Battle at Schindellegi

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Battle at Schindellegi
Helvetic Revolution
Helvetic Revolution
date May 2, 1798
place Schindellegi , community Feusisberg ( Schwyz )
output French victory
Parties to the conflict

France 1804First French Republic France Helvetic Republic
Helvetic RepublicHelvetic Republic 

Schwyz State of Schwyz Höfe
District Hoefe SZ.png

Commander

Adjutant General Philibert Fressinet

Governor Alois von Reding ;
Captain Franz Schilter

Troop strength
about 1000 men 800-900 men
losses

approx. 30–40 dead and wounded

24 dead, 50 wounded

Combat operations in connection with the Helvetic Revolution (1798/99)

In the battle near Schindellegi in the Höfe district (formerly subject of Schwyz ) on May 2, 1798, Schwyzer and Höfner fought off an attack by French troops, but then had to withdraw.

prehistory

When the cantons of Uri , Schwyz, Nidwalden , Glarus and Zug, led by the Governor of Schwyz Alois von Reding, took to the field against the Helvetic Republic proclaimed on April 12th, France sent a division under General Balthasar von Schauenburg to the aid of the newly created daughter republic . In the battle at Wollerau , which in part to Zurich happening floor, one supported by Zurich troops defeated the French on April 30 reconnaissance unit under Adjutant Philibert Fressinet of Höfnern, Märchlern , hermits , Sargansern and Gästlern supported Glarner under Colonel Fridolin Paravicini. The French then pushed into the Lint plain , but not yet towards Schwyz .

course

The battle at Schindellegi is presented differently in the literature: Leonard Meister put it in the state-supporting newspaper of the Helvetic Republic, the Swiss Republican , close to the religious wars of the 17th and 18th centuries. With the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons, Heinrich Zschokke created a panegyric on Reding, relying on his own records while he was denied access to the archives of the Helvetic Republic. The biography of Reding's opponent Pastor Marian Herzog , contained in the professorship book of Einsiedeln Monastery, defends the “general in religious dress” against Zschokke's allegation of cowardice. For the former Schwyz lieutenant Joseph Anton Bellmont, when writing his autobiography, the focus was on the murder of his uncle Major Balthasar Bellmont and his own role as a young company commander .

The reports cited below are arranged according to the time of their creation or publication. As is customary in military conflicts, both warring parties exaggerated the strength of the enemy and its losses. Therefore some of the relevant information has been left out.

According to the Swiss Republican

Plan of the area
between Richterswil
(top left) and Schindellegi (bottom right), 1712.
Johann Adolph Damstedt:
Battle near Schindellegi, 1805.

A message from the Swiss Republican dated May 4th begins with the words: “The day before yesterday the Franks fought with the Swiss at the Schindellegi, the Laubeck, Segel und Sternen, Oerter, which became famous in the local religious wars.” With the mention From localities in the municipalities of Hütten (Laubegg, Sägel) and Richterswil (Sternen), editor Meister suggested that the Schwyz had attacked the Zurich border fortifications built during the wars mentioned. Then they would have retreated to Schindellegi, which was also protected by a hill from that time, where a covered wooden bridge led over the Sihl . When the reformed pastor from Zurich recalled the Second Villmerger War (1712), he insinuated that the Catholic opponents of the Helvetic Revolution had wanted to take revenge for the defeat they suffered at the time.

About the fighting itself it is said in the Republican: “Every party withdrew completely undecided at 6 o'clock in the evening after the battle had lasted all day, but was particularly heated at noon. At the same time (...) a column passed over the high Etzel, which was probably the weakest of the Swiss, and where the Franks found no lasting resistance. - Yesterday at noon they really moved into Einsiedeln (...) "

On May 9th, the Republican reported again on the battle near Schindellegi: The Schwyz had fought there on May 1st - there is no talk of fighting on this day anywhere else - "without wavering, with a lion's heart". On May 2nd, however, their position had become untenable "because the Franks exceeded the high Ezel and advanced as far as Einsiedeln". And further: "The retreat took place under the guidance of Colonel Redings only step by step, and always fencing, about an hour to the Altmatt (...)"

