Attachment parenting

William Sears recommends that mothers wear babies close to their bodies as much as possible.

Under Attachment Parenting (short often: AP ; Engl. For "Tie Education"; German also: bond-oriented education , need-oriented education ) refers to one in the 1980s in the United States resulting theory of education whose methods in the opinion of its representatives, parent-child Promote loyalty . For this purpose, the mother is encouraged to spend as much time as possible in close physical proximity with the child and to be as responsive to the child as possible (= to react to all signals from the infant). The term "attachment parenting" comes from the American pediatrician William Sears , who is still the most important proponent of teaching to this day.

The many controversies surrounding the practical value and theoretical foundations of attachment parenting have shaped the discussion to this day.

history

context

Attachment parenting is just one of many parenting ideas based on rapport and warmth of the nest that arrived in the educational mainstream in the United States after the Second World War, and owes some suggestions to related older teachings, including Benjamin Spock's educational guide for infant and child care published in 1946 . Spock had recommended that mothers raise infants by intuition and physical contact - advice that radically contradicted the previous teachings of L. Emmett Holt and John B. Watson ; the book became a bestseller, and Spock's pedagogy had a major impact on the education of the post-war generations.

Thirty years later, Jean Liedloff caused a sensation with a continuum concept that she introduced to the public in her book In Search of Lost Happiness (1975). Liedloff had studied the Ye'kuana Indians in Venezuela and recommended that western mothers breastfeed, carry and sleep in the same bed. As a justification, she stated that the usual upbringing with bottle feeding, prams, etc. did not take into account the needs of children, which in terms of evolutionary history have not yet arrived in the modern age. Sharon Heller and Meredith F. Small, among others, later made further contributions to ethnopediatrics.

In 1984 the developmental psychologist Aletha Solter published her book The Aware Baby about a philosophy of upbringing that, like Sears later, focuses on attachment, long-term breastfeeding and renouncing punishment; However, a special focus at Solter is on promoting emotional expression to heal stress and trauma in the child.

In the 1990s, T. Berry Brazelton enlivened the discussion by making public current research results on the ability of infants to express themselves and their feelings from birth, by sensitizing parents to these signals and - like Spock - encouraging in to follow up with their own judgment.

Origin of attachment parenting

William Sears came on the subject in 1982 after carefully reading Liedloff's writings. Sears initially called the teaching "continuum concept" and " immersion mothering" . In his book Creative Parenting , published in 1982 , the concept was largely worked out. The “7 Baby-Bs” were not yet explicitly set as a canon , but were already clearly recognizable as basic elements of the teaching. In 1985, William Sears and his wife Martha Sears connected the teaching ex post with the attachment theory , which they first received at this time, and began to speak of "attachment parenting":

"[...] I realized we needed to change the term to something more positive, so we came up with AP, since the Attachment Theory literature was so well researched and documented, by John Bowlby and others."

"[...] I realized we had to change the term to something more positive, so we came up with AP because the attachment theory literature was so well researched and documented by John Bowlby and others."

- Martha Sears

In 1994, the first attachment parenting organization, Attachment Parenting International , was founded in Alpharetta , Georgia , founded by Lysa Parker and Barbara Nicholson. The first book publication to have the term "Attachment Parenting" in its title was in 1998 by Tammy Frissell-Deppe, a mother who reports on her personal experiences and those of befriended parents. In 1999 she was followed by Katie Allison Granju, for whose book William Sears wrote the foreword, before he published his own work The Attachment Parenting Book with Martha Sears in 2001 . Spock's line of development away from crudely behavioristic infant anthropology towards a contingency-oriented upbringing came to a head in these publications and at the same time incorporated ideas of an instinct-guided or “natural” upbringing in the sense of Liedloff.

In the same year as Sears' Attachment Parenting Book , Jan Hunt's collection of essays The Natural Child was published. Parenting from the Heart (2001). Hunt, who sees herself as a child rights activist , recommends unschooling in addition to the methods of attachment parenting .

Methods

Baby reading

Like the advocates of attachment theory before him , especially Mary Ainsworth , Sears teaches that stable mother-child bonds are based on contingency - the harmonious emotional communication - of mother and child, which in turn requires mother to be responsive . Sears speaks in this context of "baby reading", a "reading" of the child's signals by the mother, and of "to be in the groove" , a slang term that expresses a state of emotional fine-tuning ( attunement ).

The 7 Baby-Bs

Sears believes that there are infant handling practices that are conducive to “baby reading” and that increase the mother's sensitivity to her child's signals. The Attachment Parenting method consists of seven behaviors that Sears says form a synergetic ensemble and that he writes are based on the child's biological needs. Because these practices begin with the letter "B" in English, Sears speaks of the "7 Baby-Bs":

• Receiving the body and eye contact between mother and child immediately after birth ( English "Birth bonding" )
• Breastfeeding (instead of bottle feeding English "Breastfeeding" )
• (frequent as possible) carrying the child on the body ( english "Babywearing" )
• Sleeping near the child ( English "Bedding close to baby" )
• Pay attention to the crying of the child ( English "Belief in the language value of your baby's cry" )
• No sleep training ( English "Beware of baby trainers" )
• Balance the needs of child and mother ( English "balance" )

As of 1999, William Sears only gave 5 Baby-Bs. The latter two were only added in 2001 with the Attachment Parenting book .

Contact immediately after the birth

Mother with newborn baby

William Sears assumes that there is a short time window immediately after the birth in which close contact between mother and child is particularly conducive to the bond, describes this as " imprinting " and refers to a study by Marshall Klaus and John Kennell the year 1967, which later modified their original assumptions, to which Sears and Sears refer here, several times. Sears recommends that women avoid pain management medication during childbirth, as analgesics also numb the child and thus hinder the bonding that should take place immediately after the birth.

Breastfeeding

Sears and Sears argue that breastfeeding helps the mother-child bond because it triggers oxytocin releases in the mother - especially in the first 10 days after birth - that bind her emotionally more closely to the child. In contrast to bottle-feeding, which tends to take place every 3-4 hours, breastfeeding also enables the mother to observe the moods and needs of the child closely. Since the half-lives of the bonding-promoting hormones prolactin and oxytocin are very short, they recommend very frequent breastfeeding, especially for newborns (8–12 times per day). They consider breastfeeding between 1 and 6 a.m. to be particularly valuable. In general, Sears and Sears argue that breastfeeding infants are healthier than bottle-fed infants and that breastfeeding also provides health benefits for mothers. You write that infants in the first six months of life should only be given breast milk because at this age they are allergic to all other foods .

They recommend that mothers breastfeed their child for 1 to 4 years:

"While breastfeeding for only a few months is the cultural norm for Western Society, what we know about breastfeeding in primitive cultures and weaning times for other mammals that human infants were designed to breastfeed for several years."

"While breastfeeding for only a few months is the cultural norm of Western society, for all we know about primitive cultures and weaning times of other mammals, human infants are made to be breastfed for several years."

- Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book

As a rationale for long-term breastfeeding, Sears and Sears state that breastfeeding promotes bonding and that breastfeeding can be used in older children to comfort the child when needed or to bring mother and child together on turbulent days. There is also nothing wrong with breastfeeding toddlers at night. In 1992, Norma Jane Bumgarner published her own book on breastfeeding young children.

The WHO recommends that all countries around the world, an exclusive breastfeeding of the child until the age of six months old, and another breastfeeding next to the feeding through to the end of the second year or above.

However, since no randomized studies are carried out on breastfeeding for ethical reasons , it has repeatedly been suggested that the superiority of breastfeeding could have emerged from many studies as an artifact . If randomization is generally avoided and possible alternative factors (socio-economic factors such as ethnicity, social class and education of the mother, which influence the physical, mental and intellectual development of children as well as the type of feeding and length of breastfeeding) are not taken into account from the outset, there is a fundamental rule the risk that the effects of the alternative factors will be misinterpreted as the effects of breastfeeding. A way out of this methodological problem was first found by Cynthia G. Colen ( Ohio State University ), who was able to effectively exclude socio-economic factors by systematically comparing only siblings with one another; Their study has shown that the bottle-fed siblings of breast infants show little or statistically negligible differences to their breastfed siblings in terms of their physical, emotional and spiritual prosperity.

Sears and Sears' assumptions about the benefits of breastfeeding for bonding have also been empirically examined. John R. Britton ( Kaiser Permanente ) and a research team observed in 2006 that sensitive mothers are more willing to breastfeed and breastfeed longer than less sensitive mothers. An effect of the type of feeding on the bond quality could not be proven in this study.

