Cultivated roses
Cultivated roses are the cultivated forms from the genus of roses ( Rosa ), in contrast to wild roses . The rose is considered the noblest of flowers in the West . It symbolizes (especially in red) love and romance.
description
Rose bushes grow upright free-standing or - with the help of climbing aids - can also climb (as ramblers or spread climbers ). Some species have no or very few spines . (Contrary to all poetic expressions, roses do not have thorns , but spines.) The spines can be reddish, black, small, large, bristly, broad, straight, wedge-shaped, hooked, or very pointed. The Omei rose ( Rosa omeiensis f. Pteracantha Rehder & EHWilson ) from China has the largest spines: sharp, hard, flat, wedge-shaped, reddish translucent, which are widened up to 2 centimeters and more at the base, longer than their leaves, it is popularly called the barbed wire rose (English: Winged Thorn). The alternate leaves are usually pinnate, rarely simple. The stipules are usually conspicuous.
In the case of roses, the flowers are either individually or in differently structured inflorescences . The hermaphrodite flowers are radially symmetrical and five-fold. The five (rarely four) green sepals are often more or less similar to the leaves. Wild forms have five showy petals . The stamens are available in large numbers. The mostly many carpels are not fused together (apocarp). (Cultivated) roses (garden roses) come in all colors (except pure blue and black) and also color mixtures. The ' Viridiflora ' rose variety has the rare flower color green . Many varieties give off a pleasant scent in different scents. Many varieties are double-flowered, which means that some or all of the stamens of these varieties are transformed into decorative petals.
The fruits of the roses (in reality they are cluster nuts, that is, the "kernels" are the actual fruits) are called rose hips . The "pulp" is edible and very rich in vitamins . Roses that bloom several times do not form rose hips due to the summer pruning.
use
Cut flower
Around 977 million roses in the form of cut flowers were imported to Germany in 2004 (value 765 million euros). That came from
- 675 million roses from the Netherlands worth 681 million euros
- 16.9 million from Italy
- 14.6 million from Kenya
- 12.4 million from Ecuador
Carbon dioxide is used as a fertilizer for large-scale cultivation in greenhouses . This is achieved by burning natural gas or by supplying CO 2 from gas cylinders.
Cosmetics and Remedies
Rose petals from the Provence rose and Damascus rose are used to obtain rose oil and rose water . Rose oil is the basis of many cosmetic products and perfumes. Rose oil is also used for therapeutic purposes.
Food
Rose jam can be made from rose petals . Candied rose petals can be enjoyed as a dessert. Rose water is used as an ingredient in foods such as marzipan .
Cultural history
"Spread"
The earliest findings of wild roses to date are fossils in the Colorado Rockies with imprints of rose petals; these come from the Paleolithic , which dates back 35 to 32 million years. The origin of the rose culture is the Chinese garden art ; Confucius (551–479 BC) reports of rose planting in the royal gardens in Beijing.
The famous poet Anakreon of Greece praised the healing properties of the rose balm. In Roman times were in Italy roses ( Rosa canina , Rosa gallica , Rosa x alba ) for perfume production in plantations and as a medicinal plant cultivated. For the Romans, roses were one of the highest luxury goods, which is why their feasts were covered with rose petals. With the end of the Roman Empire, rose cultivation (for healing purposes) only took place in the monastery gardens.
Charlemagne finally decreed in 794 in his Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii the cultivation of fruit, vegetable, medicinal and ornamental plants, including the rose Rosa canina (as a medicinal plant) and thus again ensured the spread of the rose in private gardens.
According to Albertus Magnus , Rosa alba , Rosa rubiginosa , Rosa arvensis and varieties of Rosa canina existed in Germany in the 13th century . Until then, all the roses had only bloomed once. New varieties only emerged through spontaneous mutations ("sports"), natural crossings and their selection . The roses were either white or pink in color. Those with red and yellow hues have only existed in Europe since the voyages of discovery to Asia in the 16th century .
Empress Joséphine , the wife of Napoleon (1763–1814), who started the first rose collection , had a great influence on rose breeding .
In Germany, the first rose cultivation is considered to be the Gallicarose ' Perle von Weißenstein ', raised by Daniel August Schwartzkopf in Kassel around 1773 . In Germany, rose breeding is inextricably linked to the rose breeders Rudolf Geschwind (1829–1910), Peter Lambert (1859–1939) and Wilhelm Kordes (1891–1976).
In the 18th and 19th centuries, blooming roses were grown in Central Europe for the first time several times a year (see Portland Rose , Remontant ). As recent DNA studies have shown, this property was achieved by crossing varieties that bloom several times per season, which in turn go back to Rosa fedtschenkoana . All cultivated roses that bloom several times have inherited this property from this wild rose.
