Battle at Wollerau

Helvetic Revolution

date	April 30, 1798
place	Wollerau , Bäch ( Schwyz ), Richterswil ( Zurich )
output	French victory

Parties to the conflict
France 1804 France ( First Republic ) Helvetic Republic ( Canton of Zurich ) Helvetic Republic	Canton Glarus Höfe March Einsiedeln Gaster Sargans
Commander
Adjutant General Philibert Fressinet, Colonel Hans Georg Wipf	Colonel Fridolin Paravicini (wounded), then Lieutenant Colonel Balthasar Zwicky
Troop strength
1307 French, 400 Zurich residents	800-1200 Glarus; a few hundred courtiers, a few storytellers; 400 hermits; Guestler, Sarganser
losses
approx. 100 French dead and wounded, 50 captured (30 of whom were murdered); Zurich?	31 dead, 28 wounded Glarus; a few dozen courtiers, a few storytellers; other newcomers?

The battle near Wollerau or battle near Richterswil took place on April 30, 1798 in and around Wollerau , Bäch (both former subject areas Höfe , Canton Schwyz ) and Richterswil (former Landvogtei Wädenswil , Canton Zurich ). On the losing side, peasants from Glarus , the courtyards , the March , Einsiedeln , the Gaster and Sargans were involved , on the victorious French and Zurich residents. The French Republic intervened at the request of the Helvetic Republic , founded on April 12th , whose supporters (the "patriots") had one of their strongholds in the Zurich lakeside communities.

prehistory

Schwyz had already fallen out with the Kingdom of France because of the mercenary trade . The other cantons, for which this trade played an important role, were outraged that the French Republic sacked the Swiss regiments after the Tuileries storm .

In 1798 the Helvetic Revolution led to the downfall of the Old Confederation , in which individual population groups had hereditary privileges. Schwyz declared its subject areas, including the Wollerau and Pfäffikon farms , to be free. The republic of Bern , ruled by the patriciate of its capital , which had refused to accept the defection of Aargau and Vaud , capitulated when French troops marched in, like the aristocratic cantons of Friborg and Solothurn before. In Zurich , 14,000 “Landschäftler” marched in front of the city with 40 cannons, whereupon the freedom tree was erected there on March 13th . On April 12th, the One and Indivisible Helvetic Republic was proclaimed in Aarau , which promised its citizens freedom and equality.

Under the leadership of Schwyz, Uri, Nidwalden, Glarus and Zug resisted the loss of their national sovereignty . A role was played by the fact that in these (according to the terms of the time) democratic cantons a large part of the male population was able to take part in the rural communities . Supporters of the Ancien Régime used the fact that the new unified state introduced freedom of belief , despite maintaining the previous state church , as an excuse to paint the decline of religion on the wall. Although the cantons mentioned together could not muster more than 10,000 men and could not be sure of the support of their previous subjects, they took the offensive under the leadership of Schwyz Governor Alois von Reding . They occupied Obwalden and - for a few hours - the city of Lucerne , because they had adopted the Helvetic Constitution, as well as parts of the Bernese Oberland and the Freiamt . However , the forces were not sufficient for the intended conquest of Aarau , Bern and Zurich .

Lukas and Peter Vischer: Glarner Soldat (1792).

The right wing of the rebels was commanded by a declared opponent of the war plan, Colonel Fridolin Paravicini from Glarus. While Uznacher and Gästler occupied the Helvetian-minded Rapperswil on April 28 and had to be put to order the next day by a standby (400 men) from Glarus, Paravicini limited himself to securing the Schwyz border on Lake Zurich. For this he had two or three Glarner stand-bys, which were joined by a few hundred Höfner, a few Märchlers, 400 hermits and, at the end of the battle, Gästler and Sarganser. A Schwyzer battalion covered the heights against Hütten (Canton of Zurich).

The Executive Board of the Helvetic Republic called on the French General Schauenburg , who had remained in the country , and whose division from Alsace was reinforced to 20,000 men. He was commissioned to occupy the Einsiedeln monastery because it, like that of St. Gallen, spread anti-revolutionary propaganda . On April 26th, General Nouvion's 4,500-strong brigade arrived in Zurich, to which, shortly afterwards, Schauenburg moved his headquarters. On April 29th, Nouvion pushed 1307 men to Horgen and 686 men to Meilen for reconnaissance purposes . General Jordy's brigade occupied Zug without a fight and made contact with Nouvion via the Albis and Sihlbrugg . On April 30th she found Lucerne abandoned by the anti-revolutionaries. They also withdrew from Rapperswil after exchanges of fire with the French and Zurich.

course

The reports cited below, the level of detail of which does not necessarily reflect the degree of their reliability, are arranged according to the time of their creation or publication. As is customary in military conflicts, both warring parties exaggerated the strength of the enemy and its losses. Therefore some of the relevant information has been left out.

