Closewitz
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Closewitz
City of Jena
Coordinates: 50 ° 57 ′ 36 ″ N , 11 ° 34 ′ 21 ″ E
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| Height : | 345 m |
| Area : | 4.1 km² |
| Residents : | 131 (December 31, 2017) |
| Population density : | 32 inhabitants / km² |
| Incorporation : | 1st February 1974 |
| Incorporated into: | Cospeda |
| Postal code : | 07751 |
| Primaries : | 036425, 03641 |
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Closewitz is a district of the independent city of Jena in Thuringia .
geography
Geographical location
Closewitz is located on the Ilm-Saale-Platte in the northern urban area of Jena. 5 district roads meet in or near the village. The city center is around 7.5 km away. After Weimar is 17 km away and the state capital Erfurt km 40th The closest federal highways are the B 7 (4 km to the west) and the B 88 (4 km to the east). The next motorway is the A4 (13 km south).
| Krippendorf district (2 km) | Altengönna (municipality of Lehesten) (3 km) | Lehesten (municipality of Lehesten) (5 km) | |
| District Lützeroda (1 km) |
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Rödigen (municipality of Lehesten) (3 km) | |
| District of Cospeda (1.5 km) | Jena city center (7.5 km) | District Zwatzen (4 km) |
Distance information relates to the distance through the shortest road connection to the town center.
landscape
The area belonging to Closewitz is located in the north and south-west on the heights of the Ilm-Saale-Platte. The Windknollen nature reserve is located on the southern heights . In the eastern part of the district lies the Rautal , a forest area in which winterlings were settled extensively and in the lower part of which viticulture was once practiced . In a northern side valley is the Burschenplatz , a historical meeting place for the fraternities . The Steinbach rises near the village and flows into the Saale 4 km further east . The highest point in the area is the Dornberg at 383 m above sea level. NN northwest of the village.
The place is hardly noticeable as part of the urban area or as a Jena district, as the actual Jena urban area extends around 200 meters below the place on the bottom of the Saale valley. In addition, the Closewitzer Forest and the Rautal ensure a spatial demarcation of the incorporated places on the Ilm-Saale-Platte to the soft image of the big city, so that the rural character of the region has been preserved.
history
middle Ages
A first hamlet-like settlement, the predecessor of today's village, was apparently laid out by Slavic farmers in the 9th or 10th century . This is supported by some archaeological finds of ceramics from the Leipzig district , which are now in the possession of the prehistoric and early historical collection of the University of Jena , and the place name, which can be derived from the Old Sorbian term * klos for ear or a corresponding personal name. However, the area belonged to the East Franconian Empire .
The first mention of the place in the written sources is controversial in historical studies . For a long time, the mention of a place Clochwiz in a document issued in 1259 was the oldest evidence. With reference to this mention z. B. 1984 celebrated a week of festivities for the 725th anniversary of Closewitz and another anniversary celebration is planned for 2009. However, Andrei Zahn pointed out in an essay in 2005 that the place mentioned next to Cospeda is not Closewitz, but + Clöchwitz, a desert in the Ziegenhain Valley. In later copies of this document, the name was probably written as "Clozwitz", "Closwitz" or "Closewitz", based on the neighboring Cospeda from the deserted area that has now been forgotten. According to the latest findings, Closewitz was mentioned for the first time on November 28, 1273. Heinrich (the illustrious) Margrave of Meißen and Osterland and his son Dietrich (the Feiste) Margrave of Landsberg, at the request of Burgrave Otto von Kirchberg , transfer ownership of the “Rautal” forest on the slope of the mountain between “Clozwiz” and “Zwezen” had once owned Rupert von Gönna, the Teutonic Order House in Zwatzen. Due to the geographical reference to the Rautal and Zwätz, it can be clearly assumed that "Clozwiz" is today's Closewitz. According to the current state of research, the year 1273 is the first documented mention of Closewitz. The original document is kept in the Saxon main state archive in Dresden. In 1287 Friedrich von Closewitz witnessed the sale of land by the "nobles of Lobdeburg".
