Movement of the Non-Aligned States

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18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Baku (2019)
Members (dark blue) and observers (light blue) of the Non-Aligned Movement

The movement of the non-aligned states ( movement of the non-aligned or non-aligned movement , English Non-Aligned Movement ) is an international organization of states that behaved neutrally in the East-West conflict after the Second World War and did not belong to either of the two military blocs . The organization was founded on the initiative of the Yugoslav President Tito , the Egyptian Head of State Nasser , the Indian Prime Minister Nehru and theIndonesian President Sukarno returns. The organization was constituted in 1961 at its first meeting in Belgrade . It was joined by many former African and Asian colonies that had just been constituted as states or were still struggling for independence.

The organization condemned the bloc formation in the time of the East-West conflict because of the danger of a Third World War and advocated peaceful coexistence and disarmament . However, the growing number of members made it increasingly difficult for the organization to agree on a common policy. With the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in the early 1990s, it lost its importance. The heterogeneous composition of the movement made it difficult to define and pursue common goals. The states of the non-aligned movement represent 55 percent of the world population and hold almost two thirds of the seats in the UN General Assembly .

The aim of the organization is equality between the states and a positive economic development of the member states.

story

States participating in the Bandung Conference (1955)

At the initiative of the Indian Prime Minister Nehru and the Yugoslav Prime Minister Tito , envoys from 23 Asian and 6 African countries met in Bandung, Indonesia . These were states that did not belong to either the western or the eastern alliance system .

The heads of state and government turned out to be the most important personalities in the course of the Bandung conference

As a result of the conference, the 29 states passed several resolutions . In one they condemned "every form of colonialism and racial discrimination " and demanded "respect for the Charter of the United Nations ". In a further resolution, they spoke out in favor of “reducing tensions between the power blocs, general disarmament and a ban on nuclear weapons”. At the Bandung conference, the Third World also made calls for equal rights and equal treatment for the former colonial powers for the first time . The spirit of Bandung contributed significantly to the decolonization process .

From the results of the conference, the anti-imperialist movement of the non-aligned states was formed in the early 1960s . During the founding phase of this movement, Yugoslavia, Egypt and India assumed the leading role until it was concluded with the first summit conference from September 1-6, 1961 in Belgrade. At this summit conference, 25 states were represented by their heads of state.

In Europe a total of three countries were members of this movement - Yugoslavia, the Republic of Cyprus and Malta . The successor states of Yugoslavia (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia) have not been members of the non-aligned movement since the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991/92, but still have observer status , as does Ukraine as the successor state of the Soviet Union . Malta and Cyprus declared their exit after joining the European Union .

former members

Europe at the time of the Iron Curtain .
  • Warsaw Pact States
  • NATO countries
  • militarily neutral states
    • The SFR Yugoslavia (green) was a non-aligned real socialist state and not part of the Eastern Bloc ( Tito - Stalin break in the summer of 1948, see Titoism ). Albania (red stripes) had not been an Eastern Bloc state since 1961/68.
    • Yugoslavia (founding state)
    • Argentina
    • Malta
    • Cyprus
    • PR China (was temporarily a member)

    Members

    Josip Broz Tito monument on Paseo de la Reforma in Mexico City . Honor for one of the founders of the non-aligned movement

    The following 120 countries were members of the non-aligned movement in 2012:

    observer

    Most recently, Malta and the Republic of Cyprus left in 2004 and now only have observer status, while in 2006 the number of members rose to 118. The agreement on clear common political positions also makes it clear that the movement of the non-aligned states is gaining in importance. Almost all of the speeches at the Havana Summit emphasized the need for South-South cooperation, which, in view of the many bilateral economic contacts between the member states, seems to have come well beyond the planning phase. A short time later, many of the positions adopted in Havana were reflected in the speeches at the General Assembly of the United Nations.