According to governor Pfenninger

The governor of the Canton of Zurich, Johann Kaspar Pfenninger , reported to the Executive Board in Aarau: “The battle at Richtenschweil lasted a few hours. The victory remained undecided for a long time; the Franks had to give way to and into the village, where a hard fight cost a lot of blood. Finally the Franks won (...) and the lost brothers had to give way (...) "

According to the surgeon Bachmann

According to his own report, the Richterswil surgeon Christoph Bachmann, who had been referred to by the bailiff of Wädenswil as a "head of fire" and later became mayor, treated the wounded opponents of the revolution and had the dead buried. According to Bachmann, the former mostly came from the Oberland (name for the county of Sargans ), the Gaster and the March. Despite their helplessness, they would have resisted accepting anything. Apparently they had been promised invulnerability by the priests, at least the surgeon wrote: “The Franks shot with silver bullets, say the deceived; they would have been safe from the lead. "

According to Pastor Herzog

In an undated letter, the pastor of Einsiedeln, Father Marian Herzog , wrote about the battle near Wollerau: "Some people from Glarus and the hermits (...) and important officers killed around 600 enemies."

According to the professorship book of the Einsiedeln monastery , Herzog and 400 men marched out to the courts on April 29th, where they bravely held up on April 30th. Meanwhile, Herzog picked up the Landsturm and troops returning from Brünig . When he came to the courtyards with them, the fight had already been decided.

According to the Swiss Republican

Heinrich Keller: "Area Beÿ Richtenschweil where the battle occurred, A. 1798."

After the Helvetic Revolution, there was freedom of the press in Switzerland for the first time . Obtaining reliable information from the war zone was almost impossible, as the example of the Swiss republican shows. In the May 2nd edition there was a report from Zurich dated from the previous day, which reads: “(...) the first attack at Richterschwyl happened early yesterday morning - the battle started right outside the stream that ran the cantons of Zurich and Switzerland parting, an - The Swiss snipers, who hit their husbands not just from Stutzern at 300, but from heavy musquets at 4 and 500 paces, caused most damage to the Franks; after the latter lost a considerable number of people, they withdrew to the limit again until very soon - but after receiving the succurs they advanced again and drove the Swiss and their helpers out of the March u. s. w. along the lake to Frei (en) bach , u. on the mountain side back towards Feusisberg . Many remained on both sides, several hundred deaths according to some reports. Yesterday evening and in the night that had passed, over 50 seriously wounded Franks were brought to the local Lazareth in five ships. Today (...) some ships with wounded arrived here again. "

On May 9, the republican corrected himself : "Not only actual Swiss, but also auxiliary troops from Ury, Glarus, March and Sargans" were involved in the "Affaire near Wollerau". The paper went on to write: “Colonel Paravicini von Glarus was the first to leave the battlefield after receiving a wound on one hand, and to whom the Glarner, Märchler, Sarganser and others soon afterwards. s. w. followed, so that the Swiss were left alone; they then withdrew against the Schindelegi (...) "

On June 6, the Republican corrected himself again: Almost only 800 people from Glarus took part in the fighting. The 600 people from Schwyz, who were subordinate to him, were sent back by Paravicini from Wollerau to Rothenthurm the morning before the battle , as the French had already been suspected in Menzingen and Ägeri ( Canton Zug ). Paravicini was wounded right at the beginning of the battle when he advanced to Richterswil at the head of two companies . He stayed in the fire for an hour. Then because of the blood loss he handed over command to Lieutenant Colonel Zwicki and, with the help of two people, dragged himself to Pfäffikon , where the council of war had met. Of 50 French prisoners plus a captain, the Glarus officers could only have saved the latter and 20 men from the bloodlust of the people.

According to the Zürcher Zeitung

The Zürcher Zeitung wrote on May 5th: “Bey Richterschwyl am Grenzbach, the Swiss let themselves be lured out of their entrenchments, were beaten, and after they climbed their entrenchments they were followed to Schindellägi (...) The Märchlers surrendered and were looted. In Bäch and Wollerau, only the dead remained of the inhabitants. The people of Zurich on the border have collected the effects of the looted , which the Franks bought very cheaply from the Franks , and are giving the damaged back theirs with loyalty to Switzerland. "

According to the monitor

The official organ of the French government, the Moniteur, reported on May 15 that the French had attacked the enemy “in Richterswil”: “He defended himself there with stubborn courage; but he was finally forced to give way (...) "

According to the European annals

The winner from Wollerau: Philibert Fressinet as Lieutenant General (approx. 1815).

Ernst Ludwig Posselt's European Annals , which appeared in Tübingen , reported in the June issue of the "fight (...) near the village of Richtenschweil": A French column of 9 companies commanded by Adjutant General Fressinet , i.e. a maximum of 1,000 men, faced more than 5,000 Swiss. Fressinet had ordered battalion chief Lenud to take a hill with 80 men. Fressinet himself had been attacked by the enemy on the lake shore and went to meet them. After a grueling fight, the French retreated to the village of Richterswil, which was held by a small reserve with a four-pounder. “Here they gathered again and waited for the enemy, who approached them with steadfast stride: they received him with violent musket and artillery fire. At that moment four companies came to reinforce them. Now they soon gained lost ground. With equal fury on both sides, the battle had continued from 8 in the morning to 2 in the afternoon, according to the Frankish commander's own confession, the most obstinate he had ever attended. "

Posselt added three - circulated by Fressinet? - Anecdotes to illustrate the fanaticism of the opponents of the revolution (or the heroism of the French): 1. “They had a flag under which three of their officers fell.” 2. “One penetrates a Schwyzer, he should get the new one Adopt constitution; 'He wants' he replies, 'first ask his priest about it,' and falls under the bayonet of the victors. ”3.“ Twenty peasants armed with clubs throw themselves into a house (…) the house is set on fire; but before they surrender, they will be robbed of the flames. ”These anecdotes had an unequal fate in Swiss historiography : the first, flattering, was taken at face value and disseminated, the other two, however, which by the way refer to the Skirmish at Schindellegi on May 2nd seem to be dismissed as "fables".

