eisteddfod Flynyddol Uwchmynydd , is hosted in Ysgol Crud y Werin .

The poet RS Thomas was vicar at St. Hywyn's Church from 1967-78. After his retirement he lived in Y Rhiw for a few years . An ardent Welsh nationalist who learned Welsh as a second language, he wrote poetry that has a lot to do with his faith. In 1995 he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature . He was considered one of the best religious poets of his time. The main character of one of his poems, Richard Robert Jones, better known as “Dic Aberdaron”, was born in the village in 1780. Despite being poorly educated, he is said to be fluent in 14 languages ​​and spent many years wandering with his book and his cat.

William Rowlands won an award at the National Eisteddfod in 1922 for an adventure story for boys. The book Y Llong Lo (The Coal Ship) was published in 1924. It told the story of two boys who ran away on a ship that had brought coal to Porth Neigwl. The South African poet Roy Campbell published The Flaming Terrapin , written in 1922 in a “ croglofft cottage” above Porth Ysgo . Dafydd Nanmor , one of the most important Welsh poets of the 15th century, sings about the rocks of Uwchmynydd in Gwallt Llio . He compares the rocks with the bright yellow lichen to the hair of his beloved. Lewys Daron , a 16th century poet, whose best known poem is the elegy to his friend Tudur Aled , is said to have been born in Aberdaron.

The golden hair lichen was compared by the poet Dafydd Nanmor to the hair of his lover.

The poet Christine Evans lives on Bardsey Island every six months and spends the winters in Uwchmynydd. She came to Pwllheli as a teacher and married into a farming family on Bardsey Island. She began writing poetry on her maternity leave in 1976. Cometary Phrases was named Welsh Book of the Year 1989 and she won the Roland Mathias Prize in 2005 .

Edgar Ewart Pritchard, an amateur filmmaker with Brownhills , created The Island in the Current in 1953 , a color film about Bardsey Island. A copy of the film is kept in the National Screen and Sound Archive of Wales . A candle lantern discovered in a cowshed in Y Rhiw in 1946 is now part of the exhibit at St Fagans National History Museum ; and Iron Age pottery from Castell Odo are on display at the Gwynedd Museum and Art Gallery in Bangor .

Dilys Cadwaladr , the former Bardsey Island teacher, became the first woman to win the National Eisteddfod crown for her long poem Y Llen in 1953 ; artist Brenda Chamberlain won two gold medals for art at Eisteddfod; some of her murals can still be seen on the walls of Carreg, her home on the island from 1947 to 1962. The Wildlife artist Kim Atkinson, whose works in Wales and England are widely used, their youth spent on the island and came back to live around there in the 1980s.

Since 1999 the Bardsey Island Trust has appointed an artist in residence who is invited to live on the island for a few weeks. The works will later be exhibited on the mainland. A Welsh literary residence was launched in 2002; The songwriter Fflur Dafydd spent six weeks on the island. Her play Hugo was inspired by her stay and she subsequently created two novels: Atyniad (Attraction, prose medal at Eisteddfod 2006); and Twenty Thousand Saints (Oxfam Hay Prize).

In Bardsey Island, the "King of Bardsey" ( Welsh Brenin Enlli ) was previously elected, and since 1820 he has also been regularly crowned by Baron Newborough or his representative. The crown is now kept at the Merseyside Maritime Museum in Liverpool . At the start of the First World War , Love Pritchard, the last king, volunteered with the men of Bardsey for military service. However, he was rejected because of his old age of 71. Pritchard was upset and declared the island a neutral power. In 1925 Pritchard left the island to lead a less strenuous life on the mainland. He died the following year.

Owen Griffith, a Penycaerau pharmacist known as the Doctor of the Wild Wart, used a traditional herbal remedy to treat basaliomas . The recipe has been passed on in the family since it was bought by a pavee three hundred years earlier . In 1932 a woman died while on treatment, and although the investigation of her death could find no guilt in the treatment, the Caernarfonshire Chief Medical Officer condemned the treatment. Thereupon former patients got in touch and supported the pharmacist. Petitions were even sent to parliament demanding a medical license for Griffith and his cousin.

