Coachella Valley

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Coachella Valley
Aerial view

Aerial view

location California (USA)
Waters Whitewater River
Geographical location 33 ° 46 ′  N , 116 ° 22 ′  W Coordinates: 33 ° 46 ′  N , 116 ° 22 ′  W
Coachella Valley (California)
Coachella Valley
length 72 km
Template: Infobox Glacier / Maintenance / Image description missing

The Coachella Valley [ koʊˈtʃɛlə ] is a valley in Riverside County , Southern California , which extends for a length of 45 miles from the San Bernardino Mountains to the north shore of the Salton Sea . It's in the Colorado desert .

Climatically, the region is characterized by an arid , hot climate. In extreme cases, temperatures can exceed 50  ° C in summer . The valley is traversed by strands of the San Andreas Fault, which runs parallel to the valley. From a geological perspective, the Coachella Valley is a sediment-filled depression.

The inhabitants encountered by the first Europeans were Shoshone- speaking Indians who farmed there on the basis of corn and pumpkin , melon and beans , and their descendants still live on Indian reservations today. The first Europeans settled on the railway line that ran through the valley from 1876. Agriculture soon became important to them too, as various crops grew well in the warm, dry climate. The date cultivation was of particular importance for the Coachella Valley. Tourism also gained in importance later, especially patients with respiratory problems were attracted to the desert climate. From the middle of the 20th century, numerous country clubs and golf courses were established, as a result of which the valley developed into a vacation spot for the rich and famous. The Sunnylands estate is particularly well known .

The valley comprises nine cities, with Palm Springs as the capital . A strong influx of visitors cause annually in Indio held Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and the tennis tournament Indian Wells Masters .

Origin of name

Before the beginning of the 20th century, the valley had two names: Cahuilla in reference to the Cahuilla Indians living in the area and Conchilla (Spanish: "small shell") due to the shell fossils found. Presumably a misspelling of the latter name on an official map led to the current name Coachella Valley .

geography

Dimensions, location, surroundings

Topographic map of the valley and its surroundings

The 72 km long and 24 km wide Coachella Valley is part of the southern California Colorado desert and lies in the catchment area of ​​the Whitewater River , which flows into the Salton Sea. It is bounded by mountain ranges and a lake, namely in the southwest by the Santa Rosa Mountains , in the northwest by the San Jacinto Mountains , in the north by the San Bernardino Mountains , in the northeast and east by the Little San Bernardino Mountains and in the southeast by the Salton Sea. It thus forms the upper end of the large trough valley, which continues to the southeast in the Imperial Valley and finally the Gulf of California . The highest mountains in the area are the San Jacinto Peak with 3302 meters and the San Gorgonio Mountain with 3505 meters. In the valley itself, heights drop from 328 m in the northernmost town of Desert Hot Springs to −57 m in the municipality of Mecca on the shores of Lake Salton. The branches of the San Andreas Fault extend over the San Gorgonio Pass into the Coachella Valley.

geology

The opposing movements of the great tectonic plates, the Pacific and North American plates

The Coachella Valley is a depression filled with sediments. The valley, which belongs to the northern part of the alluvial land, which extends southeast from the San Gorgonio Pass to the northern end of the Salton Sea (Salton Trough), is traversed by several strands of the San Andreas Fault and is dotted with sand and gravel hills, between which eroded material from the mountain ranges has deposited. The hills and the said strands are probably due to the movements triggered over the past millions of years by the crevice that runs parallel to the valley along the western slope of the San Bernardino Mountains. The mountains, in turn, are the result of a highly elevated batholith . This Southern California batholith, in turn, is made up of large amounts of granite that rose as plutons for over ten million years . Such plutons are formed when molten magma penetrates from 5 to 10 km deep layers into already solidified, higher lying layers and slowly solidifies there. The resulting rocks are called plutonites. When it comes to large bodies, mostly composed of stick-like partial plutons, one speaks of batholith.

Sediments store the region's groundwater, but this water reservoir has not been well researched, which in view of the increasing population and high geological variability poses high risks. In addition to these changes, the geological movements also meant that Mission Creek and the Whitewater River repeatedly filled the Salton Sea, but also Lake Coahuila, which has been dry since the 17th century.