In 1867, the legendary rose ' La France ' was introduced in France , the first hybrid tea that played an important role in the classification of roses and marked a new beginning in rose history.
When the Mendelian inheritance rules were rediscovered and applied at the beginning of the 20th century , new aspects also emerged in rose breeding, and brisk breeding work began. Well over 30,000 rose varieties have been bred in the meantime.
New roses in Germany can be registered for testing in their own rose gardens , the so-called ADR test gardens , of which there are 11 in Germany, in order to receive the coveted title: " ADR rose ".
Rose collections can be found in the so-called rosarium (singular: rosarium ). In Germany, for example, the Europa-Rosarium in Sangerhausen , the Deutsche Rosarium in Dortmund and Europe's rose garden in Zweibrücken .
The propagation of cultivated roses usually takes place through plant refinement .
In 1868 Heinrich Schultheis founded the first German rose tree nursery in Steinfurth (today part of 61231 Bad Nauheim ) . Schultheis learned how to grow roses in England from John Cranston .
symbolism
The five-part arrangement of flowers symbolizes the pentagram and thus the secret. " Sub rosa dictum" - the rose has been a symbol of secrecy since ancient times .
In Christianity , the rose symbolizes paradise and the thornless rose symbolizes Mary , the Mother of God. Above all in the Middle Ages , the rose also stands for women themselves, and also for love for a woman up to lust or for desire up to rape . Compare Goethe's poem Heidenröslein , which was set to music by Heinrich Werner , Franz Schubert and others: "Saw a Knab ein Röslein" (= "saw a boy stand a girl / woman") or the technical term defloration for defloration (from lat. flos , Gen. floris "flower").
On Buddhist house altars, roses are frowned upon because of their thorns.
In alchemy , the rose was considered a flos sapientiae , a flower of wisdom and an image of the clear mind.
In Freemasonry , the rose symbol stands for love, light and life.
In heraldry , the rose is used to fill a shield, mainly in a stylistic form and as a symbol .
Horticultural classification of the rose types and sorts
→ See also: Rose classes .
Old roses
Old roses are all roses that belong to a group that existed before 1867 (that year 'La France', the first hybrid tea, was introduced). So the rose 'Scharlachglut' (Kordes 1952) an Old Rose, because she is a Gallica Rose is - the group of Gallica roses existed before 1867. The often expressed view that as Old roses just all before 1867 resulting roses to be viewed is wrong.
Hybrid Tea (Hybrid Tea)
Hybrid tea or hybrid tea roses are roses with particularly elegant flowers. They usually only produce one flower on the stem. The first hybrid tea emerged when, in 1867, the silvery-pink 'La France' - a so-called Remontant cultivation - was crossed with the tea roses from the Near East . The result of the cross between Remontant roses and tea roses led to rose varieties that combine the robustness of the Remontant rose with the beauty, flowering time and delicacy of the tea rose. One of the most famous hybrid tea roses is the yellow flowering ' Gloria Dei ', which is considered the most widely planted hybrid tea rose of all time. It was introduced in 1945. Since then, more than 100 million plants have been sold. The 'Orient Express' variety is considered to be a newer breed with similar qualities to the tried and tested 'Gloria Dei' variety.
Table: some important hybrid tea roses
| variety | colour | year | comment | photo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 'Mme. Caroline Testout ' | pink | 1890 |
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| 'Ophelia' | soft pink | 1912 | valuable old variety |
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| 'Betty Uprichard' | red | 1922 | ||
| 'Dainty Bess' | pink | 1925 |
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| 'Dame Edith Helen' | silky pink | 1926 | very valuable | |
| 'Edith Nellie Perkins' | 1928 | |||
| 'Talisman' | 1929 | |||
| 'Mrs. Pierre S. du Pont ' | golden yellow | 1929 |
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| 'Picture' | pink | 1932 |
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| 'Privy Councilor Duisberg' | pure yellow | 1933 | ||
| 'Eclipse' | 1935 | |||
| 'Crimson Glory' | velvety dark red | 1935 |
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| 'Elite' | 1936 | |||
| 'Michéle Meilland' | whitish-pink | 1945 |
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| ' Gloria Dei ' | golden yellow at the edge red | 1945 | syn. 'Mme A. Meilland', 'Peace' |
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| 'Spek's Yellow' | golden yellow | 1947 |
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| 'New Yorker' | dark red | 1948 |
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| 'Mme. L. Dieudonné ' | Red gold | 1948 |
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| 'Special message' | geranium red | 1950 | ||
| ' Queen Elizabeth ' | pink | 1954 | World Rose 1978 |
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| ' Scent Cloud ' | coral red | 1963 | World Rose 1981 |
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| ' Papa Meilland ' | red | 1963 | World Rose 1988 |
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| ' Pascali ' | White | 1963 | World Rose 1991 |
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| ' Ingrid Bergman ' | red | 1984 | World Rose 2000 |
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Flower roses or polyanthine roses
Roses are also called Polyantha or Floribunda roses and do not represent a uniform breed of roses. They consist of several groups:
- small-flowered, but in large umbels blooming polyanthene
- Polyantha hybrids, a cross between the polyanthate and the tea hybrid: flowers in umbels, but similar to noble roses in the individual flowers
- Floribunda hybrids: completely like noble roses, but still blooming in umbels and growing stronger
- Dwarf polyantha hybrids that grow to about 8 to 10 inches
These roses bloom all summer and produce around 10 to 12 flowers on the stem. Flower roses grow more abundantly and more strongly than most hybrid roses. They also flower more consistently.