There are also various folk tales about the Tylwyth Teg , the elves who populate the area and an invisible island in Cardigan Bay . One of them tells how a farmer who stepped outside the door every evening before going to bed was approached by a stranger. The stranger asked why the farmer was offended by him. The farmer was confused and asked what the stranger meant. The stranger then ordered him to step on the stranger's foot with one foot. As he did so he saw another house just below his. All the rubbish in the house flowed through the chimney of the invisible house. The stranger asked the farmer to move his door to the other side of the house, which he then did. He walled up the original door. Since that day his farm has prospered. He became one of the richest men in the area.

religion

St Hywyn's Church, "The Cathedral of Llŷn"

A church was founded in Aberdaron in the 6th century. The first missionary was Saint Hywyn, a companion of Saint Cadfan ; It was a larger center. A monastery and a school were part of it, so it wasn't just a place of worship for the locals. Today's twin-aisled St Hywyn's Church ( Welsh Eglwys Hywyn Sant ) was built in 1137 and is known as The Cathedral of Llŷn . It stands above the beach on the pilgrimage route to Bardsey Island. It has a Romanesque archway and a square bell tower. The church was expanded in 1417 and abandoned in 1841 when local residents decided to build a new church, Eglwys Newydd, in the town center. However, the new building proved unpopular and the parish returned in 1906. There is an exhibition in the church about the poet Ronald Stuart Thomas ; in the churchyard are the stones Y Meini Feracius a Senagus (The Veracius and Senacus Stones), tombstones of two 5th century Christian priests that were found in a field near Mynydd Anelog in the 18th century . In 2008 the church became the starting point for public controversy when the vicar blessed a gay couple after receiving approval from the parish council. The vicar was rebuked by Barry Morgan , Archbishop of Wales ( Welsh Archesgob Cymru ). According to the archbishop's protest, the vicar stated that there was a bit of a to-do about it .

Llanfaelrhys Church is the only one in Britain dedicated to Saint Maelrhys , the cousin of Saint Cadfan and Saint Hywyn. The founding legend says that a trader had the church built. He had brought a large load of flour to Aberdaron during a famine and used the profit from the sale to build the chapel. Much of the building is medieval. the baptismal font dates from the 15th century and there are simple pews on the north side. On the south side there are wooden pews from the 19th century. In the cemetery are the graves of the three Keating sisters who restored Plas y Rhiw .

Capel Nebo at Y Rhiw was built for the Congregationalists in 1813 .

St. Aelrhiw's Church at Y Rhiw was built in 1860 on the foundations of an older church. It consists of a small nave and a short chancel. The walls are made of bricks and the roof is tiled. In the cemetery there are also some graves of war victims who were washed up in Porth Neigwl during the First World War. Above Porth Iago are the remains of the old St. Medin's Church . It used to be the parish church of Bodferin, today there is only a pile of rubble left. One of the first non-conformists in this area was Morgan Griffith of Y Rhiw . In 1745 he was brought to trial in Pwllheli and convicted because he did not want to revoke his worldview. After his release he returned and preached again, whereupon he was again imprisoned and taken to a prison ship in England, where he died. Two of the oldest non-conformist chapels on the Lleŷn Peninsula were built in Penycaerau in 1768 and in Uwchmynydd in 1770. In the wake of the revival movements , the Congregationalists founded Cephas Independent Chapel in 1829 ; and Capel Nebo was built in Y Rhiw in 1813 ; The Wesleyan Methodists followed in 1832 with the Capel Pisgah . In 1850 there were already 8 non-conformist churches in Aberdaron and five in Y Rhiw; one on Bardsey Island; But more churches came into being. Calvinistic Methodists opened the Capel Tan y Foel ; and the Capel Bethesda , the Baptist chapel in Rhoshirwaun was built in 1904. The Seventh-day Adventist youth camp Glan-yr-afon is also located in Aberdaron , about 1.6 km outside the town center.