According to the mediator Beat Steinauer

Beat Steinauer's report, who passed Wollerau three days before the battle, shows that efforts to prevent the war had been made until the end, but that these were thwarted by fanatics . Authorized by General Schauenburg to negotiate peace with the War Commission in Schwyz and given a permit by the latter, he was received with the utmost courtesy by Colonel (Lieutenant) Zwicky. Steinauer calls Zwicky, who took command during the subsequent battle, "a man who knows how to combine the honesty of an old Swiss with the finer knowledge of our time in a pleasant way". The Glarner had not only given him an escort "with tears in his eyes", but also sent Jägerhauptmann Zwicky (his son?) After him for his protection, "while a very dissatisfied murmur rose among his troops about me". Steinauer's peace mission then ended prematurely in his home town of Einsiedeln: religious zealots put him in chains until the French arrived.

According to a critic from Father Styger

An anonymous critic Paul Stygers makes this combative Capuchin pater participate in the Battle of Wollerau. But there is probably a question mark behind that, as Styger was there the day before when the Schwyzer had occupied Lucerne for a few hours . The author writes: “On the 30th (...) the Franks attacked the Swiss and Glarus, united by Wollrau, with violent fire from a small rifle, but they were repulsed in Father Paul's Beyseyn with considerable loss as far as the Grenzbach near Rychtenschwyl ; only the Swiss (in reality Glarus) were forced to go to their previous positions at Wollrau by unexpected shots from a card . ”The author postpones the retreat of the Glarus from Wollerau for one day to May 1st and continues:“ They are alone Left Swiss retired to the Schindellegi with Father Paul ; meanwhile the Franks went through the so-called Höf towards the Ezel (...) "

According to Zschokke

As Heinrich Zschokke, who was friends with Reding, writes in his story of the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons , Wollerau was the place where the French attack was least expected. Zschokke reports the anecdote according to which the bleeding captain Hauser von Näfels was mistaken for a compatriot by a French officer (Fressinet), kept and comforted with the words “Courage, comrade, courage!” To which Hauser replied: “ I miss it not in courage, only in strength. “On the orders of the French he was then nursed to health in Wädenswil .

According to General Schauenburg

General Schauenburg seems to have recorded his memories soon after the campaign of 1798. In the Bulletin historique de la Campagne d'Helvétie he writes that on April 30th General Nouvion had advanced units for reconnaissance in Richterswil. They met insurgents and started a battle. They were supported by other units and took up positions in Richterswil. There they were thrown back twice, but finally prevailed thanks to the arrival of reinforcements. The 2,000 insurgents fought stubbornly and carried out several bayonet attacks on the village.

After the poetic shoemaker Feldtmann

In 1802, master shoemaker Levi Feldtmann (1754–1835) von Schwanden published a poem in Knittelversen with the title People's Excerpt and Battle of Wollrau on April 30, 1798. In the melody: If you are right, friends, are right, brothers. It claims that Schauenburg wanted to occupy Glarus, but also admitted that the people of Glarus planned to do the same with Zurich. This disciple of Hans Sachs wrote about the battle itself in which he might have participated :

Richard Knötel : French Military (1795).

Bey Wollrau went to the battle,
thunder, lightning and bangs,
There one saw now left, now right
, now enemy, now brothers fall;
But it went on for four - five - hours - at
last the Glarus man found
that he overweight France, will
not be able to grow.

But the Glarus Swiss
courage seems to revive again;
In spite of the already spilled blood,
one does not want to give it up lost,
But that was not the end of it,
one felt France's superiority;
Even though the riflemen were well aimed,
the battle was now playful.

After General Jomini

The Vaudois military theorist Lieutenant General Antoine-Henri Jomini criticized the attack by the opponents of the revolution on the lakeshore as a “careless maneuver that cost them dearly”.