Carrying the child on the body

A child in a sling

Sears and Sears recommend that younger babies, in particular, be carried on the body at all times, for example in a baby sling . The reason they give is that this practice makes the child happy, that it allows the child to be involved in all of the mother's day-to-day activities, so that he is more exposed to sensory stimuli, and that the mother does not lose sight of the child even when she is busy with other things. They recommend that working mothers carry the child for at least 4–5 hours a day to make up for the absence from work. In fact, a New York research team in 1990 demonstrated in a randomized study that children of lower-class mothers who had spent a lot of time on their mother's body in a baby carrier were significantly more likely to have a secure attachment in the sense of Ainsworth at the age of 13 months than children in the comparison group who spent more time in an infant carrier. However, such an effect has not yet been proven for middle-class families.

Furthermore, Sears and Sears argue that babywearing trains the child's sense of balance and - because the child worn on the body experiences more maternal conversations - promotes language development . Scientific studies in which such long-term effects could have been empirically demonstrated do not yet exist.

It is undisputed that children can be soothed by being carried. Infants cry most by 6 weeks of age; a 1986 randomized study at McGill University showed that children in this developmental phase cry significantly less if they are worn on their parents' bodies a lot during the day. Sears and Sears also recommend carrying the child as a sleep aid. Overall, they advocate keeping the sling ready until the age of three, because carrying it can also be used to calm children who behave naughty. However, many authors consider it educationally dubious to keep children close to their mother's body even after they are nine months old, because this cannot be reconciled with a child's natural striving for autonomy; in German-speaking countries have in this sense u. a. Michael Winterhoff and Sabine Völkl-Kernstock ( Medical University of Vienna ).

Sleep near the child

Christian Krohg : Mother and Child , 1883

Sears and Sears state that any sleep arrangement that works for an individual family is fine, but recommend mothers sleep close to their child. The reasons given are that co-sleeping - as the nocturnal equivalent of babywearing - avoids separation anxiety, benefits the mother-child bond, prevents sudden infant death, and makes nighttime breastfeeding more comfortable for the mother. Although the mother's sleep is interrupted more frequently by multiple nightly breastfeeding, mother and child - according to Sears and Sears - sleep better than in separate beds. In addition, due to the frequent breastfeeding, the child thrives better physically, emotionally and intellectually than if it had to sleep “crying, alone, behind bars”. Katie Allison Granju also argues in favor of co-sleeping that it vividly illustrates the concept of bedtime to children. As early as 1976 Tine Thevenin had published a well-received plea for the “family bed”. Sears and Sears only find it questionable that a child spends the whole night with a mother's nipple in its mouth if the woman feels too stressed as a result. The fact that a three-year-old child sleeps in its mother's bed every night does not seem a problem to them. Working mothers should definitely sleep with the child in order to secure the bond.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is a very rare occurrence; it affects less than ½ per thousand of all infants. James J. McKenna ( University of Notre Dame ) observed that when mothers and infants co-sleep not only synchronize their wake-sleep rhythms, but also synchronize their breathing; this leads him to speculate that co-sleeping lowers the risk of SIDS. A UK study looking directly at cot death has confirmed that sleeping mothers and babies in separate rooms can increase the risk of SIDS; however, a reduction in the risk of sleeping in a shared bed was not observed here.

In general, research does not confirm that co-sleeping is superior to sleeping separately. An Israeli meta-study from 2000 showed that sleeping aids such as pacifiers or teddy bears improved children's sleep, while co-sleeping and frequent breastfeeding - with co-sleeping mothers breastfeeding three times as often at night as with sleeping arrangements in separate rooms - the development of healthy sleep patterns would rather stand in the way. The most important factor for the child's good sleep is the mother's emotional responsiveness, not her constant physical closeness.

Notice the child's screaming

Screaming newborn baby

Sears and Sears define screaming as the infant's central means of expression : "Screaming is a bonding tool". The parents are challenged to sensitively "read" the - initially generalized - screaming and to help the child through sensitive feedback to further nuance the repertoire of his means of expression. In addition, Sears and Sears recommend cry prevention: Parents should not only breastfeed, carry and sleep with the child as much as possible, but also react to early, inconspicuous alarm signals from the child so that the child does not start screaming in the first place. At the same time, they should also convey to the child at an early stage that some occasions do not deserve excitement.

In general, William Sears takes the view that babies should be allowed to cry as little as possible, otherwise they could be harmed.

T. Berry Brazelton had previously shown in a relevant study in 1962 that a "certain amount" of crying in the first few weeks of life of the infant was not an indication of emotional or physical problems, but was normal and harmless.

No sleep training

Sears and Sears cite two main reasons why infants should not be subjected to sleep training: Sleep training hardened the mother emotionally; Children who have undergone sleep training do not sleep better, but are merely resigned and apathetic (“shutdown syndrome”, a pathology that does not appear in the ICD and DSM classification systems ). Frissell-Deppe and Granju describe sleep training as traumatic for the child .

Sears and Sears state that proponents of sleep training are technically incompetent, only want to earn money, and that the benefits of training have not yet been scientifically proven. They do not show any reception of the research literature on this topic.

Herbert Renz-Polster states that the ability of children to find their way to sleep independently through sleep training is a relief for parents and the family as a whole. He is of the opinion that classic sleep training is not suitable for children who are still being breastfed. In any case, the mother's breast is the ideal sleep aid. Around a third of children aged 6 months can sleep through the night without being fed in between. Bottle food is digested less quickly and is usually consumed in larger portions, which means that children who are not breastfed are more likely to sleep through the night. On the other hand, the frequency of nocturnal waking up in infants usually hardly decreases in the first six months. Breastfeeding children who sleep close to their mother would have an easier sleep. They woke up more often and consume up to a third more calories than babies who sleep in their own bed. Since the sleep rhythms of mother and child are coordinated with one another, sleep is as restful as with a child sleeping separately, despite the more frequent waking up. About every 50 minutes a toddler switches from an active to a relaxed phase during the day. If the child feels secure and comfortable in the quiet phase, it will find its way to sleep on its own.

See the Sleep Training article for details .

Balance the needs of mother and child

Sears and Sears understand that attachment parenting is a far greater burden on parents - especially mothers - than most of the other forms of parenting common today. They therefore propose a whole series of measures to prevent burnout , such as prioritizing and delegating tasks and activities of women, rationalizing their daily routine and involving the father. In the worst case, a psychotherapist should be consulted.

Even if the mother is overloaded, the method should be adhered to at all costs. Sears and Sears see their opponents as "authoritarian men caught in their role as advisors [...]" . Granju also criticizes the "male-dominated 'scientific' management of child care" . The low esteem that long-term breastfeeding is accorded in the cultures of the Western world is attributed to a sexualization of the female breast : in the sexist worldview, the breast “belongs” to men. Also Mayim Bialik holds the attachment parenting for a feminist option because there is a counter-proposal to - performing superiority of the doctors who have traditionally dominated the areas of pregnancy, birth and motherhood - male dominated.

Because the compatibility of family and work is massively impaired when practicing the teaching, these positions were later vehemently criticized in the context of the attachment parenting controversy .

Parental authority

That many children behave in such a way that their parents use educational tools such as B. scolding, Sears puts it back to the fact that the communication between parent and child in these cases is not developed to such subtlety as in attachment parenting families, in which a frown of the parents is enough to discipline a child. A child who trusts their parents is cooperative and does not oppose the parents leading their behavior. Sears and Sears recommend positive discipline ; Unlike many AP parents, William Sears does not fundamentally reject confrontational means of upbringing (firm, corrective response) and attaches great importance to parental authority on the one hand and child obedience and conscience on the other. Sears and Sears are staunch advocates of authoritative parenting .

Theoretical conception

claim

Like Benjamin Spock before them , Sears and Sears understand their recommended upbringing as common sense - and instinct - guided ad hoc education . In contrast to Spock, whose educational philosophy was straight forward from Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis , William Sears actually did not base his teaching on a closed theory (such as the attachment theory ), but based his teaching solely on his practical experience as a father and as an observer of other families.

“Our ideas about attachment parenting are based on thirty-plus years of parenting our own eight children and observing moms and dads whose parenting choices seemed to make sense and whose children we liked. We have witnessed the effects this approach to parenting has on children. "

“Our ideas about attachment parenting are based on more than 30 years of raising our own eight children and observing mothers and fathers whose parenting decisions made sense and whose children we liked. We have seen the effects this parenting approach has on children. "

- Bill Sears, Martha Sears

Despite the lack of a closed theory, Sears and Sears consider the teaching to be scientifically proven:

"AP is not only common sense, it's supported by science."

"AP is not just common sense, it is backed by science."

- Bill Sears, Martha Sears

Their belief in the teaching as proven does not prevent Sears and Sears from advising parents who practice attachment parenting not to engage in discussion with critics of attachment parenting. They also discard parts of the research while giving preference to others:

"Science says: Good Science Backs AP."