The folds triggered by the San Andreas Fault brought several Quaternary sediment layers raised like a dome to the surface in the northwest at the San Gorgonio Pass and bypassing the San Bernardino Mountains .

Largest settlements

Cities in the Coachella Valley
city Population (2010) surface height median household income (2010) Preservation of the town charter (incorporation)
Cathedral City 51,200 56.349 km² 100 m $ 45,088 1981
Coachella 40,704 74.981 km² −21 m $ 43,357 1946
Desert Hot Springs 25,938 61.233 km² 328 m $ 34,606 1963
Indian Wells 4,958 37.790 km² 27 m $ 111,078 1967
Indio 76.036 75,600 km² −4 m $ 52,199 1930
La Quinta 37,467 92.078 km² 41 m $ 77,790 1982
Palm Desert 48,445 69.966 km² 67 m $ 53,940 1973
Palm Springs 44,552 245.984 km² 146 m $ 45,989 1938
Rancho Mirage 17,218 64.326 km² 83 m $ 76,261 1973

Census-designated places in the Coachella Valley are Bermuda Dunes , Desert Edge , Desert Palms , Garnet , Indio Hills , Mecca , North Shore , Sky Valley , Thermal , Thousand Palms and Vista Santa Rosa .

climate

The Coachella Valley is characterized by an arid, hot climate.

In winter, temperatures occasionally fall below 0  ° C , in summer they rise sometimes above 50  ° C on. The average annual temperature is about 23  ° C . About 300 days a year are frost-free, so that some crops thrive all year round.

Rain is rare at 50 to 100 mm per year. Most of the precipitation falls in winter, but heavy rains can also occur in mid-summer, which can lead to flooding and erosion .

Seasonal winds occur in some areas of the valley, and storms are particularly common in late spring. The dust carried along can degrade the air quality and affect health.

Palm Springs, California
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.
 
 
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Temperature in ° Cprecipitation in mm
Source:
Monthly Average Temperatures and Rainfall for Palm Springs (Upper Valley)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 20.9 23.2 26.3 30.4 34.7 39.4 42.3 41.6 38.7 33.0 25.9 21.0 O 31.5
Min. Temperature (° C) 5.7 7.6 9.3 12.3 15.8 19.4 24.0 23.5 20.1 15.2 9.6 5.7 O 14.1
Precipitation ( mm ) 28.7 25.4 14.7 4.6 1.3 1.3 5.1 6.9 7.4 7.4 10.7 25.7 Σ 139.2
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
20.9
5.7
23.2
7.6
26.3
9.3
30.4
12.3
34.7
15.8
39.4
19.4
42.3
24.0
41.6
23.5
38.7
20.1
33.0
15.2
25.9
9.6
21.0
5.7
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
N
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28.7
25.4
14.7
4.6
1.3
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5.1
6.9
7.4
7.4
10.7
25.7
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Source:
Thermal, California
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.
 
 
13
 
22nd
4th
 
 
13
 
24
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8.1
 
27
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0.3
 
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4.3
 
42
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6.9
 
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8.1
 
38
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3.8
 
33
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7.1
 
26th
7th
 
 
7.9
 
22nd
3
Temperature in ° Cprecipitation in mm
Source:
Monthly average temperatures and rainfall for Thermal (Lower Valley)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 21.6 23.7 26.6 30.3 34.4 39.2 41.5 40.8 38.4 32.9 25.9 21.5 O 31.4
Min. Temperature (° C) 3.6 5.9 9.1 12.8 17.1 20.7 24.3 24.0 20.3 14.1 7.1 3.2 O 13.6
Precipitation ( mm ) 13.2 12.7 8.1 1.8 1.0 0.3 4.3 6.9 8.1 3.8 7.1 7.9 Σ 75.2
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
21.6
3.6
23.7
5.9
26.6
9.1
30.3
12.8
34.4
17.1
39.2
20.7
41.5
24.3
40.8
24.0
38.4
20.3
32.9
14.1
25.9
7.1
21.5
3.2
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
N
i
e
d
e
r
s
c
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13.2
12.7
8.1
1.8
1.0
0.3
4.3
6.9
8.1
3.8
7.1
7.9
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Source:

history

First settlement, Shoshone

The descendants of the Shoshone speakers who immigrated to the valley by no later than 500, the Cahuilla, call themselves Iviatim. They live in different Indian reservations . The Desert Cahuilla live in Agua Caliente, Torres Martinez and Cabazon, the Mountain Cahuilla in Santa Rosa and Cahuilla, the Pass Cahuilla in the Morongo Reservation.