After Colonel Wieland

Colonel Wieland from Basel reported in a textbook for officers: “The Franks had sent skirmishers up the ridge to avoid the Swiss (…)” In a footnote, Wieland wrote: “Both this battle and most of the others are difficult to state with certainty the number of troops brought into action against each other. Fraissinet commanded the front guard of the Franconian main column; he had two battalions, a third followed with a gun. Paravizini had one of his battalions at Rapperswil, a second on the Etzel , a third at Hütten, so he had three battalions, along with Landsturm, at Wollrau. "

According to Feldprediger Schuler

The historian Melchior Schuler provided a particularly detailed description of the battle, which he had witnessed as a 19-year-old field preacher of the Reformed Glarus people. In a new version of this text published in 1851 it says: “The people of Glarus had been encamped at Wollrau for a whole week and the people were impatient about the inaction of the leader, Colonel Paravizin ; It would rather have attacked the enemy than expected. ”To counter the idea that the ensuing battle was an act of arms by the Schwyz, Schuler inserted the remark:“ The Swiss should only go up the heights from Hütten to Schindellegi to protect the Glarus people and theirs Keep auxiliary troops occupied, but not take part in the meeting. "

Catholic Church Wollerau (1787): This is where Major Doubt fell.

Then the former military chaplain describes how the French, on the morning of April 30th, “because the commander had failed to make arrangements to protect against attack, attacked the Glarus people in the village of Wollrau himself and there Major Doubt when he was taking the people to resistance wanted to be shot at the church. Now the struggle from Wollrau and Feusisberg began with the greatest violence and soon the French were repulsed. At the same time the three companies encamped at Bäch am See, commanded by Captain Konrad Schindler and Jägerhauptmann Joh. Peter Zwicki , moved out with a field piece and advanced against Richterschweil . Soon after the meeting began, Colonel Paravizin and Freuler, the commander of one of the two spikes, and with them about a third of the crew, fled. "

Contemporary French four pounder system Gribeauval .

In the historical present tense Schuler continues: “Now, at the moment of greatest danger (...) the commander of one of the two spikes, Colonel Balthasar Zwicki, takes over the leadership of the small group of 5-600 faithful who join him. The French give way to their violent attack and are repulsed as far as Richterschweil . Lieutenant Freitag von Elm was sent up from the lake with a detachment of 30 men against Wollrau. Then a company of French came driven down from Wollrau between two fires, and 50 men were made prisoners. From Bäch , the people of Glarus advanced to the Richterschweilerbrücke, where they stopped. At Richterschweil the enemy received reinforcements, partly from their own troops, partly from riflemen from Lake Zurich, and at the same time by increasing their heavy artillery. The rushing Glarus people are greeted with grape fire in the village and, badly hit by two wounds, Captain Hauser von Näfels falls here with some brave men; the flag goes to the third hand. The people of Glarus back up to the heights of Wollrau, where they gathered for a renewed battle that lasted for several hours without a decision. Again a crowd of French pressed against Wollrau and thence against Bäch . The people of Glarus standing at the Richterschweilerbrücke, who saw themselves threatened on their left flank and in the back, now retreat to Bäch and beat back the enemy there. The cannon had gone far back as far as Freienbach , and only when his life was threatened did the commander follow the order to go forward with it again. ”It was probably this cannon that Fusilier Michel Lévêque of the French 76th Half-Brigade jumped around to seize them, and was killed in the process.

Schuler continues: “After seven to eight hours of fighting, which the Glarus people had endured in connection with a few hundreds from the courtyards and the March, who were poorly armed, they retreated, untracked by the enemy; for after Rappersweil had fallen into the hands of the enemy and the crossing over the Linth near Uznach was open to them, they were in danger of being attacked from the side and in the rear and being cut off from the country. An influx of badly armed but extremely eager Sargansians arrived too late . The withdrawal was in good order. (…) But there were still 200 men under the leadership of Captain Konrad Schindler and Lieutenant Tschudi von Schwanden in the Wollrau area until 9 o'clock; the officers wanted to remain on the battlefield themselves. (...) In addition to the officers already mentioned, the captains Kaspar Zwicki von Mollis , Cham von Kerenzen , Müller von Näfels, Heussi von Filzbach , Tschudi von Schwanden also stood out . "

Schuler does not speak of the murder of the French prisoners of war. He only writes that some of them were in danger of being "killed by an angry bunch of those who had previously escaped the meeting". Governor Johann Peter Zwicki von Mollis and other determined men would have protected them. They were treated well until they were released after the canton's surrender. On the other hand, the wounded people of Glarus in the Zurich area, especially in Richterswil and Wädenswil , received humane care.

According to the historian Dominik Steinauer

According to Dominik Steinauer's history of the Free State of Schwyz, the French attack would not only have taken place at Wollerau, but also at Bellenschanze (municipality of Richterswil) occupied by the French, where they would have faced farmhands and hermits. The Schwyzer would have occupied the Rossberg (communities Wollerau and Feusisberg) and the heights that stretch from Schindellegi to Hütten. At Bellenschanze, the Höfner and Einsiedler were exposed to well-aimed fire from Zurich snipers, but still held out until the evening. Steinauer continued: "Repeated Rotten -Fire one of Richterswyl her freshly moved battalion finally compelled them to retreat. The hermits withdrew to Einsiedeln the same evening, while the Höfner went to the Schindellegi (...) "

According to the historian Blumer

The fact that the Vaudois historian Monnard - like the Swiss republican - let Wollerau Schwyzer fight, was what the Glarus archivist Blumer described as a “serious violation of historical truth”.