According to the monitor

The official organ of the government in Paris, the Moniteur, reported in connection with the battle at Schindellegi that the French troops encountered little resistance during the subsequent entry into Einsiedeln, "after the enemy had been completely defeated the previous day". About the entire campaign against the opponents of the revolution, the moniteur wrote : “The peasants fought with tenacity; they were commanded by experienced officers and mostly occupied almost impregnable positions (...) "

According to General Schauenburg

The Moniteur later quoted from a letter from General Schauenburg on May 13th that when the French moved into Einsiedeln, fear had more power over the rebels than the fanatical appeals of the monks at the monastery.

In his Bulletin historique de la Campagne d'Helvétie , Schauenburg writes that after the battle near Wollerau, the brigade commanded by General Jean-Baptiste Nouvion left a battalion of the 3rd  half-brigade for observation at Schindellegi. The 8th  Hussar Regiment , the 76th Half-Brigade and a division of light artillery were supposed to initiate the planned encirclement of the rebels by advancing over the Etzel Pass to Einsiedeln. And further: “On the 13th  Floréal of the year 6 (May 2nd) General Nouvion received the order to occupy the Etzel and the village of Schindellegi (...) one battalion of the 76th half-brigade took up position on the Etzel, another battalion of this half-brigade and some companies of the 3rd should seize Schindellegis. ”The village had been occupied by force, which had discouraged the defenders of the Tüfelsbrugg , which led across the Sihl on the other side of the Etzel . The battalion of the 76th half-brigade, which attacked this bridge from the Etzel, encountered only weak resistance. It captured four cannons and entered Einsiedeln on the same day.

According to Zschokke

Ludwig Albert von Montmorillon: Heinrich Zschokke, 1817.

The approved Lutheran preacher Zschokke, who is in the service of the Helvetic Republic, wrote in his Swiss messenger that the belligerent Capuchin Father Paul Styger had taken part in the battle near Schindellegi . However, a question mark should be placed behind this message, since Styger had been in Lucerne the day before , which the Schwyz had occupied for a short time. Zschokke then sharply accused the Benedictine priest , who had commanded the defenders of the Etzel : "(...) when the infamous pastor of Einsiedlen Herzog saw the Franks approaching from afar, he left this insurmountable pass with his many people and cannons in the most shameful way, although he had promised the Swiss with a dear oath that he would defend it down to the last man. "According to Zschokke, the Schwyz fended off an attack by the French at Schindellegi, but they were then told" that the curious pastor of Einsiedlen had defended the Franks that Ezel had conceded without resistance, and that these hermits had actually occupied ”. Zschokke continued: "For fear that they would like to be completely cut off from their brothers-in-arms who were at the Rothenthurm , they had to leave their advantageous position on the Schindellegi and retire with their cannons over the Altmatt towards the Rothenthurm."

Matthias Gottfried Eichler : Alois von Reding, 1801.
Franz Feyerabend:
Schwyzer Grenadier, 1792.

That Zschokke glorified Reding can be explained by the fact that he had been friends with him since 1795. According to the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons , the governor inspected the defensive positions of the opponents of the revolution on the night of May 1st - the last one in the "rough valley of the village of Schindellegi". At the same time, Captain Franz Schilter arrived there with one of the Schwyz battalions , which had previously secured the Rossberg (municipalities of Wollerau and Feusisberg ) and the heights that stretch from Schindellegi to Hütten . Zschokke suppresses the fact that the actual commander of this unit, Major Bellmont, was murdered by his own people.