The oldest archaeologically tangible culture in Southern California is the San Dieguito Complex , which dates from 9000 to 5000 BC. Chr. Is enough. This is followed by the Amargosa Complex until around the turn of the century, then up to around 500 Basketmaker III and Pueblo II . Then Yuman and Shoshone groups can be identified (up to 1500), which Paiute and Mojave followed. The early complexes are named after the most common finds, namely projectile points , which is in no way related to the fundamental change in the respective cultures, as was at times believed based on the appearance of ceramics or bows and arrows , which can be detected from around 500 to be able to prove.

The Coachella Valley has been inhabited since the "Archaic Period" which ended here around 1000 with the introduction of ceramics, a cultural technique that spread across the Colorado. It is often associated with the introduction of agriculture, but not in the Coachella Valley, where there are no noticeable cultural breaks with the introduction of this new technology. Therefore, in order to avoid confusion with the much earlier Archaic Period , it is also called the Pre-Ceramic Period or Desert Archaic . In this desert-archaic period, it was assumed for a long time, the nomadic people ate what was available to them (opportunists). In the meantime it is clear that there was long-distance trade in the volcanic, glass-like obsidian and with jewelry; there were permanent villages, the surrounding areas of which were systematically used for survival over a wide area.

Maybe from 500 BC BC the dead were no longer buried, but burned. Linguistic research suggests that Shoshone speakers were found between 1000 BC. And 500 AD immigrated from the Great Basin into the valley; from this language the Takic emerged, the main language in historical times.

Around 1000 there was global warming, which led to the expansion of deserts and the migration of large parts of the population towards the coast. A similar process occurred around 1500 when the residents moved to the mountains to the east. Oral tradition gives evidence of both the lake and the mountains as a residential area.

The archaeological site CA-RIV-64 / H could be identified with the Cahuilla village Kavindish, known from oral tradition. A second site, CA-RIV-3013, was found further northeast in the area of ​​the city of La Quinta, which was located on a 17 m high dune above a lake that no longer exists today, the Ancient Lake Cahuilla (also Lake LaConte or Blake's Called Sea). This lake was formed at irregular intervals when the Colorado River moved its bed into the 290 km long Salton Trough instead of flowing directly into the Gulf. Accordingly, as long as the river did not change its course again, the inhabitants lived on fish such as the Pacific female fish ( Elops affinis ), the sucker carp species Xyrauchen texanus , the now almost extinct bonytail chub ( Gila elegans ) and mullets ( Mugil cephalus ), plus mussels, of which a large rubbish hill testifies. More than 1,200 pearls were discovered at the two sites, 95% of which were made from the shells of the Olivella snail . There are also clam pendants of the sea snail species Haliotis cracherodii (Black Abalone). They can be dated between 1430 and 1950.

The lake was last filled between 1650 and 1680, before that it was last dried up in the 16th century. This change forced a completely different lifestyle on the Indians, namely that of fishermen on the one hand and desert dwellers on the other.

The Indians set up camps and villages in several canyons , of which rock paintings, pit houses , irrigation ditches, dams, reservoirs, paths and places for food processing are evidence. They used the local water resources as well as natural palm forests and hot springs. They managed to cultivate melons, pumpkins, beans and corn. The villages formed political communities, called sib , which in turn split up into lineages , which consisted of extended families. Society was divided into two moieties , called wildcat and coyote . It was forbidden to marry within these two groups. The villages were connected by paths that connected residents with the Gabrielino and Chumash on the coast and with tribes in Arizona and Colorado.