There are numerous other, more or less embellished reports about the battle near Wollerau. The fact that some authors, such as the poetic shoemaker Feldtmann, speak of a “battle” does not correspond to the usual usage of this word. There were real battles in the following year, 1799, between the major European powers over the possession of Zurich.

surrender

The former field preacher Schuler describes what followed the battle as follows: “After the retreat of the Glarus people, the French entered the villages of the farms , robbing and burning , but the inhabitants fled (...) up into the mountains and forests. (…) The Glarnervolk camped on the border for three days (…) On May 2nd, an armistice for fifty hours was concluded with the French commander , and on the 3rd a treaty was concluded according to which the country of Glarus accepted the new constitution , Military and weapons were kept, declared exempt from any war tax and received the promise that the French should never enter the country. "

On May 2, the hermits withdrew from the Etzelpass or from the nearby Tüfelsbrugg on the instructions of Pastor Herzogs . Reding broke off an evolving battle at Schindellegi . Although the Schwyz were only supported by a few people from Uri and Zug , they subsequently succeeded in repelling the French at Rothenthurm and Morgarten . But then the numerical inferiority also forced the Landsgeme von Schwyz, convened after an armistice was agreed, to consent to the surrender and acceptance of the Helvetic Constitution.

In order to limit the weight of the anti-revolutionary forces in the legislative councils of the Helvetic Republic, in which each canton had the same number of representatives, the two large cantons of Waldstätten and Linth were created. At the same time, attempts were made to appease Schwyz and Glarus by making them the capital of these cantons. In place of the reformed Aarau, the Catholic Lucerne became the capital of the unified state until the Austrian invasion in the Second Coalition War (1799).

losses

Adding up all the skirmishes in spring 1798, the Höfner lost 50 dead and 18 wounded, the hermit 9 dead and 12 wounded and the Märchler 1 dead and 4 wounded according to the lists of names drawn up by the pastors . This with the losses of all previous subjects of the Schwyz of 80 dead and 44 wounded and the Schwyz itself of 92 dead and 89 wounded. Zschokke gives 30 dead and 25 wounded for Zug, 28 dead and 30 wounded for Glarus (similar to Freuler), 6 dead and 7 wounded for Uri.

As far as the losses of the French are concerned, the numbers spread by the losers - Pastor Herzog writes of "around 3,000 men", Zschokke of "2,754 dead" - are probably an order of magnitude too high. The moniteur reports: "We have lost a battalion commander, several officers and NCOs at the various meetings, but in general our losses are very insignificant given the circumstances."

Further battles near Wollerau took place in 1445 (→ Battle of Wollerau (1445) ) and 1847. See also: List of wars and battles in Switzerland .

literature

Pieces of files on the history of the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798. In: Archive for Swiss History, Volume 15, Zurich 1866, pp. 319–366 ( digitized version ), here: p. 342.

Johann Jakob Blumer: The canton of Glarus in the revolution of 1798. In: Yearbook of the historical association of the canton of Glarus, 3rd issue, Zurich / Glarus 1866 ( digitized ), p. 67–96, here: p. 88–92.

(Karl von Elgger :) The fighting at Morgarten in 1315 and 1798. Festschrift for the annual meeting of Switzerland. Officers' society in Zug (…) Einsiedeln 1868, p. 23, 27–31 ( battle near Wollerau, Richterschwyl and Bellenschanze ) ( digitized version ).

Justus Landolt: History of the local and parish Wollerau. In: Der Geschichtsfreund, Mitheilungen the historical association of the five places Lucern, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden and Zug, 29th volume, Einsiedeln (…) 1874 ( digitized ), p. 1–139, here: p. 104.

Johannes Strickler : Collection of acts from the time of the Helvetic Republic (1798–1803). Volume 1 ( October 1797 to the end of May 1798 ), Bern 1886 ( digitized version ), p. 808 (literature), 810–812.

Henri Du Fresnel: Un Régiment à travers l'Histoire, Le 76e, ex-1er léger, Paris 1894 ( digitized version ), p. 411.

Holger Böning : The dream of freedom and equality. Helvetic Revolution and Republic (...) Orell Füssli Verlag, Zurich 1998.

Derck Engelberts: Premières insurrections contre la République helvétique (avril – may 1798). In: Revue Militaire Suisse, 143 (1998), pp. 37–43 ( digitized version ).

References and comments

^ ^A ^b Ernst Ludwig Posselt: European Annals. 6th piece, Tübingen 1798, p. 218 f.

^ ^A ^b Troupes helvétiques ( digitized version ).

↑ Der Schweizerische Republikaner, June 6, 1798, p. 132; Melchior Schuler: The deeds and customs of the confederates. (...) Volume 5, Zurich 1851, p. 383.

↑ Derck Engelberts: Premières insurrections contre la République helvétique (avril-mai 1798). In: Revue Militaire Suisse, 143 (1998), p. 41.

↑ Der Schweizerische Republikaner, June 6, 1798, p. 132 (800 men); Marcus Freuler: Short history of the changed fate and warlike appearances, which affected the old canton Glarus from the year 1798 to 1801, Glarus 1800 (sic), p. 7 (1200 men).

↑ ^a ^b Melchior Schuler: The deeds and customs of the confederates. (...) Volume 5, Zurich 1851, p. 384.