"Science says: Good science supports AP."

- Bill Sears, Martha Sears

Individual terms and their problems

Critics of attachment parenting see this lack of a theoretical foundation - especially in the lack of precise definition of the basic terms - as a serious conceptual weakness.

"Sensitivity"

Contingency: mother and child in emotional harmony

The concept of emotional fine-tuning has been known in psychology since Mesmer , who introduced the term " rapport " for it in the 18th century before Freud adopted it for psychoanalysis . In modern behavioral research and developmental psychology, the term “contingency” is used when referring to the mother-child relationship; Daniel Stern also speaks of "attunement". The ability of parents to respond appropriately to their child's emotional signals is known as responsiveness .

For Sears and Sears, attachment parenting is an upbringing that is radically shaped by maternal responsiveness. By Mary Ainsworth they have for the concept of maternal sensitivity (maternal sensitivity) taken over: The woman turns its attention fully on child ( " Baby Reading ") and responds continuously to any signal that sends the child, whereby both in a state of harmony access from which the mutual bond grows. Sears assumes that the mother's “attunement” to the child begins during pregnancy.

"Binding"

The attachment of the child to the parents has been well studied in infant and toddler research. Donald Winnicott had already described in detail in the late 1940s how healthy children begin to break free from this symbiosis in a normal way after the age of 6 months at the latest. However, the most detailed description of how the child's attachment to parents develops in the first three years of life comes from Margaret Mahler . William Sears' writings show no knowledge of this relevant literature.

Sears and Sears use the term "bond" in a colloquial sense, and put him with " confidence " (trust) , "Harmony", "close" (closeness) , "Love gangs" (love bonds) and "connection" (connection) equal : "Attachment describes the entire care relationship between mother or father and baby." You mention that attachment arises through contingency, but use the terms "attachment" and "contingency" synonymously in your further statements. There is no distinction between the two terms. Binding appears to the reader as a state that never stabilizes and has to be continuously re-established from scratch through sensitivity.

In open contradiction to all previous explanations of their book, Sears and Sears address adoptive parents in the penultimate chapter to reassuringly : “Don't worry about the attachment your child may have 'missed' in foster care. Infants are extremely resilient . "

"Insecure bond"

The declared aim of attachment parenting is to create a secure mother-child bond.

How attachment grows out of contingency and what disturbances this process can be subject to has been examined and documented many times in scientific studies. In the specialist literature, problematic or disturbed attachments are described in three different contexts:

• The most profound consequences for the development of attachment are grossly inadequate living conditions of the child with continued severe abuse or permanent placement in poorly managed homes without a primary caregiver. In these cases a reactive attachment disorder as defined by ICD-10 can occur; it is characterized by highly conspicuous behaviors, but is rarely observed in rich countries of the Western world.
• Mary Ainsworth has described a type of disorganized attachment that is also more prevalent in children who were abused as infants and more common in boys than girls. The children show distress, and their mothers show decreased empathy. Disorganized attachment is not a psychopathology in the sense of ICD-10, but a type of behavior that is exclusively described in the strange situation test . In “normal” middle class families, around 15% of children show disorganized attachment behavior. The proportion in socially marginalized groups is significantly higher.

Secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-ambivalent attachment in young children in an international comparison

• A third group of problematic attachments are the types of insecure-avoidant and insecure-ambivalent attachments, also described by Mary Ainsworth . In the strange situation test, children who are insecurely attached either keep their primary caregiver at a distance or fluctuate between parentheses and rejection. As Beatrice Beebe ( Columbia University ) showed in 2010 with a research team, these children chronically experience things from their mothers such as under or over stimulation, intrusiveness or instability. The mothers, however, behaved very empathically and had no problems reacting appropriately to their children's emotional expressions; their children also showed no signs of emotional distress. Insecure attachment in the sense of Ainsworth occurs quite frequently and in Germany affects e.g. B. almost every second child.

William Sears uses the terms "reduced binding quality", "insecure attachment" and "non-binding" (non-attachment) synonymous; his writings do not reveal what kind of impairment of attachment is meant: attachment disorder (ICD-10), disorganized attachment (Ainsworth), or the two forms of insecure attachment (Ainsworth). In 1982 Sears wrote about “ diseases off non-attachment” only with reference to the psychoanalyst Selma Fraiberg, who had studied infants with congenital blindness in the 1970s. Sears has been accused of inflating false positives with this fuzzy concept of attachment disorder . He also differentiates between (good) attachment and (bad) enmeshment , without showing his readers how exactly they should recognize the difference.

There is no evidence for William Sears' claim that his method (the "7 Baby-Bs") is suitable for ensuring the contingency of mother and child. Mary Ainsworth observed in field studies in Uganda that children who spend a lot of time with their mother and are breastfed as needed can develop signs of insecure attachment; The decisive factor for a successful bond is not the quantity, but the quality of the interaction between mother and child. Ainsworth does not name practices such as co-sleeping, babywearing and breastfeeding as required as a determinant of secure attachment, but rather the sensitivity of the mother.

"Desire"

William Sears assumes that the child's need for the mother's breast continues even in toddlerhood.

Although their theoretical starting point - the contingency idea - would suggest that the infant should be understood primarily as a sentient and communicating creature, Sears and Sears understand him to be even more of a need . "Need" (Engl. Need ) is a fundamental concept of the teaching; Attachment parenting means paying attention to the needs of the infant and meeting them.

Psychologists like Abraham Maslow had developed detailed models of human needs as early as the 1940s ; Since then, needs and wishes have been clearly distinguished from one another. In 2000, T. Berry Brazelton , a pioneer in the field of newborn psychology, published a book, The Seven Basic Needs of Children , together with child psychiatrist Stanley Greenspan , in which a precise definition of the concept of need is undertaken again.

When Sears and Sears published their Attachment Parenting book a year later , they did not go into Maslow, Brazelton and Greenspan, but used the concept of need in a colloquial sense. Although they emphasize that parents should differentiate between the “needs” and the “wants” ( wants , desires ) of their child, they do not provide any guidance on exactly how needs differ from wishes and how parents should recognize the difference. Elsewhere they write that in an infant, wants and needs are completely the same. In general, they use both terms interchangeably. With regard to small children, they say that a child is “not yet ready”, e.g. For example, doing without the breast or sleeping in the mother's bed, occasionally speak of “needs” even in this context.

Attachment parenting critics have questioned that the behavior of a 3½ year old who is still seeking breastfeeding is actually a need. Most likely, this is more about comfort than nutrition. Consoling is also an important parental task; however, parents are also encouraged to teach their child to calm down on their own.

"Stress"

Consoling or conveying serenity?

Stress has been examined and presented in numerous psychological studies. Richard Lazarus laid the theoretical foundations for this back in the 1960s. In 1974, Hans Selye introduced the distinction between distress and eustress , and the psychoanalyst Heinz Kohut wrote in 1984 of “optimal frustration”, that is, of well-dosed disturbances in the harmony of parents and child, which are the prerequisites for the child to develop a healthy personality can. In resilience research , too, the view has prevailed today that it is not good for children if their parents indiscriminately classify any stress as unacceptable distress; they suggest to the child that everyday problems are painful and should be avoided across the board.

Although "stress" is also one of the basic concepts of attachment parenting, William Sears' writings do not indicate that their author has received relevant specialist literature on stress or resilience psychology. He connects the terms stress and distress with the release of cortisol , but uses them synonymously, and in a purely colloquial sense. He understands this to mean any uncomfortable or frustrating condition that makes the child cry - a signal to which attachment parenting mothers should usually react spontaneously with comfort and physical closeness, because stress makes sick. On the other hand, mothers should not overreact to a worried child and should give the child calmness (“Caribbean approach”). Sears does not provide criteria with which parents can judge when which reaction is necessary.

The vagueness of the concepts of distress and need has far-reaching consequences for education. Because harmful distress is suspected behind every cry of the child and a legitimate need behind every desire of the child, parents - especially parents of children who have outgrown infancy - all too easily confuse rapport, sensitivity, responsiveness, emotional availability and appropriate protection with behavior which are problematic from an educational point of view and which even William Sears does not approve of for the most part:

• with anxious continuous monitoring of the child
• with over-parenting , d. H. Constantly eliminating problems that the child could well deal with on their own
• with constant parental micromanagement of the childhood mood to keep the child happy around the clock ; However, William Sears himself writes that happiness is the fundamental goal of education.