Discovery by the Spaniards (from 1774)

In 1774, the Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza crossed the Los Coyotes Canyon south of the Coachella Valley, making contact with the Cahuilla. But it was not until the participants of an expedition led by Capitan Jose Romero in 1823 that they entered the valley themselves for the first time. They were looking for a route to the Colorado River and crossed the San Gorgonio Pass . This was to determine whether the old Cocomaricopa Trail could be used for this. The Spanish official Jose Maria Estudillo was the first to describe the Cahuilla way of life. His house, the Casa de Estudillo, is the oldest surviving building in California. The later American expedition also sought to use this path, which runs parallel to today's Interstate 10 from Colorado at Blythe west northwest to the Palm Springs area and then westwards to the coast.

US state, railroad construction (1876), Indian reservations

In 1846 the United States annexed California. In 1853, three years after California became a state , Congress sent a group of topographers to find the most practical and economical route between the Mississippi and the Pacific Ocean . The geologist William Blake left a description of the valley and its people; he was also the first to recognize the existence of early Lake Cahuilla based on its former banks. In 1855/56 there were 14 villages with around 3,000 inhabitants, but smallpox and measles soon decimated their population.

As was customary, the group divided the Coachella Valley into a grid of grid squares each one mile long. In 1862, the Bradshaw Route, which ran parallel to the Cocomaricopa Trail, was the first wagon path. In order to provide an incentive for the construction of a railroad line, the state transferred all grid squares with an odd number to the Southern Pacific Railroad and remained in possession of the even grid squares itself. 48 units were returned to the native Agua Caliente Indians. In 1877 the railway line through the valley was completed, creating a connection between Los Angeles and Indio . Indio, now the largest city in the Coachella Valley, was a railroad settlement at the time and was promoted to city in 1930 . The neighboring town of Coachella also developed from a train station on the same railway line and was officially recognized as a town in 1946. The settlements with their agricultural land were made possible by the discovery of artesian wells that ensured the water supply.

In the same year that the railroad came down, the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation was established, which was expanded in 1877 and 1907 to an area of ​​31,500 hectares. This made the tribe the largest landowner in Palm Springs.

The town of Palm Springs did not win its first inhabitants thanks to the railroad, but because of its health benefits from the warm, dry climate and the good agricultural conditions, which consisted of sufficient water resources and fertile soil. Plots of land were sold and the water supply for cultivated crops such as alfalfa , grapes , grain , figs , apricots , grapefruits , oranges and dates could be ensured by means of ditches . The Desert Inn and Sanitarium , founded in 1909, became a pure hospitality business in 1915 and as such became the model for the seasonal vacation spot that Palm Springs was to develop into. The place was also popular with Hollywood celebrities from the late 1920s , and the desert city became a draw for movie stars and the rich during the winter. In 1938 Palm Springs was granted city rights.

Irrigation by water from the Colorado (from 1948), agricultural boom

But by 1918 the water supplies threatened to run out. Hence, the Coachella Valley Water District (CVWD) was formed and combined with the Imperial Irrigation District to build the All-American and Coachella Canals that supplied the valley with water from the Colorado. For this purpose, huge dams were built on the river, such as the Boulder, later Hoover Dam from 1931. However, due to the global economic crisis and the Second World War, the construction of the approximately 200 km long structure into the Coachella Valley was delayed until 1948.

Both before and after the arrival of the railroad in the Coachella Valley, the valley was connected to the outside world by overland routes; for example, the Bradshaw Stage from the 1860s established a connection between California and Arizona . From 1915, the route was expanded to a road that first became known as the Bradshaw Highway and later as California State Route 111 .

Agriculture, tourism, research

Date Palms in Coachella Valley (1937)

Reports by geologist William P. Blake, a member of the exploration group in 1853, extolled the warm climate and desert soil for its natural aquifers . The Coachella Valley appeared to be particularly suitable for date cultivation. The government promoted cultivation in the region with free date seeds, and the landscape was soon shaped by date palms.

One of the first tourist attractions of the desert was the health benefits of the warm, dry climate for patients with respiratory problems. Sanatoriums and other facilities were established throughout the American Southwest, including the Coachella Valley.

In 1951, the first 18-hole golf course in Greater Palm Springs was opened on the grounds of the Thunderbird Country Club at Rancho Mirage . A year later, the was Tamarisk Country Club , many members of another country clubs in Los Angeles attracted. The facilities were funded with the help of Hollywood celebrities . After the two country clubs initially attracted the wealthy, they later focused on hosting golf tournaments such as the Ryder Cup .