In Schindellegi, according to Zschokke, Reding also encountered residents of Wollerau and Bäch who had fled after the lost battle on April 30, but wanted to continue the fight against the French. At eight o'clock in the morning Reding had written to Colonel Paravicini in Glarus, who was wounded near Wollerau, and asked for reinforcements. But three hours later the courier brought back the news that the Glarus and their allies had returned and the French were already laughing . The people of Schwyz were now only supported by 500 people from Uri and a company from Zug, who stood at Schornen (Schwyz), Morgarten and St. Jost (Zug).

Zschokke can Reding to defenders of Schindellegi speak like Leonidas at the Thermopylae to the Spartans a new and with them Rütlischwur swear. At nightfall the governor went to the council of war in Rothenthurm . There, according to Zschokke, he wanted to “discuss the defense of the second line, if the first line should be evacuated”. Apparently, despite his appeal for resistance, the former Spanish lieutenant colonel thought it impossible to keep Schindellegi long. In order not to appear as a traitor, however, he wanted to obtain the consent of the council of war before the order to withdraw.

Zschokke accuses the pastor of Einsiedeln, who appeared uninvited for the nightly meeting, with “pride, irrepressible lust for power, violence and tinkering” and in particular “hypocrisy and enthusiasm”. He continues: “He did not commit any crime, but the enchanted crowd saw only virtue in him, and in the murderer of the fatherland and the church, the martyr.” This is how Herzog managed to rise to the rulership of the Waldstatt. The captains ran the risk of being shot by the peasants if they resisted him. Herzog also tried to gain the same rule over the troops of the district of Schwyz. "In particular, he offered his arts to (...) set fire to suspicions against the so-called gentlemen, and everything that wore wigs and pigtails (...)"

The self-appointed commander of over 600 hermits only occupied the strategically important Etzel Pass one day after the battle near Wollerau. Zschokke reports: “Marianus repeatedly requested a commandant from Governor Reding. But no officer from all Schwyzer battalions wanted to share command with the monks (...) "When the defense of a second line was discussed, Herzog exclaimed:" This consultation (...) reveals unnecessary fear. If Schindellegi and other posts are defended as I like to shield Ezel with the hermits; so we are winners. "

According to Zschokke, the French appeared in front of Schindellegi on May 2nd, at 10 a.m.: “The snipers first came into battle with the enemy and held them up for almost two hours before the battalion and the two guns of the Schwyzer could take effect. Around one o'clock the Franconian fire diminished and finally stopped completely. ”A hermit named Meinrad Kälin brought the news that the French were moving across the Etzel. Pastor Herzog came there at eight o'clock and declared the defense of the pass to be pointless, because no resistance was intended to be offered at the other blocked points. He then rode back to Einsiedeln and the team followed the example of the “escaped traitor”.

Zschokke no longer writes, as in the Schweizer-Bote, that Einsiedeln fell before Schindellegi, but only: “Einsiedeln and Schwyz were open to the Franks thanks to the priest's prank. The troops at the Schindellegi, in order not to be bypassed and to maintain a connection with Einsiedeln and St. Jost, had to withdraw. ”The panegyric Redings ignores the fact that after the order to withdraw he almost suffered the fate of Major Bellmont. According to Zschokke, the retreat took place in all order, covered by snipers and grenadiers. At three in the afternoon the Schwyzer had reached Rothenthurm. Many courtiers followed them. Schilter died of wounds whose cause Zschokke did not mention, but which were apparently also inflicted on him by his own people. But Schauenburg immediately had General Nouvion advance across the Etzel.

Based on the biography of Pastor Herzog

Pastor Marian Herzog (Einsiedeln monastery archive).

According to the biography of Pastor Duke in the professorship book of Einsiedeln Monastery, the population of Einsiedeln saw themselves “more or less left to themselves by Schwyz”. The plight of those entrusted to him had moved Herzog to take the lead. On April 29th he went with 400 men to the farms (read: Wollerau), where the hermit bravely held on on April 30th. Herzog himself picked up the Landsturm and the troops returning from Brünig that day. When he came to the courtyards with them, the fight had already been decided to the disadvantage of the Schwyzer (read: Glarner).