↑ ^a ^b P. Marian (Heinrich Josef) Duke of Beromünster (1758-1828). In: Einsiedeln monastery archives, Book of Professions B, No. 462.

↑ General Schauenburg wrote of around 60 French people who were incapacitated ( pieces of files on the history of the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798, in: Archive for Swiss History, Volume 15, Zurich 1866, pp. 319–366, here: p. 342). According to the Swiss Republican of May 2, 1798 (p. 36), over 50 seriously wounded Frenchmen were brought to Zurich on April 30 and the following night, and more arrived on May 1. The Swiss Republican reports on the fate of the prisoners on June 6, 1798 (p. 132).

↑ Marcus Freuler: Brief history of the changed fate and warlike appearances, which affected the old canton of Glarus from 1798 to 1801. Glarus 1800 (sic), pp. 42–48 (list of names). According to a report from Glarus of May 10, 1798 ( Der Schweizerische Republikaner, June 6, 1798, p. 132) there were 53 dead and wounded.

↑ See Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and decline of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (…) Bern / Zurich 1801, list of those who perished and wounded in the struggle for the fatherland, p. 12 f. The proportion of deaths was higher among the locals than among the Glarnern due to insufficient care for the wounded.

^ According to the governor of the Canton of Zurich, Johann Kaspar Pfenninger (Johannes Strickler: Collection of files from the time of the Helvetic Republic. Volume 1, Bern 1886, p. 811).

^ Municipalities of Wollerau and Freienbach.

↑ See Kaspar Michel: Harten- und Lindenhandel, 2 - Canton Schwyz. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Cf. Alain-Jacques Czouz-Tornare / ASCH: Tuileries Tower. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ This was preceded by revolutionary events in almost all cantons, associated places and common lordships . There had already been successful revolutions in 1792 in the Principality of Basel and Geneva , and in 1795 in the Principality of St. Gallen . See Holger Böning: The dream of freedom and equality. Helvetic Revolution and Republic (...) Zurich 1998.
↑ Citizens of ruling cities or countries and ruling families within them.
^ Gerold Meyer von Knonau : The canton Schwyz, historically, geographically, statistically described. St. Gallen / Bern 1835, p. 41 f.
↑ The traditional dating of the surrender to March 5th is a falsification of history : In reality, it took place before the battles at Neuenegg , at Fraubrunnen and at Grauholz . Cf. Georges Andrey : L'Histoire de la Suisse pour les Nuls, Des origines à 1815 (2nd edition), First-Gründ, Paris 2011, p. 248.
↑ Holger Böning: The dream of freedom and equality. Helvetic Revolution and Republic (...) Zurich 1998, p. 127.
↑ In Schwyz z. B. the members of the 150 country people genders, but not the subjects and residents .
↑ Heinrich Zschokke called out to the Swiss who fell in 1798: “You died - and in your opinion you wanted to die for God and fatherland - oh! and it was not God who encouraged and called you, no deceptive priests! - it was not the fatherland that summoned your courage, no, the pride and ambition of some rich men! ”( Heartfelt sigh of the sincere Swiss messenger at the end of the old year 17 (9) 8, in: The sincere and well-experienced Swiss messenger, 1. Volume, (Luzern) 1798 (/ 99), no. 7 (undated), pp. 53–55, here: pp. 53 f.) The Zschokkes judgment is all the more important as he was friends with Alois Reding since 1795 ( Werner Ort: Heinrich Zschokke (1771–1848). A biography. Baden 2013, pp. 180, 192 et passim).

^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and decline of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 268.

↑ See Josef Wiget: Reding, Alois. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ See Johann Jakob Blumer: The Canton of Glarus in the Revolution of 1798. In: Yearbook of the historical association of the Canton of Glarus, 3rd issue, Zurich / Glarus 1866, pp. 67–96, here: p. 88.

↑ See Veronika Feller-Vest: Paravicini, Fridolin. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Excavator battalion.

↑ The Swiss Republicans of June 6, 1798, p. 132, and Melchior Schuler: Die Thaten und Sitten der Eidgenossen write about 800 men or two piquettes . (...) Volume 5, Zurich 1851, p. 380, of three stand-offs or battalions Marcus Freuler: A brief history of the changed fate and warlike appearances that affected the old canton of Glarus from 1798 to 1801, Glarus 1800 (sic), P. 7, and Johannes Wieland: History of the war events in Helvetia and Rhaetia as a manual for military instruction for Swiss officers of all weapons, Part 2, Basel 1827, p. 42 (note).

↑ (Heinrich Zschokke :) Heartfelt sigh of the sincere Swiss messenger at the end of the old year 17 (9) 8, in: The honest and well-experienced Schweizer-Bote, Volume 1, (Lucerne) 1798 (/ 99), No. 7 (undated) , Pp. 53-55, here: pp. 53 f .; Johann Jakob Blumer: The canton of Glarus in the revolution of 1798, in: Yearbook of the historical association of the canton of Glarus, 3rd issue, Zurich / Glarus 1866, p. 67–96, here: p. 90.