"Instinct" and "Naturalness"

Mother with child in Mali (2006)

Another axiom of attachment parenting is the concept of instinct . Sears and Sears describe attachment parenting as the natural , biologically determined, intuitive and spontaneous behavior of mothers who rely on their "instincts", their " sixth sense ", their "inner wisdom" and their " common sense ". They also attribute motherhood itself to “instincts”. They certify that men have a reduced instinct for the needs of the child.

The instinct theory emerged in the 1930s as part of classical comparative behavioral research . She owes her suggestions to a. William McDougall , and it was worked out especially by Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen . Lorenz believed that instincts were physiological processes, which he hypothetically attributed to the interconnections of nerve cells in the brain. Arnold Gehlen , for whom the plasticity and ability of human nature to learn, was at the fore, however, had already doubted that there was still a lot of instinct available to humans . In today's human research, the term “instinct” is considered obsolete. More recent studies show that maternal behavior is not innate, but biologically and socially determined. It is partly triggered and partly learned by the hormone oxytocin .

William Sears' publications do not reveal any knowledge of this state of research. Sears and Sears use the term “instinct” purely colloquially and use terms such as “hormonal” and “natural” synonymously, whereby they determine the “influence of 'experts'” as the opposite of instinct and naturalness .

“If you were on an island, and you had no mother-in-laws, no psychologists, no doctors around, no experts, this is what you would naturally and instinctively do to give your baby the best investment you'll ever give. ”

"If you were on an island and no law, no psychologists, no doctors, no experts were around, then it would be the [Attachment Parenting], what you would do naturally and instinctively to give your baby the best investment You will ever give. "

- William Sears

William Sears, who received his decisive impressions from Jean Liedloff, refers to mammals, to primates, to “other”, “non-Western”, “primitive” and “traditional cultures”, namely to Bali and Zambia . Developmental psychologist Heidi Keller , who has examined mother-child relationships across a wide range of cultures, doubts that attachment parenting can be described as the return to the “original motherhood” that its followers touted. Keller does not consider attachment parenting to be an alternative to the high-tech world, but states that “paradoxically , it fits perfectly into a society of individualists and lone fighters as we experience them in the western world” . Many of the methods that the advocates of attachment parenting justify in terms of evolutionary history did not even play the role that was ascribed to them in non-Western cultures. So z. In Cameroon, for example, children are initially carried in a sling, but then have to learn to sit and walk much earlier than European and North American children; instead of practicing loving changes of gaze, the mothers blow their children in the face to break them from making eye contact. In Malawi , small children are looked after by aunts, grandmothers and other relatives while their mothers go to work in the fields.

The optimal child development

As Suzanne M. Cox ( Northwestern University ) has shown, neither attachment theory nor attachment parenting offers a general blueprint of what optimal child development looks like against which the effectiveness of attachment parenting methods can be empirically measured. Sears promises educational outcomes such as B. increased independence, self-confidence, health, physical growth, improved development of motor skills and language, good behavior, conscientiousness, obedience, social competence, sense of justice, altruism, sensitivity and empathy, ability to concentrate, self-discipline and intelligence. To date, such effects of attachment parenting have not been proven in scientific studies; Sears himself does not give any sources in his writings.

Sears is committed to evangelical Christianity as an educator. The ultimate educational goal that he mentions in his writings, however, is a purely secular one : happiness .

Dissemination and reception

In 2014, Federal Family Minister Manuela Schwesig was the patron of the first German Attachment Parenting Congress.

Attachment parenting is particularly popular among well-educated, urban women in the Western world who are open to environmental and social issues and who follow the teachings of carrying the child - through carrying, breastfeeding and co-sleeping - far and wide try to be constantly close into toddlerhood (and often beyond).

In the United States, parenting tips from celebrities such as actresses Mayim Bialik and Alicia Silverstone have helped popularize teaching. Many North American women are organized in support groups of Attachment Parenting International (API), the movement's umbrella organization founded in 1994 and supported by Martha Sears. There are numerous organizations in Canada that promote attachment parenting, such as B. the Calgary- based Attachment Parenting Canada Association ; some government health organizations also promote attachment parenting. William Sears has relationships with the international La Leche League , which has published some of his books and speaks at their conferences. Many mothers come into contact with attachment parenting for the first time in the La Leche Liga.

In Europe, the non-profit organization Attachment Parenting Europe (ABEU) based in Lelystad in the Netherlands is committed to spreading the teaching for which it has introduced the term natuurlijk ouderschap (“natural parenthood”) in Dutch . She maintains contacts in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Great Britain and Switzerland. There were 30 AP mothers groups in England and Wales in 2012.

In Germany, independent institutions have emerged in some cities that have made it their business to promote attachment parenting. In Hamburg , the most important center of the movement in Germany, an Attachment Parenting Congress was held for the first time in 2014 , for which the Federal Family Minister Manuela Schwesig took over the patronage. Another took place in Hamburg in 2016. The Tologo Verlag has existed in Leipzig since 2005 and, in addition to publications by Williams Sears and Jan Hunt, also publishes books on topics such as school criticism, homeschooling, unschooling and anti-education . Since 2007, Tologo has also published the Unerartig Magazin quarterly , a parenting magazine that regularly offers a forum for AP topics. The most prominent representatives and advocates of teaching in the German-speaking area include the doctors Herbert Renz-Polster and Michael Abou-Dakn, the qualified pedagogue Katharina Saalfrank , the social pedagogue Eva Solmaz and the authors Julia Dibbern, Nora Imlau and Sibylle Lüpold.

There are also a few institutions in Austria and Switzerland that are closely related to attachment parenting. In Sweden , the fantasy and science fiction author Jorun Modén advocates attachment parenting and has coined the expression nara föräldraskap (German: “close parenting”). In France , where the teaching is referred to as maternage intensif or maternage proximal , it has so far found almost no following.

Attachment Parenting Controversy

Sears' positions on upbringing and - even more - the partly radicalized and eclectically expanded positions of his followers have been the subject of an attachment parenting controversy, particularly in the English-speaking world, since 2012.

The controversy began in 2012 with a cover photo of the American news magazine Time , on which a Californian mother was shown breastfeeding her four-year-old. In her accompanying article The Man Who Remade Motherhood , journalist Kate Pickert wrote that while Sears was far less radical than his followers, teaching made mothers chronically guilty, that they tended to be misogynistic and that their theses were linked to relevant research Part not to be agreed. Since then, teaching has been the subject of controversial discussion, especially in English-speaking countries.

Attachment parenting has also caught the attention of sociologists such as Ellie Lee , Charlotte Faircloth , Jan Macvarish, and Frank Furedi , who have described the phenomenon as exemplifying parental determinism in the 21st century. As early as 1996, the sociologist Sharon Hays had described the sociocultural phenomenon of intensive mothering ("intensive mothering"), which a few years later acquired a recognizable face with attachment parenting. In 2004, the media scientist Susan J. Douglas and the philosopher Meredith W. Michaels followed with their portrait of a New Momism ("New Mother-ism").

Time cover photo and article

The Time cover picture and the accompanying article appeared on May 21, 2012. Pickert wrote that the views Sears advocated in his books are far less radical than his critics - and parents who follow him - suggest. Nevertheless, producing his doctrine, many parents something they jokingly referred to as so Pickert posttraumatic Sears disorder refers, namely serious insufficiency feelings among parents Sears' advice to mental health's sake indeed follow their child's wish , but not to such. B. because they are forced to work.

"Parental tribal formation"

Katha Pollitt described attachment parenting as fad , i.e. parenting hype. Parents who follow the doctrine have been accused that the cause of their high willingness to constantly calm their child beyond the first six months by breastfeeding or carrying around lies more in the educational helplessness and excessive demands and in the unsatisfied own emotional need Realizing that the child really needs constant intimacy for healthy development.

Katie Allison Granju, a teaching advocate who has published a guide for attachment parenting parents, calls attachment parenting a "fully fulfilling way of life . "

The sociologist Jan Macvarish ( University of Kent ), a pioneer in the young research field of parenting culture , has described - also with a view to attachment parenting - how young parents find their personal identity through the decision for certain parenting practices or for a certain education and join groups of like-minded people; Macvarish even speaks of "parental tribalism" . It is characteristic of such decisions that they are much more oriented towards the parents' self-image than towards the needs of the child. Emma Jenner has criticized the fact that parents who are used to answering every signal from their child reflexively and without distinction with physical closeness do not learn to observe their child and to perceive its needs in a differentiated manner and in all their complexity.

The sociologist Charlotte Faircloth also considers attachment parenting to be a strategy that women employ in order to find and articulate personal identity.

