Swiss troops in French service for the Bourbon royal house 1589–1792

Coat of arms of Henry IV as King of France (left) and Navarre (right)

In 1602, Henry IV , who became the first Bourbon King of France in 1589, renewed the treaty of 1582 with the confederates of his predecessor, the last Valois, Heinrich III. , over the Swiss troops in French service for the Bourbons for another 50 years.

28 Swiss troops served the Bourbons from 1589 to 1792 to end the Huguenot Wars , to wrest the Spanish throne from the House of Habsburg in the War of the Spanish Succession, to introduce the absolute monarchy as a central state, to pursue an aggressive expansion policy, to participate in the American War of Independence and the territory of France up to to extend to the Rhine .

In 1616, the Swiss Guard Regiment was the second standing unit, and from 1672 all other Swiss troops in French service became permanent regiments. 1793 they could the execution of Louis XVI. , the last Bourbon of the « Ancien Régime », did not prevent it. In 1792, a year earlier, the Swiss regiments and the bodyguards of the "Hundred Swiss " had been dismissed by the National Assembly and the Swiss Guard Regiment had been almost completely wiped out in the turmoil of the revolution .

The alliance was renewed again and again by the Bourbons, even after the Revolution and the Napoleonic epoch during the restoration period. It made France the most important contractual partner of the Confederations for centuries and also served as a template for the contracts that were concluded with other non-French contractual partners over the years.

Swiss troops in foreign service was the name of the paid service of commanded, whole troop bodies abroad, regulated by the authorities of the Swiss Confederation by international treaties .

These treaties contained a chapter regulating military affairs: the so-called surrender (or private surrender if one of the contracting parties was a private military contractor).

Overview of Swiss troops in French service during the reign of the House of Bourbon des Ancien Régime

King Henry IV. 1589–1610
# _fra	designation	year
43	Heinrich auxiliary corps	1589-1590
44	Mayenne Auxiliary Corps	1589-1590
45	Auxiliary Corps Guard	1598-1616
46	Auxiliary Corps «Easter Egg War»	1606
47	Auxiliary Corps Netherlands	1610
King Louis XIII 1610–1643 Maria von Medici / Cardinal Richelieu
48	Medici Auxiliary Corps	1614-1616
49	Swiss Guard Regiment	1616-1792 1815-1830
50	Auxiliary Corps Piedmont	1629
51	Lorraine Auxiliary Corps	1630
52	Valtellina auxiliary corps	1635-1636
53	Lorraine Auxiliary Corps	1635
54	Auxiliary Corps Flanders	1635
55	Picardy Auxiliary Corps	1639-1641
56	Auxiliary Corps Weimar	1639-1648
57	Richelieu Auxiliary Corps	1641-1648 1641-1650 1641-1653

King Louis XIV. 1643–1715 Anna of Austria / Cardinal Mazarin
# _fra	designation	year
58	Erlach Regiment	1671-1792
59	Regiment Stuppa, the elder	1672-1792
60	Salis Regiment	1672-1792
61	Pfyffer Regiment	1672-1792
62	Regiment Greder	1673-1792
63	Regiment Stuppa, the younger	1677-1792
64	Salis-Soglio regiment	1690-1792
65	Regiment de Courten	1690-1792
66	Auxiliary Corps Spain	1702-1715
King Louis XV 1715–1774 Philippe II of Orléans / Cardinal Fleury
67	Karrer Marine Infantry Regiment	1719-1763
68	Travers regiment	1734-1792
69	Lochmann Regiment	1752-1792
70	Regiment of Eptingen	1758-1792
0	Swiss Guard of the Princes - Compagnie des Suisses de Monsieur - Compagnie des Suisses de Monsieur le comte d'Artois	1771 / 1773-1792
King Louis XVI 1774-1793

King's stirrup holder in the Huguenot Wars from 1589 to the Edict of Nantes in 1598

1589, after the assassination of the French king Henry III. , the last Valois, was the Bourbon Henry III. of Navarre the First Prince of the Blood and thus his legitimate successor.

In 1572 he became King of Navarre , stronghold and retreat for the Huguenots . In the same year he married Margarethe von Valois , the Catholic sister of the reigning French King Charles IX. This attempt at reconciliation by the French Queen Mother, Catherine de Medici , to overcome the religious split escalated with the murder of the Protestant leader Admiral Coligny on Bartholomew's Night, almost to the complete destruction of the Huguenots. Given the choice of either ending up on the gallows or in the Bastille, Heinrich decided to convert to Catholicism and became a prisoner of state. After three years he managed to escape. He put the Catholic faith again and went to the top of leaderless Huguenots, giving him 1585 the excommunication by Pope Sixtus V. earned.