In 1309 a Theodericus de Closwitz is named and in 1317 a Heinrich von Closewitz gives away a vineyard to the nunnery in Jena. In 1351 the lords of Molwitz sold the bailiwick and the court of Closewitz and the desolate village of Ziskau, which they had received from the lords of Heldrungen, to the Cistercian monastery in Jena. Until the Reformation, Closewitz was cared for by the provost of the St. Michael church in Jena . After the nunnery was closed in 1545, Closewitz came to the office of Jena.
In the vicinity of Closewitz there are two devastations , which were probably both destroyed in the Thuringian Count War from 1342 to 1346. The Ziskau desert (also Czizow, Czischko or Zittkau) lies to the west of the village and was described as desert in 1351. The family name "Cyscowe" or "Cystowe" occurs in documents from the 14th century. The desert area called Schondorf or Schöndorf is located northeast of Closewitz. The field name “the Schöndorfer Garten” still exists today and the Schondorfer Graben north of the Rautal can be found on old maps . The place was described as desolate in 1355. The inhabitants of both villages probably moved to Closewitz.
Modern times
1672 is said to have been a permanent castle near Closewitz, the Huneburg or Wimmelburg, but this is controversial.
During the Fourth Coalition War , the decisive battle between Napoleon's troops and the Prussian army under the leadership of the Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen took place on October 14, 1806, and went down in history as the Battle of Jena and Auerstedt . On the eve of the battle, the Prussian line-up of Vierzehnheiligen, the later focal point of the battle, extends to Closewitz and Rödigen. In Closewitz the battle began early in the morning on October 14th. The place was occupied by the French after heavy fighting. Between Closewitz and Lützeroda to the west, the French army encountered the opposing Prussians, who then had to withdraw. The battle shifted to Vierzehnheiligen and Krippendorf from the late morning hours. Napoleon ordered to attack the advanced Prussian-Saxon positions first at the villages of Lützeroda and Closewitz and then at Rödigen and Lehesten. The French troops succeeded in pushing these units away from the foggy battlefield.
In 1875 a village school was built in the village, which was used until the 1940s. The comparatively small town had its own midwife the year before . In 1897, however, the midwife Steiniger had to resign due to illness. The new midwife for Closewitz was Emilie Linz, a carpenter from the neighboring town of Lützeroda , who also looked after the town of Cospeda. In the case of poor pregnant women, the midwife received 5 marks per delivery, which the three communities had to raise.
In 1908 a water pipe and storage basin were built northeast of the village. After a 110 hectare plot of land in the Closewitz Forest was sold to the German Reich in 1939 , a parade ground for the Wehrmacht was set up here, which was expanded with additional land purchased from the neighboring community of Cospeda.
Period of National Socialism and the post-war period
From 1943 to 1945, bombed out residents of the industrial cities were housed in Closewitz. With them and the resettlers from the German eastern areas, the population rose temporarily to around 300 inhabitants. In addition, from the early 1940s, forced laborers from Poland and France were working on the local farms .
In 1944 a British fighter plane was shot down near the town. The pilot can save himself by parachute and is arrested by the residents of the village. In the spring of 1945, during an air raid on Jena, the bombs destined for the city area were released too early by a Royal Air Force pilot and only missed the site by a few hundred meters. Even today, some of the ten or so bomb hits in the forest can be seen in the Rautal, near the so-called Panzerstraße. The cause of the premature release of the bombs is not known. During the Second World War there was no fighting in the area. However, during the invasion of the United States' armed forces in April 1945, a resident was killed when US soldiers with tanks marched in and opened fire with machine guns on suspicious farms in the village square.