Upbringing and lifestyle preferences of AP parents

The thesis of the British sociologists that a decision in favor of attachment parenting is often made as an individualization strategy or as a declaration of personal identity and social belonging is supported by the fact that many parents who practice attachment parenting have other characteristic upbringing and lifestyle preferences that draw from the same attitudes (especially: an endeavor for " naturalness "), with the declared aim of attachment parenting - the prevention of insecure attachment - but at most loosely and eclectically connected:

• “Gentle” birth, “natural” birth or home birth without epidural anesthesia or painkillers; Attachment parenting advocates have argued against hospital births that this often disrupts the attachment process, especially by administering analgesics to the laboring mother and by removing the child after birth. However, as long as the child and mother are healthy, they are no longer separated, as a rule, in both American and German maternity wards, even in the first few hours after the birth.
• Homemade toddler food made from biodynamic raw materials; Veganism ; Paleo lifestyle or the baby-led weaning , a nutritional principle that completely dispenses with the production of porridge food, but instead provides children with adult food in a form that the child can grasp, which they should eat at their own discretion
• Use of washable diapers or even completely without them. The child should be constantly observed and then if necessary " held back "
• "Gentle discipline", "positive discipline", non-confrontational means of education
• " Natural healing methods ", holistic medicine , homeopathy and the rejection of vaccinations . With his Vaccine Book , first published in 2007 , William Sears' son Robert Sears made a contribution that greatly fueled vaccine skepticism among parents, and in the AP groups mothers are explicitly urged not to have their children vaccinated.

In addition, particularly in the United States, attachment parenting parents often practice:

• Rejection of circumcision
• Nudism
• Homeschooling or unschooling

Sears explicitly encourages some of these behavioral preferences itself - such as not smoking, eating healthily, preparing baby food yourself, and avoiding circumcision - without, however, making a direct connection to the core ideas of attachment parenting. Such a connection is evident only in Sears' recommendation that a lot of positive reinforcement be used in parenting ; Attachment parenting parents also regularly have a preference for “positive parenting”.

Objections from the feminist side

In his book The Complete Book of Christian Parenting and Child Care (1997), Sears, who is an evangelical Christian, left no doubt that he refuses to work for mothers because he believes it harms the child:

“[Some] mothers choose to go back to their jobs quickly simply because they don't understand how disruptive that is to the well-being of their babies. So many babies in our culture are not being cared for in the way God designed, and we as a nation are paying the price. "

“[Some] mothers choose to get back to their jobs quickly because they fail to see how destructive this is to the welfare of their babies. So many children in our culture are not cared for in the way God intended, and we as a nation pay the price. "

- William Sears : The Complete Book of Christian Parenting and Child Care (1997)

"Baby books (including my own) and child care experts extol the virtues of motherhood as the supreme career."

"Baby books (including my own) and child care experts praise the value of motherhood as the ultimate career."

- William Sears

Katha Pollitt stated that obsessively excessive motherhood has devastating consequences for the social equality of women. In France, Elisabeth Badinter has argued that over-parenting , ideologically motivated fixation on washable diapers, organic, self-prepared toddler food, and parenting practices such as that recommended by Sears with breastfeeding into toddlerhood, led women back into traditional gender role models. Badinter's book The Conflict. The woman and the mother (2010) received some critical acclaim in the United States. a. This is because there is no state-subsidized childcare leave and many women find it a luxury not to have to go to work during the first years of their children's lives. Nevertheless, the gynecologist Amy Tuteur (formerly Harvard Medical School ) stated that attachment parenting amounts to a renewed submission of the female body under social control - in view of the laboriously achieved successes of the women's movement more than dubious.

As Erica Jong observed, the rise of attachment parenting was accompanied by a wave of mass media staged, glamorous motherhood of popular stars ( Angelina Jolie , Madonna , Gisele Bündchen ). She writes that the aspiration to model extraordinary children at the sacrifice of one's own well-being has made motherhood a "highly competitive race" in contemporary society; For the political right, it is extremely convenient when mothers want to radically assume responsibility for upbringing alone.

Objections from the social sciences: "Culture of total motherhood"

In her 2005 book Perfect Madness. Motherhood in the Age of Anxiety has criticized Judith Warner that the strong influence that attachment parenting is having on mainstream American upbringing and that has established a “culture of total motherhood” leads to the fact that mothers today are convinced they must Addressing your child's every need promptly so as not to expose them to the risk of lifelong " abandonment issues " . As early as 1996, the sociologist Sharon Hays had described a newly created “ideology of intense mothering ”. It is characteristic of this ideology that parenting responsibility is primarily placed on the mothers and that parenting is child-centered, expert-led, emotionally absorbing, labor-intensive and financially expensive. Hays saw motives for the overloading of motherhood in the idealistic attempt to balance a social system based on individual egoism and competition by means of a compensatory principle of selfless motherliness. However, any form of intensive motherhood , in which the needs of children are systematically placed above those of their mothers, inevitably takes place to the economic and personal disadvantage of mothers. Rizzo et al. found in a 2014 study that 23% of mothers who believed in the superiority of intense motherhood showed signs of depression. An interpretation of this finding (i.e. whether intensive motherhood promotes depression or, conversely, whether depressed women are particularly drawn to the concept of intensive motherhood) have Rizzo et al. not made.

literature

• Mayim Bialik: Beyond the Sling. A Real-Life Guide to Raising Confident, Loving Children the Attachment Parenting Way. Touchstone 2012, ISBN 978-1-4516-6218-4 .
• Katie Allison Granju, Betsy Kennedy: Attachment Parenting: Instinctive Care for Your Baby and Young Child . Pocket Books, New York, NY 1999, ISBN 0-671-02762-X (Parenting Guide with Bibliography).
• Patrice Marie Miller, Michael Lamport Commons: The Benefits of Attachment Parenting for Infancs and Children: A Behavioral Developmental View . In: Behavioral Development Bulletin . tape 16 , no. 1 , 2010, p. 1–14 , doi : 10.1037 / h0100514 ( PDF ).
• Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 .
  • German: The Attachment Parenting book: nursing and understanding babies. tologo Verlag, 2012, ISBN 978-3-940596-28-4 .

Web links

• Attachment Parenting on the website of William Sears (English)