Construction work on the Sunnylands estate began in 1963. Walter Annenberg and his wife's villa has been home to many celebrities and public officials over the years, including several US presidents and members of the British royal family .

The Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival took place for the first time in 1999 and has been held every April since then. A year later the Indian Wells Tennis Garden was opened in Indian Wells . The Indian Wells Masters, the fifth largest tennis tournament in the world, is held here every year.

As early as the 1920s, Malcolm Rogers of the San Diego Museum of Man had begun archaeological research, especially in the area around Lake Cahuilla. AE Treganza from the University of California continued this work in the 1940s. He discovered weirs on the west bank of the lake, which today form the core of the Fish Traps National Register District . From the 1960s onwards, intensive research was carried out by the University of California under the direction of PJ Wilke. Around 300 sites have now been registered. In accordance with the state guidelines, the Indians were included. In 2000, 1,176 of them were counted. In 2002, the Palm Desert Campus was established as a branch of California State University .

population

development

The cities of the Coachella Valley have experienced significant population growth over the past few decades and have developed from small settlements to cities, so there was hardly any rural population left in the 1990 census. The northernmost city of Desert Hot Springs had only 2738 inhabitants in the 1970 census, 11,668 in 1990 and 25,938 in the last census in 2010. Indian Wells increased its population from 760 in 1970 to 4,958 in 2010.

La Quinta has seen a sharp increase in population especially recently. It was not until 1982 that the place received city rights. In 1990 the population was 11,215, twenty years later it was 37,467, more than three times as high. This is in contrast to Palm Springs : in 1990 it already had 40,181 inhabitants, in the 2010 census it was only 4,000 more.

religion

Catholic Church of St. Francis of Assisi in La Quinta

There are several Roman Catholic parishes in the Coachella Valley, all of which belong to the Diocese of San Bernardino . There is also a Mormon church in Palm Desert .

There is also a Jewish community. According to their estimates, over 20,000 Jews live in the valley.

Hispanics

The proportion of Hispanics in the total population is exceptionally high in the Coachella Valley, according to the Hispanics themselves it is 46 percent, which would correspond to a total of 150,000 Hispanics in the valley. In Indio , the largest city in the valley with 76,036 inhabitants, a total of 51,540 Hispanics lived in the 2010 census . This results in a share of 67.8 percent of the city's population. With 48,095 residents of Mexican descent, or 63.3 percent of the total population, most of Indios Hispanics are Mexican Americans . In 2010, 98.7 percent of the 8,577 residents of the community of Mecca in the south of the valley were Hispanic.

The proportion of Hispanics will continue to rise through 2035, according to forecasts by the Southern California Association of Governments.

politics

The Coachella Valley belongs entirely to the 28th district in the Senate of California , which is currently represented by the Democrat Ted W. Lieu . In the California State Assembly , the valley is divided into 42nd and 56th districts, which are represented by Republican Brian Nestande and Democrat V. Manuel Pérez , respectively. At the federal level, the Coachella Valley is a member of California's 36th  Congressional constituency , which has a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R + 1 and is represented by Democrat Raul Ruiz .

The political attitudes of the population are not uniform. While in Cathedral City , Desert Hot Springs , Indian Wells , La Quinta , Palm Desert and Rancho Mirage, more residents are members of the Republican Party than the Democratic Party, in Coachella , Indio and Palm Springs the majority are Democrats. A total of 61,460 residents of the Coachella Valley are Republicans, 56,461 Democrats, 2,722 American Independent and 329 Greens (as of 2009).

Culture and sights

freetime and recreation

With over 70 golf courses in the entire valley, golf is of particular importance. 20 of the places are considered world class. The Coachella Valley is now referred to as the west coast version of the famous Myrtle Beach Gulf region in South Carolina . The Humana Challenge , a PGA Tour tournament, takes place in La Quinta . The lifestyle magazine Robb Reports has rated La Quinta as the most important golf area in the United States.

The Palm Springs Aerial Tramway connects Palm Springs to San Jacinto Peak . The valley station is 806 meters above sea level, the mountain station at 2596 meters.