The same thing happened to the French King Henry III in 1588 . who had the leader of the anti-Huguenot Holy League and the Catholic aristocratic opposition against the king, Heinrich von Guise , murdered by his bodyguard, which ultimately led to his own violent death in 1589.

His successor Henry IV was initially controversial, had the majority of the big cities and the Catholic nobility against him and was abandoned by the majority of the royal army. The Swiss of his predecessor now formed more than half of his troops. He withdrew to the Atlantic coast for the time being in front of the clearly superior army of the Holy League under the Duke of Mayenne .

After long battles with the Catholics supported by the Spanish Habsburgs, he was only able to play a key role (battles of Arques and Ivry ), with the help of England's Elizabeth I , the Netherlands and several times with his Swiss troops , after he was in the year had previously confessed to Catholicism again when King Henry IV of France and Navarre moved into Paris.

The federal authorities, concerned with their own religious division, could not agree on a common position for a long time. The Protestant places were on the side of the Huguenots and the official king. The Catholic places, however, wavered between Henry IV and the Holy League. The battle of Swiss troops against each other in enemy camps could only be avoided with luck until Henry IV finally prevailed.

He was reconciled with both the head of the Holy League and the Spanish royal family and united France by driving the Duke of Savoy out of Provence and subjugating Brittany . His finance minister, the Duke of Sully , then succeeded in reorganizing the French state budget and giving France a remarkable boost.

In 1598, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes , which granted the Huguenots extensive rights. This was his biggest political decision and ended the Huguenot Wars . In 1600 he married Maria de Medici , then the richest heiress on the European continent, after his marriage to Margarethe von Valois had been declared invalid by the Pope due to childlessness (despite numerous affairs on both sides!). Dauphin Ludwig was born in Fontainebleau the following year .

In 1602, the alliance of its predecessor for Swiss troops was renewed in Solothurn as a mutual non-aggression pact (excluding Zurich, which only joined the alliance in 1513) and solemnly invoked in Paris. The king promised to inform the confederates in advance about declarations of war and peace agreements and not to give their enemies a pass. The term of the contract was also extended to the Dauphin's lifetime .

In 1610 Henry IV succumbed to an assassination attempt in the streets of Paris (the eighteenth attempt in total!).

Name, duration of use	(43 _fra ) Heinrich auxiliary corps 1589–1590 / 1598
Year, contractual partner	1589, Heinrich IV., Based on the surrender of his predecessor Heinrich III. in the same year: The companies had been assigned with 300 men, of which at least 40 men with buffalo fever (vest made of heavy leather, predecessor of today's safety vest), 30 riflemen, 15 musketeers and 200 pikemen.
Stock, formation	The remnants of the five Swiss troops of his predecessor, supplemented in the following years with new federal inflows: 1590 Regiment Grissach: 1,500 men with 5 companies of 300 men (that of the colonel was commanded by son Petermann Grissach, a second captain Wilhelm Tugginer, the third Solothurn company was subordinate to captains Rudolf Grimm and Abraham Kreuzer, who was born in Ulm and had been naturalized two years earlier There was also a Graubünden company under Herkules Regett from Thusis and one from Appenzell under Konrad Bildstein, although the Appenzell council had recalled all of its captains); 1590 Diesbach regiment: 2,100 men with 7 companies of 300 men, increased by 3 companies in 1591 (and financed by Bern!); 1591 von Lanthen regiment: 1,500 men with 5 companies of 300 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Protestant and Catholic locations in the Confederation.
Owner, commander, namesake	1589: 1. Ludwig von Erlach from Bern, until 1590; 2. Ludwig Wichser, Mayor of Glarus, until 1598; 3. Lorenz Aregger, Pannerherr from Solothurn, until 1590; 4. Hartmann von Hartmannis from Parpan, governor of the Churwalden judicial community, until 1590; 5. Kaspar Gallati from Glarus, until 1590. 1590: 6. Balthasar von Grissach von Solothurn, until 1598; 7. Johann Jakob von Diesbach from Bern, until 1598. 1591: 8. Johann von Lanthen-Heid from Freiburg, until 1598.
Use, events	Lorenz Aregger Central Library Solothurn In 1589, the king initially had the troops with which Nicolas de Harlay de Sancy gave his predecessor Heinrich III. had rushed to aid from Savoy . He sent Marshal Jean VI away . from Aumont with wankers to Picardy and the Duke of Longueville, Heinrich I, with Hartmannis to Champagne to collect royalists. With 7,000 men, more than half of them the rest of the Swiss under Marshal von Biron , he withdrew to the Atlantic coast in Normandy before Mayennes' 30,000 men. There he immediately began to strengthen the fortifications on the hill of Arques near Dieppe and to prepare to accept any English reinforcements from the sea. A deception by the Protestant German Landsknechte Mayennes in the Battle of Arques in 1589, who pretended to want to desert and were accepted by the gullible Solothurners Areggers, did not lead to success, but to great losses for Aregger. A counterattack led by the king personally after an attack by the Spanish forces of the Holy League on the royal artillery protected by Gallati brought the turning point. When the support force of Queen Elizabeth I of England appeared on the horizon and Aumont and Longueville advanced with reinforcements from the province, Mayenne broke off the fight and withdrew. King Henry IV had won the first victory and now had more than 20,000 men again, but was not able to pay his troops. At the onset of winter, he released the bulk of the Gallati regiment, which was returned to Switzerland by Balthasar von Grissach. He retained Gallati himself and his colonel company as his bodyguard. Grissach returned the next spring with a troop of 1,500 men, and Bern sent 2,100 new men with Johann Jakob von Diesbach. In the battle of Ivry in 1590, Henry IV again prevailed against a superior force of the Liguists. In the center of his army stood the Swiss regiments, on the left Grissach and Aregger under Biron and on the right with Wichser and Hartmannis under Montpensier , finally only facing the Swiss from Mayenne (Pfyffer and Beroldingen). Their intercession caused Henry IV to grant both of them an honorable surrender, thus avoiding the threatening direct confrontation. Grissach, von Lanthen, Aregger and Diesbach in particular were involved in the subsequent blockade in Paris. The latter two were dismissed together with Hartmannis at the end of 1590 due to the crown's lack of money. Grissach, Erlach and von Lanthen marched together with the king in Paris in 1594, after Henry IV converted to Catholicism again in the previous year. Further skirmishes followed with the troops of the Spanish Habsburgs in the north and south of France, until the mutual exhaustion of funds ended the war. After the Treaty of Vervins in 1598, all four Swiss troops were abdicated. The lack of wages brought the regimental owners into considerable personal financial and political difficulties and prompted the federal authorities to make futile demarches to the king. He needed his means above all to win over the skeptical Catholic cities and nobles, which he succeeded in doing. Individual Swiss officers were given honorary degrees. Three regimental commanders and their supreme companies could at least remain in service as royal guards.