↑ See Jürg Stüssi-Lauterburg: Schauenburg, Alexis Balthasar Henri Antoine von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ See François Kohler / ALI: Nouvion, Jean-Baptiste. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Nicolas Louis Jordy (1758-1825).

^ Acts on the history of the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798, in: Archive for Swiss History, Volume 15, Zurich 1866, pp. 319–366, here: pp. 342–344. Figures based on Derck Engelberts: Premières insurrections contre la République helvétique (avril – may 1798), in: Revue Militaire Suisse, 143 (1998), p. 41.

↑ John Strickler: Actensammlung from the time of the Helvetic Republic. 1st volume, Bern 1886, p. 811 (May 1st?); Printed by Ernst Ludwig Posselt: Latest WeltKunde. Tübingen, May 6, 1798, p. 502 f.

^ Heinrich Peter: From the local history of Richterswil. Volume 3, Richterswil 1980, p. 15 (1794), 55 (1807).

↑ According to Melchior Schuler: The deeds and customs of the Confederates (...) Volume 5, Zurich 1851, p. 384, the Sarganser arrived too late on the battlefield.

↑ John Strickler: Actensammlung from the time of the Helvetic Republic. Volume 1, Bern 1886, p. 812 (May 1?).

↑ See Karin Marti-Weissenbach: Herzog, Marian. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Franz Weidmann: History of the former monastery and the landscape of St. Gallen (...) St. Gallen 1834, p. 298.

↑ Schwyz.

↑ In reality, probably Glarus.

↑ 1 step = approx. 75 cm.

↑ After reinforcements arrive.

↑ The Swiss Republican. May 2, 1798, p. 35 f.

↑ The Swiss Republican. May 9, 1798, p. 52.

↑ In reality according to Schindellegi.

↑ The Swiss Republican. June 6, 1798, p. 132 (dated “Glaris on May 10, 1798”).

↑ Schindellegi , today the municipality of Feusisberg.

↑ Zürcher Zeitung. May 5, 1798, p. 4.

^ Gazette nationale or Le Moniteur universel. Paris, 26. Floréal year 6 (May 15, 1798), p. 946 (translated).

↑ On the adventurous life of this later lieutenant general , whose military career took him twice to Santo Domingo ( Haiti ) and the persecution by the Bourbons in South America, cf. Alphonse Karr: Les paysans illustres, Plutarque des campagnes, Paris (1838) ( digitized version ), pp. 61–70.

↑ Meaning: the village of Wollerau? According to Henri Du Fresnel: Un Régiment à travers l'Histoire, Le 76e, ex-1er léger, Paris 1894, p. 411, Major Pierre Augustin Lenud and part of his battalion of the 76th Half-Brigade were in an unfavorable position for an attack by the Swiss was standing.

↑ Infantry gun that fired bullets weighing around 2 kg or grapeshots (shot charges).

^ The Constitution of the Helvetic Republic.

^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and decline of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 309.

↑ See Gazette nationale ou Le Moniteur universel, Paris, 28. Floréal year 6 (May 17, 1798), p. 953; Johannes Strickler: Collection of acts from the time of the Helvetic Republic, Volume 1, Bern 1886, p. 818.

↑ Melchior Schuler: The deeds and customs of the confederates. (...) Volume 5, Zurich 1851, p. 386.

↑ Beat Steinauer from the former Canton Switzerland true relation of his first trip and activities, which he made on the orders and with the authority of the citizen Ober-General Schauenburg in April 1798. to avoid the war in his fatherland. Bern 1798, p. 10 f. (Quotations), 13 ff.

↑ See Christian Schweizer: Styger, Paul. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Life and deeds of the Capuchin Father Paul Stiger, who was so famous in the history of the revolution of Helvetia (...) Without place of publication 1799, p. 10 f .; Taken over from (Heinrich Zschokke :) The sincere and well-experienced Schweizer-Bote, Volume 1, (Lucerne) 1798, No. 14 (2nd quarter 1799), p. 110.

↑ 1799 government commissioner in Unterwalden, 1799/1800 in the canton of Waldstätten, 1800 in Ticino , 1800/01 governor of the canton of Basel .

^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 308 f.

^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 310 f.

^ Acts on the history of the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798, in: Archive for Swiss History, Volume 15, Zurich 1866, pp. 319–366, here: p. 320.

↑ Pieces of files on the history of the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798, in: Archive for Swiss History, Volume 15, Zurich 1866, pp. 319–366, here: p. 342.

↑ Levi Feldtmann: Poetic description of the war benbsp; April and the following night about circumstances and other events which affected the old canton of Glarus from 1798 to 1801. (...) Glarus 1802, pp. 7-10, quote: p. 9 f.

↑ 1798 chief secretary in the War Ministry of the Helvetic Republic.

^ Antoine-Henri Jomini: Histoire critique et militaire des guerres de la Révolution. Nouvelle édition (…) Volume 10, Paris 1822, p. 355 f. (Quote translated). Jomini confused Richterswil and Wollerau.

↑ See Peter Müller-Grieshaber: Wieland, Johannes. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ Johannes Wieland: History of the war events in Helvetia and Rhaetia as a manual for military instruction for Swiss officers of all weapons. 2. Theil, Basel 1827, p. 41 f.