The book of professions also reports that Etzel remained vacant on the night of April 30th to May 1st. That is why the hermits urged their pastor to lead them there. “800 men went out; P. Marian urgently sent to Schwyz for rules of conduct and ammunition, but received no answer. He only heard of a council of war that was to be held at Rothenthurm. "The anonymous biographer confirms Zschokke's statement that Herzog was not invited, and continues:" When he came, they had already decided to retreat to the defensive line at Rothenthurm . That would have surrendered Einsiedeln. He demanded that the decision be reversed and offered to defend the Etzel if one wanted to keep the Schindellegi, Altmatt and Enzenau oneself, to send the hermits an experienced commander and the necessary ammunition with around 70-80 snipers. Father Marian first returned to Einsiedeln, where the authorities were ready to surrender. On the Etzel, where Father Marian then went, there was great disorder. Not only had no commander, ammunition and snipers appeared, but the news came that the Schwyzers were withdrawing from the Schindellegi. So a fight seemed hopeless. And so Father Marian returned with the hermits. "

The further course of events is described by the biographer Herzogs as follows: “On the Schindellegi, the battle was in full swing when the news came that the French were advancing both from Aegeri over the St. Jost and that the Etzel from abandoned the hermits and the French were advancing there; The latter report, however, was incorrect because the French did not come to Einsiedeln until May 3rd. In addition, the hermits, according to reports, only withdrew when the Schwyz had already given up the Schindellegi. There can therefore be no question of treason and the like, as Fr. Marian was repeatedly accused of after the Zschockke (sic) incident up to the most recent times. "

After Lieutenant Bellmont

Made impassable by the Schwyzians : Grubenmann Bridge
in Schindellegi.

Not defended by the hermits : Tüfelsbrugg near the Etzelpass.

Joseph Anton Bellmont, who took part in the battle at Schindellegi as a 19-year-old lieutenant, reports in his autobiography: “Our battalion under Commander Bellmont, my dear uncle, was ordered to the Schindellegi (...) and our company as an outpost, through which I had been given command due to the captain's absence. The Franks (…) camped at the foot of the hill, in front of us. Our boss Bellmont, formerly a great major in the Portuguese service, visited the enemy's camp and was about to rush to Rothenthurm for the council of war. ”But although the danger would have been unanimous, slander had been spread to fanatical the gullible people. “My honest uncle (...) also met the most shameful slander, he was exclaimed as a traitor, as a Frenchman, and some wretched villains beat him to death with wrinkles when he was about to ride to Rothenthurm. Our troops knew nothing about this black act (...) it was kept as secret as possible in order to prevent confusion. The second chief, Comandant Schilter, indicated to the battalion that he had been appointed first chief (...) "

Bellmont describes the events of the following day as follows: “At last the Franks prepared to attack; innumerable masses (!) unfolded and advanced against our weak outposts. The skirmishers began the attack and the fight became brisk. We expected quick help from our troops, but suddenly the terrible word rang out at such a moment: "Treason! The commandant is dead, shot in the ears by our own people. One can imagine how courageous the fighters and the concerned officers were. But the crowds came to our aid without order or guidance (...) "Finally, the French were pushed back towards Wollerau and" several of them "were shot.

The biography of the former lieutenant goes on to say: “The withdrawal of the enemy brought new courage into our ranks, and the irregular defenders of the fatherland moved ever faster. Suddenly, with the reins in place, the governor sprang up over the bushes and hills and shouted a thundering "back" to the heated fighters (...) Then there was a murmur in the ranks, "Betrayal, rogue." (...) A treacherous bullet - and the Loos Redings was that of Schilter and Bellmont. (...) Finally our general succeeded in quieting the noise and making himself heard. He brought the depressing news that the pastor Marianus Herzog von Einsiedeln, who commanded the troops on the Etzel, fled cowardly at the sight of the (approaching) enemies, that Einsiedeln was in the hands of the Franks (...) We were in the greatest danger to be cut off, only the quickest retirade could save us. "