    Chairman of the Non-Aligned States

    Chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement
    Surname Country from until
    Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia Socialist Federal RepublicYugoslavia Yugoslavia 1961 1964
    Gamal Abdel Nasser United Arab RepublicUnited Arab Republic United Arab Republic 1964 1970
    Kenneth Kaunda ZambiaZambia Zambia 1970 1973
    Houari Boumédienne AlgeriaAlgeria Algeria 1973 1976
    William Gopallawa Sri LankaSri Lanka Sri Lanka 1976 1978
    Junius Richard Jayawardene 1978 1979
    Fidel Castro CubaCuba Cuba 1979 1983
    Neelam Sanjiva Reddy IndiaIndia India 1983
    Giani Zail Singh 1983 1986
    Robert Mugabe ZimbabweZimbabwe Zimbabwe 1986 1989
    Janez Drnovšek Yugoslavia Socialist Federal RepublicYugoslavia Yugoslavia 1989 1990
    Borisav Jović 1990 1991
    Stjepan (Stipe) Mesić 1991
    Branko Kostic 1991 1992
    Dobrica Ćosić 1992
    Suharto IndonesiaIndonesia Indonesia 1992 1995
    Ernesto Samper Pizano ColombiaColombia Colombia 1995 1998
    Andrés Pastrana Arango 1998
    Nelson Mandela South AfricaSouth Africa South Africa 1998 1999
    Thabo Mbeki 1999 2003
    Mahathir bin Mohamad MalaysiaMalaysia Malaysia 2003
    Abdullah Ahmad Badawi 2003 2006
    Fidel Castro CubaCuba Cuba 2006 2008
    Raul Castro 2008 2009
    Hosni Mubarak EgyptEgypt Egypt 2009 2011
    Mohammed Hussein Tantawi 2011 2012
    Mohammed Morsi 2012
    Mahmoud Ahmadinejad IranIran Iran 2012 2013
    Hassan Rouhani 2013 2016
    Nicolás Maduro VenezuelaVenezuela Venezuela 2016 2019
    İlham Əliyev AzerbaijanAzerbaijan Azerbaijan 2019 ...

    Summit conferences

    18th Baku Summit (2019)
    1. 1961: Belgrade
    2. 1964: Cairo
    3. 1970: Lusaka
    4. 1973: Algiers
    5. 1976: Colombo
    6. 1979: Havana
    7. 1983: New Delhi
    8. 1986: Harare
    9. 1989: Belgrade
    10. 1992: Jakarta
    11. 1995: Cartagena de Indias
    12. 1998: Durban
    13. 2003: Kuala Lumpur
    14. 2006: Havana
    15. 2009: Sharm El Sheikh
    16. 2012: Tehran
    17. 2016: Isla Margarita
    18. 2019: Baku

    In 2011 a meeting was held in Belgrade on the 50th anniversary of the first summit conference.

    See also

    literature

    • Jürgen Dinkel: The movement of non-allied states. Genesis, Organization and Politics (1927–1992). (Studies in International History. Volume 37). Berlin / Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-11-040418-0 .
    • Anouar Abdel-Malek: Non-Alignment. In: Historical-Critical Dictionary of Marxism . Volume 2, Argument-Verlag, Hamburg 1995, Sp. 267-275.
    • Christopher J. Lee (Ed.): Making a World after Empire. The Bandung Moment and its Political Afterlives. Ohio University Press, Athens, OH, 2010, ISBN 978-0-89680-277-3 .
    • Volker Matthies: The non-aligned. Origins, development, conceptions . Leske + Budrich, Opladen 1985, ISBN 3-8100-0391-3 .
    • Marie-Luise Pörtner: The non-aligned movement since 1989 . Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, Wiesbaden 1997, ISBN 3-8244-4209-4 .
    • Hennie Strydom: The Non-Aligned Movement and the Reform of International Relations [1] . In: Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law . tape 11 . Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden 2007, p. 1-46 .
    • Vijay Prashad: The Darker Nations. A People's History of the Third World . New Press, New York / London 2007, ISBN 978-1-56584-785-9 .

    Web links

    Commons : Non-Aligned Movement  - Collection of Images

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ The third direction in the East-West conflict. Retrieved on July 25, 2019 (German).
    2. ^ Movement of the Non-Aligned States. Retrieved July 6, 2019 .
    3. ^ Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com): Non-Aligned States: A Relic of the Cold War | DW | 07/15/2009. Retrieved on July 25, 2019 (German).
    4. ↑ Member States of the Movement of Non-Aligned States. Retrieved July 25, 2019 .