Notes and individual references

1. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 2f, 5, 8-10, 110
2. ^ Understanding The Continuum Concept. Retrieved January 15, 2015 . 
3. ↑ Meredith F. Small: Our Babies, Ourselves. How Biology and Culture Shape the Way We Parent . Anchor Books, New York 1999. Sharon Heller: The vital touch: how intimate contact with your baby leads to happier, healthier development . Henry Holt, New York, NY 1997.
4. ↑ Aletha Jauch Solter: The Aware Baby . Shining Star Press, Goleta, CA 1984. English: Why Babies Cry. The feelings of toddlers . Kösel, Munich 1984 .; Aware Parenting Institute. Retrieved March 10, 2016 . 
5. ^ At 95, Brazelton shares 'A Life Caring for Children'. In: USA Today. May 1, 2013, accessed January 16, 2015 . 
6. ^ William Sears: Creative parenting: how to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth through adolescence , Everest House, New York, 1982
7. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 87, 164, 166, 174, 176, 181ff, 184, 238f; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 112
8. ↑ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback)
9. ↑ Explicit references to the writings of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth can only be found in Sears' publications since 1987. William Sears: Growing together: A parent's guide to baby's first year , La Leche League International, Franklin Park, Illinois, 1987
10. ^ William Sears: Christian Parenting and Child Care , T. Nelson, Nashville, 1985
11. ↑ How did attachment parenting originate? Retrieved January 20, 2016 .  ; Barbara Nicholson, Lysa Parker: Attached at the Heart. Eight Proven Parenting Principles for Raising Connected and Compassionate Children . Health Communications, Deerfield Beach, FL 2013, ISBN 978-0-7573-1745-3 , pp. 27 .
12. ^ Judy Arnall: Attachment Parenting 101. (PDF) Retrieved March 9, 2016 .  ; Barbara Nicholson, Lysa Parker. Retrieved March 9, 2016 . 
13. ↑ Tammy Frissell-Deppe: Every Parent's Guide to Attachment Parenting: Getting back to basic instincts! JED Publishing, Dracut, MA 1998, ISBN 0-9666341-4-4 .
14. ^ Katie Allison Granju, Betsy Kennedy, Attachment Parenting: Instinctive Care for Your Baby and Young Child . Pocket Books, 1999, ISBN 0-671-02762-X .
15. ^ The Natural Child Project Jan Hunt's website
16. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 5-9
17. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 18
18. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 5, 7
19. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 27
20. ^ The Seven Baby Bs: William Sears et al. a .: The Portable Pediatrician . Everything You Need to Know About Your Child's Health. Little, Brown and Company, New York / Boston / London 2011, ISBN 978-0-316-01748-0 . ( limited preview in Google Book Search); Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 5f, 11
21. ^ Katie Allison Granju, Betsy Kennedy, Attachment Parenting: Instinctive Care for Your Baby and Young Child . Pocket Books, New York, NY 1999, ISBN 0-671-02762-X , pp. xix .
22. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), pp. 47ff, 52, 54, 183; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 36-47; Marshall H. Klaus, John H. Kennell: Maternal-Infant Bonding: The Impact of Early Separation or Loss on Family Development , St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1976 (title incorrectly given by Sears & Sears); John Kennell, Advocate of Infant Bonding, Dies at 91. Retrieved January 15, 2016 (The New York Times, September 21, 2013). 
23. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 51; Katie Allison Granju, Betsy Kennedy: Attachment Parenting: Instinctive Care for Your Baby and Young Child . Pocket Books, New York, NY 1999, ISBN 0-671-02762-X , pp. 58 .
24. ↑ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 96, 188; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 53-56
25. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 56-58
26. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 55f, 60, 120f
27. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 57
28. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 54f
29. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 142
30. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 120; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 64; Katie Allison Granju, Betsy Kennedy: Attachment Parenting: Instinctive Care for Your Baby and Young Child . Pocket Books, New York, NY 1999, ISBN 0-671-02762-X , pp. 290 ff .
31. ^ ^{A b} Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 62
32. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 62f
33. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 99
34. ↑ Norma Jane Bumgarner: Mothering your nursing toddler . La Leche League International, Franklin Park, Illinois 1992 .; German: We are still breastfeeding ... about life with breastfed toddlers . La Leche League Germany, Munich 1996.
35. ↑ Recommendations of the World Health Organization on exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months , accessed on February 22, 2016
36. ↑ Are the benefits of breastfeeding oversold? Retrieved February 15, 2015 .  ; Is Breast Really Best? Risk and Total Motherhood in the National Breastfeeding Awareness Campaign. (PDF) Retrieved February 15, 2015 . 
37. ↑ Cynthia G. Colen, David M. Ramey: Is breast truly best? Estimating the effects of breastfeeding on long-term child health and wellbeing in the United States using sibling comparisons , Social Science & Medicine, 2014, doi: 10.1016 / j.socscimed.2014.01.027
38. ↑ John R. Britton, Helen L. Britton, Virginia Gronwaldt: Breastfeeding, Sensitivity, and Attachment . Pediatrics, Volume 118, Issue 5, November 2006 ( abstract )
39. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 65; William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 78
40. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 65, 67f, 70-78
41. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 133, 139f
42. ↑ E. Anisfeld, V. Casper, M. Nozyce, N. Cunningham: Does infant carrying promote attachment? An experimental study of the effects of increased physical contact on the development of attachment . In: Child Development . tape 61 , 1990, pp. 1617-1627 , PMID 2245751 .
43. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 71f
44. ^ UA Hunziker, RG Barr: Increased carrying reduces infant crying: a randomized controlled trial . In: Pediatrics . tape 7 , no. 5 , May 1986, pp. 641-648 , PMID 3517799 .
45. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 78
46. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 69; 2-year-olds weigh an average of 12 kg (girls) or 12.5 kg (boys) (source: www.disabled-world.com ).
47. ↑ The firmly bound children. Retrieved January 27, 2015 . 
48. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 78, 173; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 91
49. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 173; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 90, 92-95, 102
50. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 92-94
51. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 93f
52. ^ Katie Allison Granju, Betsy Kennedy, Attachment Parenting: Instinctive Care for Your Baby and Young Child . Pocket Books, New York, NY 1999, ISBN 0-671-02762-X , pp. 188 f .
53. ^ Tine Thevenin: The Family Bed , self-published, 1976; Reissue 1987: Avery Pub. Group, Wayne, New Jersey; German: The family bed: security instead of isolation. A centuries-old concept of raising children , Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt / M., 1984
54. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 110
55. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 174; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 95, 97
56. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 133, 139
57. ↑ James J. McKenna et al. a .: Sleep and arousal patterns of co-sleeping human mother / infant pairs: A preliminary physiological study with implications for the study of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) . In: American Journal of Physical Anthropology . tape 83 , no. 3 , 1990, p. 331-347 ( abstract ).
58. ^ PS Blair et al. a .: Babies sleeping with parents: case-control study of factors influencing the risk of the sudden infant death syndrome . In: British Medical Journal . tape 319 , 1999, pp. 1457 ( abstract ).
59. ↑ James McKenna et al. a .: Experimental studies of infant-parent co-sleeping: mutual physiological and behavioral influences and their relevance to SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome) . In: Early Human Development . tape 38 , no. 3 , 1994, p. 187-201 ( abstract ).
60. ↑ Isabelle Benhamou: Sleep Disorders of Early Childhood: A Review . In: Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences . tape 37 , no. 3 , 2000, pp. 190-196 ( online ).
61. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 81
62. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 81f
63. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 82f
64. ↑ Sears and Sears refer to this as the "Caribbean Approach"; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 83f, 88
65. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 165, 169; Why do babies cry. Retrieved January 29, 2015 .  ; Sears and Sears refer to this as the "Caribbean Approach"; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 84ff
66. ^ T. Berry Brazelton: Crying in Infancy . In: Pediatrics . tape 29 , no. April 4 , 1962 ( abstract ).
67. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 121
68. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 122f, 126f
69. ↑ Tammy Frissell-Deppe: Every Parent's Guide to Attachment Parenting: Getting back to basic instincts! JED Publishing, Dracut, MA 1998, ISBN 0-9666341-4-4 , pp. 51 . ; Katie Allison Granju, Betsy Kennedy: Attachment Parenting: Instinctive Care for Your Baby and Young Child . Pocket Books, New York, NY 1999, ISBN 0-671-02762-X , pp. 214 .
70. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 120, 124
71. ^ Herbert Renz-Polster: Sleep problems from the point of view of evolution , specialist article, In: www.Kinder-Verstehen.de
72. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 107; see. Tammy Frissell-Deppe: Every Parent's Guide to Attachment Parenting: Getting back to basic instincts! JED Publishing, Dracut, MA 1998, ISBN 0-9666341-4-4 , pp. Introduction .
73. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 107-110, 112-117, 143ff
74. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 109
75. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 117f
76. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 120
77. ^ Katie Allison Granju, Betsy Kennedy, Attachment Parenting: Instinctive Care for Your Baby and Young Child . Pocket Books, New York, NY 1999, ISBN 0-671-02762-X , pp. 268, 304 .
78. ^ Attachment Parenting Is Feminism. In: The New York Times. May 1, 2012, accessed January 20, 2015 . 
79. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 215, 236ff; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 152; 10 Ways Attachment Parenting Discipline is Easier. Retrieved January 29, 2015 . 
80. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 2
81. ^ Healthy discipline for children. Retrieved January 29, 2015 .  ; William Sears, Martha Sears: The Discipline Book: Everything You Need to Know to Have a Better-Behaved Child From Birth to Age Ten , 1995. Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 17-21, 29
82. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), pp. 237f; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 106
83. ^ William Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book: A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby . Hachette, New York 2001, ISBN 978-0-7595-2603-7 , pp. 5 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
84. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 2f, 8, 10, 26f
85. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 11; without citing sources also on page 18: "Science says: AP infants thrive" (German: science says: "AP infants thrive")
86. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 127f
87. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 120
88. ↑ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 29, 67ff, 107, 184; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 2, 5, 7ff
89. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 43
90. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 71, 189; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 36
91. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 5, 8f, 11, 16, 20, 23, 36–39, 45ff, 49, 92, 130
92. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 161
93. ↑ A study in an urban area in Great Britain characterized by social problems showed a prevalence of 1.4% (H. Minnis et al .: Prevalence of reactive attachment disorder in a deprived population . British Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 202, Issue 5, May 2013 , Pp. 342-346). In average populations, the prevalence is estimated at 1% (Benjamin J. Sadock, Virginia A. Sadock: Kaplan & Sadock's Concise Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry . 3rd edition. Wolters Cluwer, Lippincott Williams & Wilkons, Philadelphia et al. 2008, ISBN 978-0 -7817-8746-8 , pp. 644 ( limited preview in Google Book search). ).
94. ^ Vikko Carlson et al. a .: Disorganized / disoriented attachment relationships in maltreated infants . In: Developmental Psychology . tape 25 , no. 4 , July 1989, p. 525-531 ( abstract ).
95. ↑ ^{a b} Beatrice Beebe u. a .: The origins of 12-month attachment: A microanalysis of 4-month mother-infant interaction . In: Attachment & Human Development . No. 12 , 2010, p. 1-135 , PMC 3763737 (free full text).
96. ↑ Marinus van Ijzendoorn, Carlo Schuengel, Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg: Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae . In: Development and Psychopathology . No. 2 , June 1999, p. 225-250 ( abstract ).
97. ↑ ^{a b} M. H. van Ijzendoorn, PM Kroonenberg: Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: A meta-analysis of the strange situation . Child Development, 1988, 147-156.
98. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 183; William Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book: A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby . Hachette, New York 2001, ISBN 978-0-7595-2603-7 , pp. 217 ( 217 # v = onepage restricted preview in the Google book search).
99. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 71
100. ↑ Vivien Prior, Danya Glaser: Understanding Attachment and Attachment Disorders . Theory, Evidence and Practice. Jessica Kingsley, London 2006, ISBN 1-84310-245-5 , pp. 186 . ; M. Chaffin et al. a .: Report of the APSAC Task Force on Attachment Therapy, Reactive Attachment Disorder, and Attachment Problems. In: Child Maltreatment. Volume 11, 2006, pp. 76-89.
101. ↑ "Entanglement" is here associated with "control" without explaining why the parental authority to be established through attachment parenting is not a form of control. Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 108f
102. ^ Robert Karen: Becoming Attached: First Relationships and How They Shape Our Capacity of Love . Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford 1998, ISBN 978-0-19-511501-7 , pp. 139 ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search). ; Mary Ainsworth: Infancy in Uganda: Infant Care and the Growth of Love . Johns Hopkins Press, 1967, ISBN 978-0-8018-0010-8 . ; B. Kazuko. Y. Behrens, Andrea C. Parker, Sarah Kulkofsky: Stability of Maternal Sensitivity Across Time and Contexts with Q-Sort Measures . Infant and Child Development, Volume 23, Issue 5, September / October 2014, pp. 532-541
103. ↑ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 162, 182; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 12, 84, 90, 95
104. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 1, 5, 7f, 10, 27, 31, 41–43, 78, 83f, 106ff, 131, 151, 155, 157
105. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 9, 28, 31, 101, 115, 118
106. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 50
107. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 167; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 23, 29, 30, 32, 44, 56, 60, 74, 77, 144
108. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 63, 97f, 101; Katie Allison Granju, Betsy Kennedy: Attachment Parenting: Instinctive Care for Your Baby and Young Child . Pocket Books, New York, NY 1999, ISBN 0-671-02762-X , pp. 6 .
109. ↑ ^{a b} Attachment Parenting. Retrieved January 23, 2015 .  savvymom.ca
110. ^ Heinz Kohut: How Does Analysis Cure? , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984
111. ↑ Carolyn C. Cooper: Band-aids, Safety Nets, and Escape Routes: How "Helicopter Parents" May Be Harming Their Children. (PDF) Retrieved November 28, 2015 . 
112. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 182; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 15, 17f, 38, 40, 63, 83-85
113. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 83, 87
114. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 15, 77
115. ↑ Wendy Mogel : The Blessings of a Skinned Knee , 2001. See Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 14
116. ↑ Shimi Kang: The Dolphin Principle. Good upbringing - happy and strong children . Mosaik, 2014, ISBN 978-3-641-12163-1 , p. 23 . ( limited preview in Google Book Search); It's Not the Breastfeeding That's Wrong; It's the indulgence. In: Psychology Today . May 11, 2012, accessed January 17, 2015 .   ; Lori Gottlieb: How to Land Your Kid in Therapy . In: The Atlantic. June 7, 2011, accessed January 16, 2015 . 
117. ^ ^{A b} William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), pp. 197
118. ^ ^{A b} William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), pp. 29, 32, 45, 88, 91f, 96, 166, 176, 241; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. Ix, 1, 3ff, 7f, 11, 16f, 23, 26, 30, 34, 36, 38f, 48, 53, 56, 70, 84, 86, 120f, 124, 147, 155
119. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 8
120. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 114, 153
121. ^ Arnold Gehlen: Anthropologische Forschung , Rowohlt, Reinbek, 1961
122. ↑ encyclopedia.com: Instinct. Retrieved November 20, 2015 . 
123. ^ Sarah Blaffer-Hrdy: A History of Mothers, Infants, and Natural Selection. Pantheon, 1999, ISBN 0-679-44265-0
124. ↑ Mother's love: the strongest feeling deciphered. In: Der Spiegel. May 14, 2006, accessed January 29, 2015 .   ; Is mothering instinctive or learned? Retrieved January 29, 2015 .  ; Craig Howard Kinsley, Kelly G. Lambert: The Maternal Brain. In: Scientific American. 294, January 2006, pp. 72-79 ( online text ); The Real 'Mommy Brain': New Mothers Grew Bigger Brains Within Months of Giving Birth. Retrieved January 29, 2015 . 
125. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 26f, 120
126. ↑ Jamie Lynne Grumet defends controversial Time Magazine breastfeeding cover. Retrieved January 22, 2015 .  ; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , p. 27
127. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 26, 60, 62, 65-68, 74, 79, 89, 110, 122
128. ↑ ^{a b} "There is no ^{such thing as the} original form of motherly love". (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 14, 2015 ; accessed on January 13, 2015 .  ; Ten Problems with Attachment Parenting. Retrieved January 13, 2015 .  ; The mommy wars - did modern mothering become a monastic servitude contest? (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 20, 2015 ; Retrieved January 20, 2015 . 
129. ↑ Lieselotte Ahnert: "It doesn't have to be the mother ..." In: Die Zeit. May 12, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2016 . 
130. ↑ ^{a b} Suzanne M. Cox: Bridging Attachment Theory and Attachment Parenting with Feminist Methods of Inquiry. 2006.
131. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 182; Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 11-25, 32-34, 71f, 152, 164; On his website, Sears even suggests to his readers that the Holocaust would not have happened with Attachment Parenting : 10 Ways Attachment Parenting Discipline is Easier. Retrieved January 29, 2015 . 
132. ↑ Mayim Bialik: From Big Bang Theory to attachment parenting. Retrieved January 14, 2015 .  ; Celebrity Quack Moms Are a Terrible Influence on Everyday Parents. Retrieved January 29, 2015 .  ; 6 Celebs Who Attachment Parent. In: ABC News. April 3, 2014, accessed January 21, 2015 .  ; Kimya Dawson of the Moldy Peaches Talks Attachment Parenting. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 28, 2015 ; accessed on January 21, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Hollywood Star Talks About Co-Sleeping, Baby-Wearing and Unschooling. In: ABC News. March 5, 2012, accessed February 14, 2015 .   
133. ↑ Attachment Parenting International Official Website
134. ^ Attachment Parenting Canada Association. Retrieved November 26, 2015 . 
135. ^ Saskatoon Health Region: Attachment Parenting. (PDF) Retrieved January 11, 2016 . 