↑ Melchior Schuler: The deeds and customs of the confederates. (...) Volume 5, Zurich 1851, pp. 341, 381, 540, 543.

↑ See Thomas K. Kuhn : Schuler, Johann Melchior. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ Inaccurate quote from Schuler after Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 310: “The Schwyz themselves, commanded by Colonel Paravicini to cover the heights against Hütten , were on the incidents no part. "

↑ Among the dead listed Marcus Freuler: Brief history of the changed fate and warlike appearances, which affected the old canton of Glarus from the year 1798 to 1801, Glarus 1800 (sic), p. 44, Major Heinrich Zweifel von Glarus (reformed).

^ According to Melchior Schuler: Geschichte des Landes Glarus, Zurich 1836, p. 406, there were only two.

↑ Infantry gun .

^ According to Troupes helvétiques ( digitized version ) there was artillery captain Ludwig Hess of Zurich in the Helvetian detachment under Colonel Hans Georg Wipf von Marthalen .

↑ See Veronika Feller-Vest: Hauser, Joseph Anton. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

↑ See Ernst Ludwig Posselt: European Annals. 6th piece, Tübingen 1798, p. 218 f.

↑ Melchior Schuler: The deeds and customs of the confederates. (...) Volume 5, Zurich 1851, pp. 382–384.

^ Henri Du Fresnel: Un Régiment à travers l'Histoire, Le 76e, ex-1er léger, Paris 1894, p. 411.

↑ Schuler seems to be exaggerating here. According to Levi Feldtmann: Poetic description of war events and other events that affected the old canton of Glarus from 1798 to 1801, (…) Glarus 1802, p. 9, the battle lasted only four to five hours, according to Ernst Ludwig Posselt : Europäische Annalen, 6th piece, Tübingen 1798, pp. 218 f., Six hours.

↑ The county of Sargans was until 1798 a common subject area of the cantons of Zurich, Bern, Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Zug and Glarus.

↑ Melchior Schuler: The deeds and customs of the confederates. (...) Volume 5, Zurich 1851, pp. 385, 387.

↑ Dominik Steinauer: History of the Free State of Schwyz (…) 1st volume, Einsiedeln 1861, p. 214 f.

^ Charles Monnard: Histoire de la Confédération Suisse (...) Volume 16, Paris / Genève 1847, p. 101.

^ Johann Jakob Blumer: The canton of Glarus in the revolution of 1798. In: Yearbook of the historical association of the canton of Glarus, 3rd issue, Zurich / Glarus 1866, p. 67–96, here: p. 90.

↑ E.g. Veronika Feller-Vest: Hauser, Joseph Anton. In: Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz .; Kaspar Michel: Courtyards. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

^ First battle for Zurich , second battle for Zurich .

↑ Melchior Schuler: The deeds and customs of the confederates. (...) Volume 5, Zurich 1851, p. 387.

↑ Stone bridge over the Sihl.

↑ Grand Council and Senate.

↑ Like today in the Council of States.

^ Uri (without Leventina ), Schwyz (without March and Höfe), Nidwalden, Obwalden, Zug, Engelberg abbey , Republic of Gersau .

↑ Glarus, Rapperswil, March, Höfe, Vogtei Windegg (Gaster, Gams ), County of Uznach , County of Sargans , County of Werdenberg , Dominion Sax , Obertoggenburg .

↑ These also included the kissing nights.

^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and fall of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, list of those who perished and wounded in the fight for the fatherland.

^ Franz Weidmann: History of the former monastery and the landscape of St. Gallen (...) St. Gallen 1834, p. 299.

^ Heinrich Zschokke: History of the struggle and decline of the Swiss mountain and forest cantons (...) Bern / Zurich 1801, p. 358.

^ Gazette nationale or Le Moniteur universel. Paris, 27. Floréal year 6 (May 16, 1798), p. 950 (translated).

[Ernst_Ludwig_Posselt_1798-1] A ^b Ernst Ludwig Posselt: European Annals. 6th piece, Tübingen 1798, p. 218 f.

[hiestand.tripod.com-2] A ^b Troupes helvétiques ( digitized version ).

[3] Der Schweizerische Republikaner, June 6, 1798, p. 132; Melchior Schuler: The deeds and customs of the confederates. (...) Volume 5, Zurich 1851, p. 383.

[4] Derck Engelberts: Premières insurrections contre la République helvétique (avril-mai 1798). In: Revue Militaire Suisse, 143 (1998), p. 41.

[5] Der Schweizerische Republikaner, June 6, 1798, p. 132 (800 men); Marcus Freuler: Short history of the changed fate and warlike appearances, which affected the old canton Glarus from the year 1798 to 1801, Glarus 1800 (sic), p. 7 (1200 men).

[Melchior_Schuler_1851-6] Melchior Schuler: The deeds and customs of the confederates. (...) Volume 5, Zurich 1851, p. 384.

[P._Marian_1828-7] P. Marian (Heinrich Josef) Duke of Beromünster (1758-1828). In: Einsiedeln monastery archives, Book of Professions B, No. 462.