The Potsdam Agreement made Thuringia part of the Soviet occupation zone . After the US troops withdrew in the summer / autumn of 1945, the Soviet armed forces initially took over the place, and a little later set up a garrison in the former Wehrmacht barracks in Jena-Nord. The parade ground laid out in 1939 for the Wehrmacht was used by the 79th Guards Panzer Division of the 8th Guards Army , based in Jena-Zwatzen and Jena-Löbstedt , from that time until the withdrawal of the group of Soviet armed forces in Germany in the early 1990s .
Since the school in Closewitz was orphaned in December 1945, a teacher from the neighboring town of Krippendorf took over a substitute for 3 days a week. From 1946 to at least 1948 the village school was filled with one full teacher position. The teacher also lived in Closewitz herself. The village school, however, was only one class, i.e. This means that grades 1 to 8 were taught together. The first graders sat on the front row, the 8th grade on the last. Already at this time there was the possibility of changing to the elementary school in Cospeda, where classes 1 to 4 and classes 5 to 8 were taught separately. In the 1950s and 1960s, all Closewitz school children then attended school in Cospeda. With the construction of a new school in the neighboring village of Stiebritz in 1975, the building finally lost its function as a school building, but is still partially used as a community room.
At the end of December 1945 around 50 resettlers had to be housed in Closewitz. The villagers picked them up from the train station in Jena by horse and cart and their food had to be secured by the community. It was mostly families who came here. In the hall of the only inn, they were mainly divided between the farms. The farmers chose the families who could be most successfully employed in the work in agriculture. On April 19, 1946, the local council formed a housing committee to better accommodate the resettlers.
The development of the place in the GDR
For the first election of the People's Chamber of the GDR in 1950, 152 people were eligible to vote. In the 1950s, various infrastructure measures took place in the area, such as the construction of the fire water pond in 1953 or the construction of the sewer system to the Schindergraben in 1953/1954. It was not until 1955/1956 that the streets in the village were paved throughout. In addition to several road construction measures in the 1960s, the place was connected to the drinking water supply of the Ohra Dam in 1974 and a sports field was built the following year. In 1977 a doctor's room was set up in the village school building.
In the early 1970s, the Soviet army began expanding the Closewitz parade ground. Multi-storey observation towers, garages, access roads, training roads for armored vehicles, among other things, were built or further expanded on the square. In particular, the approximately 13 m high observation tower and the vehicle garages are visible from afar due to their exposed location at the highest point a few hundred meters northeast of the wind lump. The square became deserted due to intensive use as a driving training area during the 1980s, but recovered quickly after the garrison withdrew until the mid-1990s, so that today it is almost completely covered with grass again.
To commemorate the battle of Jena and Auerstedt, numerous memorial stones were set up at the former locations. Already in the GDR era, this event began to be reproduced in a 10-year cycle.
Closewitz after the political change
1996 was a first large-enactment of the battle of Jena and Auerstedt in a reenactment instead. In 2006, for the 200th anniversary of the battle of Jena and Auerstedt, a re-enactment was carried out on the battlefield between the communities of Closewitz, Cospeda and Lützeroda with a large folk festival.
Development of the population since 1919
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politics
At the end of the 14th century, the community of Closewitz had its own seal. It shows a bird of prey whose neck is pierced with an arrow and which hits a hare with its fangs. In 1922, Closewitz was added to the Jena-Roda district as part of a regional reform. With the establishment of the GDR and the regional reform, Closewitz became a municipality in the Jena-Land district in the 1950s. In 1974 the communities of Cospeda, Closewitz and Lützeroda, which are geographically close together, merged. Until 1993/1994 the three communities belonged to the district of Jena-Land. In 1994 all three places of Jena are incorporated and do not become part of the new Saale-Holzland district , which was also founded in 1994 and incorporated most of the former Jena-Land district.