→ See also: Sexy Rexy (Rose) .
Table: some important polyantharoses
| variety | colour | year | comment | photo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ' Greetings to Aachen ' | rosy-white-golden yellow | 1909 |
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| 'Ellen Poulsen' | 1912 | |||
| 'Josef Guy' | scarlet | 1921 | ||
| 'Baron de Vivario' | pure white | 1925 | ||
| ' The Fairy ' | pink | 1932 | Hybrid with Rosa moschata |
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| 'Dick Koster' | salmon pink-orange | 1935 | also known as the "Paris Rose" | |
| 'Margo Koster' | salmon orange | 1935 | ||
| 'Orange Triumph' | orange-scarlet | 1937 | ||
| 'Holstein' | dark red | 1938 |
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| 'Poulsen's Pink' | salmon-colored, light red | 1939 | ||
| 'Frensham' | deep dark red | 1946 | ||
| 'Fashion' | salmon colored | 1947 | ||
| 'Goldilocks' | yellow | 1948 | ||
| 'Alain' | dark fireplace red | 1948 |
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| 'Schleswig' | pure pink | 1949 | ||
| 'Yellow Holstein' | dark yellow | 1949 | ||
| ' Guletta ' | yellow | 1976 | de Ruiter |
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Climbing roses and rambler roses
Climbing roses come from different types of roses. The two native species Rosa pendulina and the field rose Rosa arvensis can be involved. More important, however, are the semi-evergreen climbing rose Rosa wichuraiana , and above all the multi-flowered rose cluster rose ( Rosa multiflora ), which is also the ancestor of the polyanthine rose. The world-famous rose 'Paul's Scarlet Climber' emerged from it. Noisette roses and many other climbing roses probably inherited their fragrance from the musk rose Rosa moschata .
Many climbing roses are sports of non-climbing rose bushes. With shrubby roses ( e.g. hybrid tea ), individual shoots can sometimes show stronger, climbing growth. This creates varieties that are identical to the original variety except for their stronger growth. These new varieties are then usually named after the original variety, with a "climbing" prefixed to the name. So from the shrub rose Souvenir de la Malmaison , the climbing rose Climbing Souvenir de la Malmaison emerged. Climbing roses reach heights of two to ten meters. Depending on the variety and species, they bloom once or several times.
Rambler roses develop flexible, long shoot axes . They are particularly suitable for greening open trees. One of the best-known varieties is the vigorous ' Bobbie James ', which blooms profusely in white once a year. One of the newer breeds among the rambler roses is 'Guirlande d'Amour', which also flowers white, but which forms flowers over the entire summer and does not grow as fast as the older variety 'Bobbie James'.
Table: some important climbing and rambler roses
| variety | year | colour | Stem shape | comment | photo |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ' Gloire de Dijon ' | 1853 | yellowish pink | tea rose |
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| 'American Pillar' | 1902 | Red White | Rosa wichuraiana | (Introduced from Japan in 1891) |
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| 'Dorothy Perkins' | 1902 | cherry pink | Rosa wichuraiana |
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| 'Excelsa' | 1910 | blood red | Rosa wichuraiana | world famous variety |
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| 'Paul's Scarlet Climber' | 1917 | scarlet | Tuft rose | in trade also under the name "Blaze", from 1954 also "New Blaze" in the permanent flowering variety |
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| 'Easlea's Golden Rambler' | 1933 | lemon yellow | Tuft rose | ||
| ' New Dawn ' | 1930 | pink, later whitish pink | Rosa lucieae |
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Shrub roses
The term “shrub rose” is a somewhat misleading term, as all roses form shrubs in the botanical sense . The shrub roses mainly include roses that (in contrast to the often sparsely growing tea hybrids ) achieve an appealing, shrub-like habit. With a size between 1 and 3 meters, shrub roses are therefore also suitable for standing alone in gardens and parks.