The report concludes: “Such sad news tame even the wildest warriors; they willingly complied with the general's orders. ”Three companies, including Bellmont's own, were commissioned to cover the retreat and the destruction of the bridge over the Sihl. The former lieutenant remembers: “When we got to the top, I heard (...) noise and screaming. A troop of fleeing wanted to escape to the other bank, and now the bridge was smashed (...) Instead of thinking quietly (...) they shouted treachery, and several ran into the floods of the Sihl (...) So we lost about 30 men. I noticed that the bridge's sub-bearings had not yet been torn down, and now I asked my people to cling to them and climb over them. In order to instill my people's courage, I decided to climb over the bridge last. In this way, everyone finally reaches the other bank happily. We quickly smashed the bridgehead, threw the sub-camps into the river (…) A group of snipers discovered the rubble of the bridge. ”Bellmont does not mention any participation of courtiers in the fighting.

There are numerous other, more or less embellished reports about the battle at Schindellegi.

consequences

After the Schwyzer had united with the remainder of the opponents of the revolution, they were able to achieve respectable successes at Rothenthurm and Morgarten on the same day . Although this did not change their defeat, it did enable them, like the people of Glarus, to conclude an armistice and an honorable surrender .

In order to limit the weight of the anti-revolutionary forces in the legislative councils of the Helvetic Republic, in which each canton had the same number of representatives, the two large cantons of Waldstätten and Linth were created. At the same time, attempts were made to appease Schwyz and Glarus by making them the capital of these cantons. In place of the reformed Aarau , the Catholic Lucerne became the capital of the entire state until the Austrian invasion in the Second Coalition War (1799).

losses

All the battles in spring 1798 added up, according to lists of names drawn up by the pastors, the Schwyz lost 92 dead and 89 wounded, their previous subjects 80 dead and 44 wounded. Of the latter, the Höfner accounted for 50 dead and 18 wounded, the Küssnachts 20 dead and 10 wounded, the hermits 9 dead and 12 wounded, the Märchler 1 dead and 4 wounded. The people of Zug are said to have mourned 30 dead and 25 wounded, the Glarus 28 dead and 30 wounded, the Uri 6 dead and 7 wounded.

As far as the losses of the French are concerned, the numbers disseminated by the losers - Zschokke reports of "2,754 dead", Pastor Herzog of "around 3,000 men" - are undoubtedly an order of magnitude too high. The monitor wrote: "We have lost a battalion commander, several officers and non-commissioned officers at the various meetings, but in general our losses are very insignificant given the circumstances."

Fought again in 1799

During the Second Coalition War, the area around Schindellegi was again the scene of fighting: When the French Commander-in-Chief André Masséna had to shorten his front after the First Battle of Zurich , the Imperial-Royal General Franz Jelačić occupied and relocated the Etzel with his division on June 12, 1799 Detachments to Richterswil, Wollerau and Schindellegi. Before the Second Battle of Zurich , the French General Joseph Chabran let part of his division advance against the upper Lake Zurich on August 14th . Using his reserves, Jelačić was able to stop the French at Wollerau, Hütten and Schindellegi, but was then bypassed by other units via the Wägital and defeated on the Etzel on August 15, whereupon his troops, in disarray, crossed the Grynau bridge on the right Banks of the Linth withdrew.