- mayor
- from 1868 G. Wimmer
- from 1874 Stiebritz
- from 1895 Gotthard Preißer
- from 1923 Emil Hüttich
- 1932 to 1945 Arthur Töpfer
- 1945 to 1947 Erich Preißer
- 1947 to 1959 Willi Rink
- 1959 to 1974 Rudolf Schlegel
- 1974 Hugo Prüfer (Mayor of the new community with Cospeda and Lützeroda)
- Trivia
- June 9, 1877, the mayor Stiebritz rejects the marriage between Albert Stiebritz and the divorced Alwine Schröter. Reason: Albert Stiebritz has "no job, although both are over 30 years old".
- October 22, 1884, the registrar Stiebritz was fined because he had married a citizen who was not yet of age.
- On June 2, 1832, the last fair took place in Closewitz. The background to the discontinuation of the fair, which has not taken place since then: a 24-year-old student who was a guest from a neighboring town was killed in a duel. After this incident, a 100-year ban on fairgrounds was issued.
economy
Agriculture and forestry were the main source of income for the place for many centuries. Due to the typically small-scale Thuringian settlement structure, the farms in Closewitz had an average farm size of only approx. 8 to 16 hectares of usable agricultural and forestry area. Even in the 19th century, this was a low value compared to farms and estates e.g. B. in Prussia and Pomerania, the granaries of the German Empire at that time.
Compared to surrounding communities of a similar size, Closewitz had a higher proportion of forest area at the end of the 19th century. This was also expressed in the hunting leases that were occasionally concluded with the Thuringian Forestry Office and manufacturers and merchants from Apolda and Jena. At the end of the 19th century, for example, there was a hunting lease with the Thuringian Forestry Office. After the contract was terminated in 1926, a new 9-year hunting lease was concluded on April 1, 1928 with the manufacturer Emil Volkholz, the lawyer D. Hobeni and the businessman Arthur Weikardt from Apolda. The rent was 1,260 Reichsmarks for an area of 400 hectares.
In the second half of the 19th century, the flourishing industry in the Saale valley increasingly employed the local residents. Especially the Zeiss works, Schott works and Jenapharm had an enormous need for workers. The importance and labor requirements of agriculture, however, steadily decreased. From the beginning of the 20th century, numerous farms in the village became part-time farms: only a part of the family residing on the farm was engaged in agriculture and forestry, while mostly the younger, male residents worked in the industrial companies of Jena.
After the end of the Second World War and with the founding of the GDR, the land and forest areas of the community were incorporated into LPGs . The land itself remained the property of the families. In contrast to the large agricultural areas such as Prussia, Pomerania, East Elbe, etc. a. There were no expropriations in Closewitz as part of the land reform carried out in the Soviet occupation zone from 1945 onwards . The farm sizes fell well below the 100 ha limit set for expropriations.
In 1948 Closewitz had 370 hectares of agricultural land with a population of 280 - due to the influx of resettlers. The number of inhabitants fell again in the following years, as the place offered no economic prospects for such a number of inhabitants. In addition, the transport infrastructure and connections to the city of Jena were very inadequate until the 1970s.
On March 6, 1958, LPG Type I Rautal was founded in Closewitz. In the 1960s and 1970s there were various changes, new foundations and amalgamations of LPGs. In general, agriculture in the GDR was increasingly concentrated in larger cooperatives and farms until the 1970s. The smaller economic units of the 1950 / 1960s were already uncommon in the 1980s. This development can also be seen in the LPGs of Closewitz and the neighboring communities. As early as 1959, the LPG Rautal transitioned from Type I to Type III (see also Agricultural Production Cooperative ) and on March 31, 1960, another LPG of Type I was founded with the name Frischer Wind . However, on January 1, 1967, this transferred to LPG Rautal . Similar to the merger of the three municipalities of Cospeda, Closewitz and Lützeroda in 1974, the LPGs were also dealt with: the 3 individual LPGs of the towns were merged to form LPG Type (T) United Force . This LPG, in turn, joins the LPG plant production founded on January 1, 1979, 30th anniversary of the GDR with its headquarters in Altengönna.