If possible, shrub roses are nowadays tried to be assigned to a wild rose species (e.g. Rosa canina 'Kiese'), even if this principle cannot always be followed consistently, since shrub roses are often more complex hybrids made up of several Species emerged. Mostly, rose varieties from the 20th century are considered to be shrub roses, but there are also varieties from the class of old roses that were created before 1867.
A distinction is made between shrub roses that bloom once and more often. The latter usually bloom a second time in late summer to autumn after the main bloom in early summer after a blooming break.
For decades, one of the most famous shrub roses in the world was the protected cultivar ' Snow White ', which for a long time bore the title of ADR rose. Since there are now varieties that are less susceptible to diseases such as rose powdery mildew and star soot, the rating was revoked again. The successor to the tried and tested variety, on the other hand, is the white-flowering new breed 'Petticoat'. The strong-growing shrub rose is also characterized by a strong scent.
Small shrub roses
Small shrub roses are also known as ground cover roses . There are flat lying, but also broadly bushy to arching overhanging, flat spreading rose varieties of different rose classes. They are seen as an alternative to other trees or shrubs used as ground cover and their name suggests an easy-care, weed-free area, which is not true, because roses cannot really act as ground cover and suppress weeds. In addition, they are usually too high for real ground cover; That is why one now prefers and correctly speaks of small shrub roses or area roses. However, they are mostly robust, disease-resistant permanent bloomers and are mainly used in public green spaces.
The small shrub roses include, for example:
- The salmon-colored ' Bonica 82 ', an ADR rose , has been a world rose since 2003 and is 40 to 60 centimeters high.
- The dark red blooming 'Colossal Meidiland', which is up to 80 centimeters high.
- 'Cubana' is a small shrub rose that is only 50 centimeters high. The apricot flower color, which is only found in a few varieties of this group of roses, is unusual.
- 'Purple Meidiland' is one of the rose varieties with the ADR rating. It reaches heights of 40 to 60 centimeters and can cope with harsher climates.
- The 80 centimeter high pink variety 'Windrose' is also one of the ADR roses.
- The yellow-flowered and only slightly filled 'Celina' can also cope with partially shaded locations.
Wild roses
Some wild rose species are also grown in parks and gardens. These include, for example, the apple rose , the potato rose , the dog rose , the vinegar rose and the Chinese gold rose ( Rosa hugonis ).
Rose pads
These serve as the "roots" for the rose variety growing on it. Most roses are refined by inoculating into the root neck.
- Rosa canina 'Inermis'
- Rosa canina 'Pfänders' (especially for standard roses )
- Rosa canina 'Schmidt's Ideal'
- Rosa corymbifera 'Laxa'
- Clump rose ( Rosa multiflora )
- Rosa rubiginosa (for park roses and old roses )
- Rosa canina 'Heinsohn's Record'
- Rosa canina 'Pollmer'
- Rosa canina 'Schreiber'
- Rosa canina 'Superbe'
- Rosa canina 'Bögs Stachellose'
- Rosa canina 'Heinsohn's Record'
- Rosa coriifolia
Roses as a garden plant
The ADR test
The "General German Rose Novelty Test" (ADR) checks newly bred rose varieties for their quality in special gardens. In the assessment, both aesthetic and horticultural aspects are assessed. Roses that receive more than 80 points are allowed to carry the special designation " ADR rose ".
Diseases
A variety of diseases affect roses . However, their susceptibility to disease decreases when they have optimal growth conditions; a sunny location, a fertilization adapted to the needs of the plant as well as a cut appropriate for the respective variety. The diseases that occur in roses include rose rust , star soot and gray mold rot , which causes brown spots on the rose petals and allows flower buds to dry up and rot. When watering, care should therefore be taken to ensure that only the roots are poured so as not to provide the mushrooms with a damp climate on the leaves. The mildew is probably the most common rose disease. The first signs of powdery mildew infection are small gray, powdery-looking spots on the leaves, flower stems and buds. The insects that attack the roses include rose leaf hoppers , the rose wasp ( Blennocampa pusilla ), rose aphids and spider mites .
Web links
supporting documents
- ↑ American Rose Society: Modern Roses XI, London and San Diego 2000, p. Xii: “In 1966, the American Rose Society defined an 'old garden rose' as any rose belonging to a class which was in existence prior to 1867 (the year of introduction of the first Hybrid Tea). "