See also: List of Swiss battles

literature

References and comments

  1. ↑ According to Joseph Anton Bellmont: Fates of a Citizen of Schwyz, Captain J. A. Bellmont (...) Heiden 1835, p. 15, Schilter was murdered by his own people like his predecessor Major Balthasar Bellmont.
  2. ^ A battalion and three companies ( pieces of files on the history of the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798, in: Archives for Swiss History, Volume 15, Zurich 1866, pp. 319–366, here: p. 346). See Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 324 (2000 men); Thomas Fassbind: History of the Canton of Schwyz (…) 5th volume, Schwyz 1838, p. 440 (2000-3000 men).
  3. ↑ Thomas Faßbind: History of the Canton Schwyz (...) 5th volume, Schwyz 1838, p. 439; see. Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (…) Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 315 f., 320 f. (a Schwyz battalion and courtier ); Pieces of files on the history of the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798, in: Archive for Swiss History, Volume 15, Zurich 1866, pp. 319–366, here: p. 346 (1500 men).
  4. ^ Acts on the history of the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798, in: Archive for Swiss History, Volume 15, Zurich 1866, pp. 319–366, here: p. 346.
  5. ^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and decline of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 326 f. According to the Moniteur of 7th  Prairial Year 6 (May 26th 1798), p. 990, the opponents of the revolution left over 100 dead on the battlefield.
  6. ↑ See Josef Wiget: Reding, Alois. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  7. ↑ See Andreas Fankhauser: Helvetische Republik. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  8. ↑ See Jürg Stüssi-Lauterburg: Schauenburg, Alexis Balthasar Henri Antoine von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  9. ↑ See Veronika Feller-Vest: Paravicini, Fridolin. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  10. ↑ See Karin Marti-Weissenbach: Meister, Leonhard. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . (Master wrote his first name without the "h".)
  11. ↑ See Ernst Bollinger: Republikaner, Der. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  12. ↑ Cf. Ruedi Graf: Zschokke, Heinrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  13. ^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons, especially the old federal canton of Schwyz. Bern / Zurich 1801.
  14. ^ Werner Ort: Heinrich Zschokke (1771–1848). A biography. Baden 2013, p. 361.
  15. ↑ See Karin Marti-Weissenbach: Herzog, Marian. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  16. ^ Franz Weidmann: History of the former monastery and the landscape of St. Gallen (...) especially during the years of the Helvetic Revolution (...) St. Gallen 1834, p. 294.
  17. ↑ Hüttner Schanze, Bellenschanze, Eichschanze, Sternenschanze (cf. situation plan with Heinrich Peter: From the local history of Richterswil, Volume 2, Buchdruckerei Richterswil, 1975, p. 31).
  18. ↑ Erected in 1765 by Hans Ulrich Grubenmann (1709–1783), demolished in 1939.
  19. ↑ See Thomas Lau: Villmergerkrieg, second. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  20. ↑ See Andreas Fankhauser: Helvetische Revolution. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  21. ↑ The hermits suffered a total of 9 dead and 12 wounded in the fighting in spring 1798. (Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and decline of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 12 f.)
  22. ↑ The Swiss Republican. Zurich, May 5, 1798, p. 44.
  23. ↑ See Erwin Horat: Altmatt. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  24. ↑ The Swiss Republican. Zurich, May 9, 1798, p. 52.
  25. ^ Gazette nationale or Le Moniteur universel. Paris, 27.  Floréal year 6 (May 16, 1798), p. 950 (translated).
  26. ^ Gazette nationale or Le Moniteur universel. Paris, 7th Prairial Year 6 (May 26th 1798), p. 990 (translated).
  27. ^ A b Cf. François Kohler: Nouvion, Jean-Baptiste. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  28. ↑ May 3, 1798.
  29. ^ Acts on the history of the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798, in: Archive for Swiss History, Volume 15, Zurich 1866, pp. 319–366, here: p. 342 (translated).
  30. ^ Werner Ort: Heinrich Zschokke (1771–1848). A biography. Baden 2013, pp. 118/120.