Events

Indian Wells Masters 2013

The Indian Wells Masters and WTA Indian Wells tennis tournaments are held in Indian Wells every year .

A particularly large number of events are held in Indio . The internationally known Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival deserves special mention here . In 2007, the number of visitors to the festival, which was founded in 1999, exceeded 100,000 for the first time; in 2013 a ticket cost between $ 350 and $ 800. Another festival is the Riverside County Fair and National Date Festival .

Palm Springs is known for the annual Palm Springs International Film Festival .

At Jacqueline Cochran Regional Airport in Thermal find air shows take place.

Attractions

View from the north of the San Jacinto Mountains

The nature of the valley and its surroundings can be experienced in Joshua Tree National Park , in the Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains, and in the Snow-to-Sand National Monument . There is also the Living Desert Zoo and Gardens in Palm Desert , which is dedicated to desert animals and plants.

The Sunnylands estate is located in Rancho Mirage . It has been visited by many celebrities throughout its history, including several US presidents , and has had a visitor center for several years.

The Coachella Valley History Museum in Indio provides more information about the valley. Part of the grounds include the California Date History Museum , which deals with date palms , and the city's old school building from 1909.

Economy and Infrastructure

Agriculture

The long growing season, good irrigation options, undemanding soils and proximity to the market have made agriculture a major industry in the Coachella Valley. In 2007 an area of ​​almost 250 km² was cultivated, which brought in gross income of over 500 million US dollars.

More than 60 types of fruit and vegetable plants are grown in the Coachella Valley, most of which are citrus plants , dates , grapes , melons , corn , lettuce , carrots and broccoli .

Water supply

The Coachella Valley draws water from three sources. The existing groundwater is used as drinking water and for industry and irrigation. Water from the Colorado River is channeled into the valley via the Coachella Canal , an arm of the All-American Canal , where it is used for agriculture, aquaculture , golf courses, and landscaping. Recycled water is also used by golf courses and to irrigate landscape and green spaces.

traffic

The valley is connected to the American trunk road system via Interstate 10 . The highway connects the American east and west coasts and runs through the Coachella Valley. The California State Route 111 crosses the valley. State Routes 62 , 74 , 86, and 195 all begin or end in Coachella Valley.

Indio and Palm Springs have train stations served by the Sunset Limited . This is an Amtrak passenger train that operates between Los Angeles and New Orleans .

The cities of Indio and Palm Springs are connected to each other via a bus line operated by Greyhound Lines .

The valley has three airports: Palm Springs International Airport in Palm Springs, Bermuda Dunes Airport in Bermuda Dunes, and Jacqueline Cochran Regional Airport in Thermal . The Palm Springs Airport is served by the major airlines Alaska Airlines , American Airlines , Northwest Airlines and United Airlines . The two airports in Bermuda Dunes and Thermal only handle general aviation . Major commercial airports in the wider area are Los Angeles-Ontario Airport , Los Angeles International Airport and John Wayne Airport in Orange County .

education

In addition to numerous elementary schools and middle schools , the following public high schools are located in Coachella Valley:

  • Amistad High School
  • Cathedral City High School
  • Coachella Valley High School
  • Desert Hot Springs High School
  • Desert Mirage High School
  • Horizon
  • Indio high school
  • La Familia Continuation High School
  • La Quinta High School
  • Mt. San Jacinto High School
  • Nova Academy - Coachella
  • Palm Desert High School
  • Palm Springs High School
  • Ramon Alternative Center
  • Rancho Mirage High School
  • Shadow Hills High School
  • Summit high school
  • West Shores High School

Both the University of California, Riverside and California State University, San Bernardino have offices in Palm Desert .

Flora and fauna

Astragalus lentiginosis var. Coachellae

The Coachella Valley sanctuaries are home to numerous animal and plant species, including various birds, native fan palms such as the California Washington palm ( Washingtonia filifera ), wildflowers, reptiles, including rattlesnakes , and several mammal species.