The parade ground established in 1939 was managed by a local sheep farm until the mid-1990s, which at times kept up to 900 animals on the farm.
Today there are no longer any noteworthy farms in the village. The agricultural areas of the former LPGs Vereinte Kraft and 30. Anniversary have been cultivated mainly by Gönnatal Agrar eG in neighboring Altengönna since the 1990s. From the mid-1990s, the parade ground was managed by a sheep farm located on Jägerberg. However, this happens to a much lesser extent today, which is also due to the establishment of a nature park in the area of the former parade ground.
Culture and sights
church
The village church is a small hall church with a polygonal choir . The Romanesque walls of the previous building still exist on the north wall . The choir is closed by a groin vault. It is separated from the nave by a Gothic triumphal arch. In 1818 the church fell victim to a fire in which the attic, the upper nave, the choir and part of the tower were destroyed. In 1820 the church was rebuilt. The windows and doors of the nave as well as the roof and a roof tower, which had to be removed in 1974, date from this time. Inside there are galleries and an organ from the time of the reconstruction.
In the middle of the 18th century, the Closewitz Church received various donations: a baptismal font in 1746 (donated by Ernestina Christiana Agatha Herrgottin) and a pewter crucifix in 1759 (donated by Hans Andreas Preiser).
After the roof tower was demolished in 1974, the church began to fall into disrepair, which could not be stopped until 1997. From 1997 to 2007 the church was completely renovated. The roof with essential parts of the truss and the dormer windows were renewed, the interior of the church plastered, wood damage removed and the church completely repaired. The floor in the choir received a new floor and a new altar completes the image of the village church. The bell is temporarily hung in the former morgue. The renovation of the organ and the reconstruction of the tower are still pending.
Natural history grove
To the northeast of the road to Cospeda and directly in front of the western entrance to the village, there is a nature reserve in a wooded area : the Closewitz natural history grove. The grove is largely fenced in and has paved and marked paths, as well as numerous information boards on a specially marked educational trail. Above all, the frog and amphibian ponds typical of this region are shown. It is suitable for teaching natural history, for example, to primary school classes and is often attended by them.
The grove is almost immediately adjacent to the site, but is also partly on the former military training area and was set up in the mid-1990s as part of an ABM . There is a small parking lot right next to the natural history grove.
Winterlings
In the Closewitzer Forest there is another nature reserve which includes a larger occurrence of the winterling . This early bloomer became naturalized with the viticulture in the Saale region and unfolds impressive yellow flower carpets in spring. The occurrence of the winterling is evidence of the favorable microclimate of the Middle Saale valley for early bloomers and orchids .
Sports
Since 2001 the fun run "Closewitzer Napoleonlauf" takes place annually on the first Sunday in October . Since the same year the "Napoleoncup" cycle stage race has been running through the town.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Miss. Information from Christian Riese MA, Department of German-Slavic Name Research at the Institute for Slavic Studies at the University of Leipzig
- ↑ Document book of the city of Jena and its spiritual institutions. Part 1. 1182-1405. Edited by JEA Martin. (= Thuringian historical sources new series 3.1). 1888.
- ^ Andrei Zahn: Closewitz and the Kapellendorf monastery . In: Sheets of the Association for Thuringian History e. V. 15, 2005, pp. 6-14
- ↑ OU No. 813
- ↑ O. Dobendecker: Regesta diplomatica necnon epistolaria historiae Thuringiae . Volume IV, 1939, page 393
- ^ Document book Jena Volume I, 78
- ^ Document book Jena Volume I, 92
- ↑ a b statistics from jena.de
- ^ Chronicle of the parishes of Cospeda, Closewitz and Lützeroda 1825–1933
- ↑ Evangelical Church Jena . kirchkreis-jena.de. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
- ^ Timo Jahn: Napoleon run . Laufservice-jena.de. Archived from the original on June 13, 2013. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
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