136. ^ Breastfeeding, Childbirth and Parenting Experts Gather for La Leche League International 50th Anniversary Conference. Retrieved January 14, 2015 .  ; La Leche League of Washington's response to Time Magazine May cover. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 20, 2015 ; accessed on January 14, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
137. ^ Sandra Dodd: Big Book of Unschooling . 3. Edition. 2009, ISBN 978-0-557-18155-1 , pp. 57 .
138. ^ Attachment Parenting Europe. Retrieved February 28, 2015 . 
139. ↑ Attachment parenting: what's the problem? Retrieved January 21, 2015 .  The Guardian, May 21, 2012.
140. ↑ Erbeerkinder Hamburg. Retrieved January 30, 2015 .  ; Just parents. Retrieved January 30, 2015 . 
141. ↑ Attachment Parenting Congress 2014. Accessed January 21, 2015 . 
142. ^ Attachment Parenting Congress 2016. Accessed June 16, 2015 . 
143. ↑ Michael Abou-Dakn's website (Evangelische Hochschule Berlin). Retrieved January 30, 2015 . 
144. ↑ Katja Saalfrank: "For me it has been an intensive process in recent years". Retrieved January 30, 2015 . 
145. ^ Eva Solmaz: Visitor Rift: An unusual sleep-learning book. Books on Demand 2012, ISBN 978-3-8448-0771-4 .
146. ↑ Julia Dibbern's website ; Julia Dibbern: Safe babies: Relationship instead of parenting. 2., revised. Edition. Anahita-Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-937797-10-6 .
147. ↑ Nora Imlaus website. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 10, 2015 ; accessed on January 30, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
148. ↑ Sibylle Lüpold: I want to sleep with you !: Quiet nights for parents and children. 2nd Edition. Urania, 2009, ISBN 978-3-7831-6164-9 .
149. ^ Website of the Vienna Parent-Child Center Biolino. Retrieved February 28, 2015 .  ; Website of the support structure association in Schaffhausen. Accessed February 2015 . 
150. ^ Jorun Modén: Nära föräldrar , Tecknade bilder förlag, 2005, ISBN 91-973692-3-3 ; Vad är Nära föräldraskap? Retrieved February 14, 2015 . 
151. ↑ Attachment parenting has not caught on in France. Retrieved January 30, 2015 .  ; Les hyper mères: le point sur le maternage intensif. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 13, 2015 ; accessed on January 30, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Plus près de toi, mon bébé. Retrieved January 30, 2015 . Le Monde, January 16, 2010.   
152. ↑ Kate Pickert: The Man Who Remade Motherhood. In: Time Magazine. May 21, 2012; The Case Against Dr. Sears. Retrieved January 22, 2015 . 
153. ^ Sharon Hays: The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood . Yale University Press, 1996.
154. ↑ Susan Douglas, Meredith Michaels: The Mommy Myth. The Idealization of Motherhood and How It Has Undermined Women . Simon and Schuster, 2004.
155. ↑ Are You Mom Enough? (Title page). Retrieved January 21, 2015 .  ; Michaela Haas: The bosom of contention. (No longer available online.) In: Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin. March 25, 2013, archived from the original on January 14, 2015 ; accessed on January 22, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
156. ↑ ^{a b} Kate Pickert: The Man Who Remade Motherhood. In: Time Magazine. May 21, 2012.
157. ↑ Kate Pickert: The Man Who Remade Motherhood. In: Time Magazine. May 21, 2012; The Case Against Dr. Sears. Retrieved January 22, 2015 . 
158. ↑ ^{a b} Attachment Parenting: More Guilt for Mother. Retrieved January 23, 2015 . 
159. ^ The Easiest Way to Mess up Your Child. In: Psychology Today. December 14, 2011, accessed January 17, 2015 .   ; The Problem with Narcissistic Parents. Retrieved January 17, 2015 . 
160. ^ Katie Allison Granju, Betsy Kennedy, Attachment Parenting: Instinctive Care for Your Baby and Young Child . Pocket Books, New York, NY 1999, ISBN 0-671-02762-X , pp. 10 .
161. ^ Jan Macvarish's website. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 18, 2016 ; Retrieved January 25, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Attachment parenting is about the need of parents for validation, not the needs of children. Retrieved January 25, 2015 .   
162. ↑ Emma Jenner: The Perils of Attachment Parenting. Retrieved November 2, 2015 . 
163. ↑ Charlotte Faircloth: Militant Lactivism? Attachment parenting and intensive motherhood in the UK and France . Berghahn, 2013, ISBN 978-0-85745-758-5 , p. 15th ff . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
164. ↑ The mommy wars - did modern mothering become a monastic servitude contest? (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 20, 2015 ; Retrieved January 20, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Attachment Parenting Rules ?! (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 28, 2015 ; accessed on January 24, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.     
165. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 39.
166. ^ Planning for a home birth. Retrieved January 27, 2015 .  ; Attachment Parenting Rules ?! (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 28, 2015 ; accessed on January 27, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
167. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 51
168. ^ Feeding Infants and Toddlers. Retrieved January 24, 2015 .  ; FAQ's About Organic Foods. Retrieved January 24, 2015 . 
169. ↑ Alicia Silverstone : The Kind Mama: A Simple Guilde to Supercharged Fertility, a Radiant Pregnancy, a Sweeter Birth, and a Healthier, More Beautiful Beginning. Rodale Books, 2014, ISBN 978-1-62336-040-5 .
170. ↑ Our unsmothered kids. Retrieved January 24, 2015 . 
171. ^ Katie Allison Granju, Betsy Kennedy, Attachment Parenting: Instinctive Care for Your Baby and Young Child . Pocket Books, New York, NY 1999, ISBN 0-671-02762-X , pp. 134 ff . ; Diaper decisions: Attachment Parenting as a Whole. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on February 10, 2015 ; accessed on January 27, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
172. ^ Elimination Communication: Diaper-Free Trend Gets First Ever Week-Long Celebration (POLL). Retrieved January 27, 2015 . 
173. ^ Katie Allison Granju, Betsy Kennedy, Attachment Parenting: Instinctive Care for Your Baby and Young Child . Pocket Books, New York, NY 1999, ISBN 0-671-02762-X , pp. 9 . ; What is Gentle Discipline? (No longer available online.) In: La Leche League International. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015 ; accessed on January 29, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Attachment Parenting, Please Don't Take Away My Time-Outs! Retrieved January 29, 2015 . ; Frissell-Deppe understands "gentle discipline" to be a discipline that gets by without beating (Tammy Frissell-Deppe: Every Parent's Guide to Attachment Parenting: Getting back to basic instincts! JED Publishing, Dracut, MA 1998, ISBN 0-9666341-4- 4 , p.    127 ff . )
174. ↑ Practice Positive Discipline. Retrieved January 29, 2015 . 
175. ^ Katie Allison Granju, Betsy Kennedy, Attachment Parenting: Instinctive Care for Your Baby and Young Child . Pocket Books, New York, NY 1999, ISBN 0-671-02762-X , pp. 56 . ; You Deserve a Vibrantly Healthy Child! Retrieved January 24, 2015 .  ; Attachment parenting play groups. Retrieved November 27, 2015 . 
176. ^ Robert Sears: The Vaccine Book: Making the Right Decision for Your Child. 2007, ISBN 978-0-316-01750-3 ; Vaccines. Retrieved January 14, 2015 . 
177. ↑ When Did “Attachment Parenting” Come to Mean Vaccine Refusal? Retrieved January 14, 2015 . 
178. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), pp. 59f; Take a stand recommending against routine infant circumcision. Retrieved January 24, 2015 .  ; Tammy Frissell-Deppe: Every Parent's Guide to Attachment Parenting: Getting back to basic instincts! JED Publishing, Dracut, MA 1998, ISBN 0-9666341-4-4 , pp. 143 ff . ; Katie Allison Granju, Betsy Kennedy: Attachment Parenting: Instinctive Care for Your Baby and Young Child . Pocket Books, New York, NY 1999, ISBN 0-671-02762-X , pp. 75 ff .
179. ↑ Attachment Vs. Detachment Parenting: Which One Is For You? Retrieved January 24, 2015 . 
180. ^ Homeschooling: A Natural Progression from Attachment Parenting. Retrieved January 24, 2015 . 
181. ↑ Attachment Parenting Extended. Retrieved January 24, 2015 .  ; Sandra Dodd: Big Book of Unschooling . 3. Edition. 2009, ISBN 978-0-557-18155-1 , pp. 57 . ( limited preview in Google Book search)
182. ^ Bill Sears, Martha Sears: The Attachment Parenting Book. A Commonsense Guide to Understanding and Nurturing Your Baby , Little, Brown and Company, New York, Boston, 2001, ISBN 0-316-77809-5 , pp. 15, 105; William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), pp. 59f, 137 -140, 219
183. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), pp. 243f
184. ^ William Sears: Creative Parenting: How to use the new continuum concept to raise children successfully from birth to adolescence , Dodd, Mead & Company, New York, 1983, ISBN 0-396-08264-5 (paperback), p. 185
185. ↑ Elisabeth Badinter's 'The Conflict': Does Modern Motherhood Undermine Women? In: The Daily Beast. April 23, 2012, accessed January 20, 2015 .   ; KJ Dell'Antonia: Has Motherhood Replaced Sexism? In: The New York Times. April 13, 2012, accessed January 20, 2015 . 
186. ↑ Amy Tuteur: Natural childbirth, attachment parenting, and policing women's bodies . Retrieved January 27, 2015 . 
187. ↑ Erica Jong: Mother Madness. Retrieved November 2, 2015 .  The Wall Street Journal, Nov. 6, 2010
188. ^ Judith Warner: Perfect Madness. Motherhood in the Age of Anxiety. Riverhead, 2005, ISBN 1-59448-170-9 ; Stephanie Wilkinson: The Mommy Mystique . In: Washington Post. February 20, 2005, accessed January 25, 2015 .  (Review); Judith Warner's website. Retrieved January 25, 2015 . 
189. ^ Sharon Hays: The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood. Yale University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-300-07652-5 ; The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood. Retrieved February 23, 2016 .  ; The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood. Retrieved January 25, 2015 .  Review; Understanding parenting culture - Susan Douglas (lecture on the development of "intensive mothering" in the United States, video)
190. ↑ Kathryn M. Rizzo, Holly H. Schiffrin, Miriam Liss: Insight into the parenthood paradox: mental health outcomes of intensive mothering. In: Journal of Child and Family Studies. Volume 22, Issue 5, July 2012, pp. 614-620 ( doi: 10.1007 / s10826-012-9615-z , report ); The 'Better' Mother? How Intense Parenting Leads To Depression. Retrieved January 24, 2015 .