In 2001, 73.9% of the population belonged to Christian churches, 15.0% said they were not religious.

Sports

Llŷn Coastal Path ( Welsh Llwybr Arfordir Llŷn ) stretches over 135 km along the coast of Gwynedd.

Aberdaron is the scene of various regattas , which are mainly held with the regionally widespread clinker boats. August is a popular regatta that is open to everyone. Fishing trips are available from Porth Meudwy . Are caught mainly Pollack , Coley and mackerel also wrasse , European seabass , mullet and gurnard occur. Wrasse (bass) and coley can also be fished from the cliffs at Porth Iago. Access to fishing spots is more difficult in Uwchmynydd, but you can also fish there. You can also find conger and dogfish here . Also Leng occasionally occurs.

The village is also a popular starting point for walks on the Llŷn Coastal Path ( Welsh Llwybr Arfordir Llŷn ), which stretches from Caernarfon to Porthmadog . Kayaking is possible from Aberdaron and Porth Neigwl and the south-facing Sunshine Coast is a popular destination. There are campsites for canoeists on the beach at Porth Neigwl. The tides are generally not strong, but landing can be difficult if there is wind or currents from the south.

Aberdaron Beach attracts surfers and bathers. He received a Seaside Award in 2008.

There are excellent diving conditions in the area. The visibility is up to 20 m and there is a great diversity of species. The Ynysoedd Gwylanod are particularly popular dive sites and the wreck of the Glenocum , in the Bae Aberdaron , is an excellent place for beginners as the maximum depth is 8 m. A particularly large conger lives in the lower part of the wreck. There are also spectacular dive sites at Pen y Cil , with wreck and cave diving. The nearby Carreg Ddu is an isolated rocky island in Bardsey Sound. However, there are strong currents there.

Aberdaron Beach is also a location for surfers and bodyboarders.

literature

Web links

Commons : Aberdaron  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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  151. ^ "Religion and its Influence on the Landscape" ( Memento from May 20, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). Gwynedd Archaeological Trust.
  152. ^ "Stones" ( Memento from April 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ). St Hywyn's Church.
  153. ^ "Gay Blessing Vicar is Reprimanded" . BBC. 23 September 2008.
  154. ↑ Cantrell. 2006, p. 135.
  155. ↑ "St Maelrhys' Church" ( Memento of 5 April 2010 at the Internet Archive ). St Hywyn's Church.
  156. ↑ "Saint Aelrhiw" . Rhiw.
  157. ↑ Cantrell. 2006, p. 102.
  158. ^ "Religion" . Rhiw.
  159. ^ Rees, Thomas, p. 187.
  160. ^ "The History of Nebo Chapel" . Rhiw.
  161. ↑ "Capel Pisgah" . Pen Llŷn.
  162. ↑ "Galltraeth Chapel" . Rhiw.
  163. ^ Seventh-day "Welcome to Aberdaron Camp" . Adventist Church.
  164. ↑ "Census 2001: Religion: Lower Layer Super Output Area: Gwynedd 014A" . Office for National Statistics. November 18, 2004.
  165. ^ "Your Ticket to Fish" ( Memento from August 2, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). Bardsey Boat Trips.
  166. ↑ a b North "Llŷn Venues" ( Memento from September 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). Wales Sea Angling.
  167. ^ "Llŷn Coastal Path" ( Memento from June 21, 2009 in the Internet Archive ). Cyngor Gwynedd Council
  168. ^ "Bardsey Island" ( Memento of October 8, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). Richard Bufton. Dive sites
  169. ^ "Aberdaron Bay" ( Memento of October 8, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). Richard Bufton. Dive sites
  170. ^ "Cave and Slate Wreck Dive" ( Memento of October 8, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). Richard Bufton. Dive sites
  171. ↑ Hell's Mouth. BBC , archived from the original on May 7, 2005 ; Retrieved August 16, 2009 .
  172. ↑ Porth Oer. BBC , archived from the original on March 7, 2005 ; Retrieved August 16, 2009 .

Coordinates: 52 ° 48 ′  N , 4 ° 43 ′  W