Particularly endangered and rare animals are Dinapate wrightii , a subspecies of the drill beetle that lives primarily on fan palms, and the steel-blue desert fish ( Cyprinodon macularius ) , which only occurs in the Salton Depression . Another endangered species is Uma inornata , a subspecies of the fringed-toe iguanas native to the Coachella Valley . One example of a native plant is Astragalus Lentiginosis var. Coach harboring from the kind of support transformants .

literature

  • Clifford E. Trafzer, Luke Madrigal, Anthony Madrigal: Chemehuevi People of the Coachella Valley , Coachella 1997.
  • Don Laylander: The Last Days of Lake Cahuilla: The Elmore Site , in: Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 33, 1-2 (1997) 1-138.
  • Don Laylander: The Regional Consequences of Lake Cahuilla , in: San Diego State University Occasional Archeology Papers 1 (2006) 59-77 ( online ).
  • Jerry Schaefer: The Challenge of Archaeological Research in the Colorado Desert. Recent Aporoaches and Discoveries , in: Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 16 (1994) 60–80 (best review of the Archaic Period).
  • Leo A. Mallette: Rancho Mirage , Arcadia Publishing, Charleston 2011.

Web links

Commons : Coachella Valley  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Entry on Coachella in the online edition of the Merriam-Webster dictionary . Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  2. a b Entry on Coachella Valley in the online edition of the Merriam-Webster dictionary . Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  3. a b c d e f g h i Geography, climate, soils, water and agriculture in the Coachella Valley. ( Memento of the original from April 25, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Coachella Valley Resource Conservation District. Retrieved November 17, 2013.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cvconservation.org
  4. ^ Mary F. Ownby, Carlos P. Lavayén: Petrographic Analysis of Pottery from CA-RIV-6897, Coachella Valley, California , Tucson 2010, p. 4.
  5. ^ "A Retreat for the Rich and Powerful Is Opening Its Doors to the World". In: The New York Times , January 23, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  6. "Coachella Valley: The Modern Age in the Desert". In: Die Presse , August 19, 2013. Accessed November 17, 2013.
  7. Article on the Coachella Valley. Online edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  8. ^ Coachella Valley in the Geographic Names Information System of the United States Geological Survey
  9. ^ Eugene Singer: Geology of California's Imperial Valley . Chapter 18: The San Andreas Fault System. San Diego State University , accessed November 17, 2013.
  10. ^ A b c Mary F. Ownby, Carlos P. Lavayén: Petrographic Analysis of Pottery from CA-RIV-6897, Coachella Valley, California , Tucson 2010, p. 4.
  11. Data from the Geographic Names Information System.
  12. Data from the "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau .
  13. a b c d e f Timeline for the history of the valley. (PDF; 2.4 MB) California State University, San Bernardino , Palm Desert Campus. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  14. Comparison of the coordinates of the named places available in the Geographic Names Information System with the description of the area of ​​the Coachella Valley in the Geographic Names Information System.
  15. ^ Walter Feller: Colorado Desert. Subsection 322Ca: Coachella Valley. In: Digital-Desert.com (English); In the arid Coachella Valley, communities are taking a hell-or-high-water approach to growth. In: Daily Bulletin , October 3, 2015 (English).
  16. ^ Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC).
  17. ^ Western Regional Climate Center.
  18. A map of the reserve can be found at Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians. In: Agua Caliente Cultural Museum (English).
  19. Brude Love, Mariam Dahdul: Desert Cronologies and the Archaic Period in the Coachella Valley , in Pacific Coast Archeological Society Quarterly 38.2-3 (2002) 65-86, here: p. 67
  20. Brude Love, Mariam Dahdul: Desert Cronologies and the Archaic Period in the Coachella Valley , in Pacific Coast Archeological Society Quarterly 38.2-3 (2002) 65-86, here: p. 67
  21. Brude Love, Mariam Dahdul: Desert Cronologies and the Archaic Period in the Coachella Valley , in Pacific Coast Archeological Society Quarterly 38.2-3 (2002) 65-86, here: p 65th
  22. Mariam Dahdul: Beads and Pendants from the Coachella Valley, Southern California , in: Pacific Coast Archeological Society Quarterly 38,2-3 (2002) 47-64, here: p. 50.
  23. Mariam Dahdul: Beads and Pendants from the Coachella Valley, Southern California , in: Pacific Coast Archeological Society Quarterly 38,2-3 (2002) 47-64, here: Table 2, p. 60.
  24. Information on the Agua Caliente strain on xeri.com, accessed November 17, 2013.
  25. a b c d e f g History of the Coachella Valley and Rancho Mirages, pages 1-6. ( Memento of the original from August 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 85 kB) Rancho Mirage website, accessed on November 17, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ranchomirageca.gov
  26. ^ Steve Lech: Along the Old Roads. A History of the Portion of Southern California that became Riverside County 1772-1893 , Riverside 2004, p. 30.
  27. Coachella Canal Area Resource Management Plan / Environmental Assessment ( Memento of the original dated December 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 154 (PDF, 83.9 kB).  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.desert.com
  28. Coachella Canal Area Resource Management Plan / Environmental Assessment ( Memento of the original dated December 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Table 5.14, p. 163 (PDF, 83.9 kB).  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.desert.com