  31. ↑ See Christian Schweizer: Styger, Paul. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  32. ↑ (Heinrich Zschokke :) The sincere and experienced Swiss messenger. 1. Volume, (Lucerne) 1798, No. 14 f. (undated), pp. 110, 113.
  33. ^ Werner Ort: Heinrich Zschokke (1771–1848). A biography. Baden 2013, pp. 180, 192 et passim .
  34. ^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and decline of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 314 f.
  35. ↑ Dominik Steinauer: History of the Free State of Schwyz (...) 1st volume, Einsiedeln 1861, p. 214.
  36. ↑ From Ägeri and Menzingen .
  37. ^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (…) Bern / Zurich 1801, pp. 315–317.
  38. ^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and decline of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, pp. 319–321.
  39. ^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and decline of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 321.
  40. ^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and decline of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 322 f.
  41. ↑ According to files on the history of the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798, in: Archive for Swiss History, Volume 15, Zurich 1866, p. 319–366, here: p. 346 / note, there were also Märchler at the Etzel Pass, who like the hermits were non-warlike (or less anti-revolutionary than the Schwyz).
  42. ^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 323 f.
  43. ^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and decline of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, pp. 324–326.
  44. ^ A b Joseph Anton Bellmont: Fates of a citizen of Schwyz, Captain J. A. Bellmont (...) Heiden 1835, p. 15.
  45. ^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and decline of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 326 f.
  46. ↑ The anonymous author of the biography apparently saw it as a failure by Paravicini or Reding.
  47. ↑ Via Schindellegi– Biberbrugg , Altmatt (Rothenthurm) - Chatzenstrick and Änzenau (Feusisberg) –Tüfelsbrugg, the enemy could have occupied Einsiedeln and stabbed the defenders of the Etzel Pass in the rear.
  48. ↑ The former subject areas and clergy were less averse to the Helvetic Revolution than the ruling places.
  49. ^ P. Marian (Heinrich Josef) Duke of Beromünster (1758–1828). In: Einsiedeln monastery archive, Professbuch B, no. 462. After the battle near Wollerau, Herzog fled to Austria.
  50. ^ French commandant = major.
  51. ↑ Lieutenant Colonel.
  52. ↑ Knittel = club. The perpetrators were apparently only makeshift armed troops.
  53. ^ Joseph Anton Bellmont: Fates of a citizen of Schwyz, Captain J. A. Bellmont (...) Heiden 1835, p. 13 f.
  54. ^ Joseph Anton Bellmont: Fates of a citizen of Schwyz, Captain J. A. Bellmont (...) Heiden 1835, p. 14 f.
  55. ↑ Accordingly, Schilter also became a victim of fanatical subordinates.
  56. ↑ retreat.
  57. ^ Joseph Anton Bellmont: Fates of a citizen of Schwyz, Captain J. A. Bellmont (...) Heiden 1835, p. 15 f. Nouvion occupied Einsiedeln only two days later. Reding could have dramatized the situation in order to enforce the withdrawal decided by the war council.
  58. ^ Joseph Anton Bellmont: Fate of a citizen of Schwyz, Captain J. A. Bellmont (...) Heiden 1835, p. 16.
  59. ↑ Grand Council and Senate.
  60. ↑ Like today in the Council of States.
  61. ^ Uri (without Leventina ), Schwyz (without March and Höfe), Nidwalden, Obwalden, Zug, Engelberg abbey , Republic of Gersau .
  62. ↑ Glarus, Rapperswil, March, Höfe, Vogtei Windegg (Gaster, Gams ), County of Uznach , County of Sargans , County of Werdenberg , Dominion Sax , Obertoggenburg .
  63. ^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, list of those who perished and wounded in the fight for the fatherland.
  64. ^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and decline of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 358.
  65. ^ Franz Weidmann: History of the former monastery and the landscape of St. Gallen (...) St. Gallen 1834, p. 299.
  66. ^ Gazette nationale or Le Moniteur universel. Paris, 27. Floréal year 6 (May 16, 1798), p. 950 (translated).
  67. ^ (Archduke Karl of Austria :) History of the campaign of 1799 in Germany and Switzerland. Vienna 1819, 1st part, p. 385 f .; 2. Part, pp. 11, 98 f., 116 f .; see. Johannes Wieland: History of the war events in Helvetia and Rhaetia (...) Part 2, Basel 1827, pp. 109 f., 121, 125 f., 155.