  29. Results of the United States Census 1990. pp. 438-443, United States Census Bureau . Retrieved November 14, 2013.
  30. ^ List of parishes in the Vicariate of Low Desert . Website of the Diocese of San Bernardino. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  31. Jump up ↑ Profile of the Mormon Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints . manta.com. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  32. ^ History of the Jewish Community. ( Memento of the original from February 13, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Jewish Federation of the Desert. Retrieved November 17, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jfedps.com
  33. ^ Information from the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce. ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved November 17, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hispanicchamber.imagemarketingnetwork.com
  34. a b Data obtained using the "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau . Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  35. ^ "Coachella Valley 2035: Our Region Is Becoming Older, More Latino and a Lot More Crowded". Article in Coachella Valley Independent, March 29, 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  36. Map of the 28th Senate District. Around the Capitol. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  37. ^ List of Senators in California. Official website of the Senate of California. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  38. ^ Map of the 42nd Assembly District. Around the Capitol. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  39. ^ Map of the 56th Assembly District. Around the Capitol. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  40. ^ List of members of the California State Assembly. Official website of the California State Assembly. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  41. ^ Map of the 36th congressional electoral district. Around the Capitol. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  42. ^ Table with Cook Partisan Voting Index of all congressional districts. (PDF; 115 kB) Official website of the Cook Political Report . Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  43. List of California MPs in the House of Representatives. United States House of Representatives website. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  44. Statistics on membership in parties in California ( Memento from July 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 140 kB). California Secretary of State. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  45. Entry on the Coachella Valley golf region on golflink.com. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  46. Information about golf in La Quinta. Tourism website of the city of La Quinta. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  47. History of the cable car. ( Memento of the original from October 31, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Palm Springs Aerial Tramway website. Retrieved November 17, 2013.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pstramway.com
  48. Report on the Coachella Festival. ProSieben . Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  49. ^ Website of the Riverside County Fair & National Date Festival. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  50. ^ Palm Springs International Film Festival website. ( Memento of the original from July 1, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved November 17, 2013.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.psfilmfest.org
  51. Jacqueline Cochran Air Show. ( Memento of the original from October 10, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved November 17, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.jacquelinecochranairshow.org
  52. ^ Website of the Living Desert. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  53. Information on the visitor center. Sunnylands website. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  54. Overview of the areas of the museum grounds. Coachella Valley History Museum website. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  55. ↑ Map data with major roads drawn on OpenStreetMap . Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  56. a b c List of travel options for Palm Springs and the Coachella Valley on mydesert.com. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  57. High Schools in the Coachella Valley Unified School District on US News & World Report . Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  58. High Schools in the Desert Sands Unified School District on US News & World Report . Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  59. High Schools in the Palm Springs Unified School District on US News & World Report . Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  60. Palm Desert Center. Entry on the website of the University of California, Riverside . Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  61. Palm Desert Campus. Entry on the website of California State University, San Bernardino . Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  62. Overview of various animals and plants that occur. ( Memento of the original from November 15, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Coachella Valley Preserve, accessed November 17, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / coachellavalleypreserve.org
  63. Overview of threatened and rare species in the Coachella Valley. ( Memento of the original from December 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Coachella Valley Preserve, accessed November 17, 2013. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / coachellavalleypreserve.org
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on November 27, 2013 .