Name, duration of use	(44 _fra ) Mayenne Auxiliary Corps 1589–1590
Year, contractual partner	1589, Ludwig Pfyffer , Schultheiss von Luzern (called «Swiss King »), with Pierre de La Motte-Real, envoy of the Duke of Mayenne and the Holy League to the Catholic cantons, against the will of the federal authorities. Pfyffer had previously approved de La Motte's recruitment of 6,000 mercenaries for the Holy League.
Stock, formation	6,000 men in 2 regiments (1591 again 1 regiment of 3,000 men).
Origin squad, troop	From the Catholic towns of Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Zug and Unterwalden (Solothurn, as the seat of the French royal ambassador, recognized Henry IV as the official king and did not take part). (In 1591 Melchior Lussi , Landammann in Nidwalden, Mayenne, after the battle of Ivry, is said to have brought another 3,000 men, financed by Pope Sixtus V , under the command of his nephew (Johann?). The troops consisted mainly of foreign mercenaries) .	Johann Ludwig Pfyffer von Altishofen « King of Switzerland»
Owner, commander, namesake	The two regiments were raised by Ludwig Pfyffer and commanded by Colonel Rudolf Pfyffer, his brother, from Lucerne and Sebastian von Beroldingen from Uri.
Use, events	Since Bern and Solothurn refused to march through, the auxiliary corps had to move over the Gotthard, Savoy and Bresse to the Mayennes troops. In the Battle of Ivry in 1590, the two regiments were the only ones of the Catholic troops who stood steadfast on the battlefield, facing the royal Swiss troops. The direct encounter could be avoided, as the victorious Henry IV allowed an honorable surrender on the intercession of the commanders and captains of the royal Swiss, Pfyffer and Beroldingen. Both returned home.

Name, duration of use	(45 _fra ) Auxiliary Corps Guard 1598–1616
Year, contractual partner	1598, King Heinrich IV. With the commanders and approval of the affected places Glarus, Solothurn and Freiburg.
Stock, formation	300 men in 3 companies, each reduced from 300 to 100 men.
Origin squad, troop	Three supreme companies of the Swiss regiments abdicated in 1598.
Owner, commander, namesake	The commanders were Colonels Kaspar Gallati , Balthasar von Grissach and Johann (von Lanthen-) Heid.
Use, events	In addition to the "Hundertschweizern" responsible for the security of the outside areas of the king's location, the guard was deployed in the war in Savoy after the Peace of Vervins . In 1610, while preparing an attack on the Spanish Netherlands in support of the Reformed princes in the Holy Roman Empire , the king went to a meeting in a carriage, unaccompanied by his guard. He was stabbed to death in the Rue de la Ferronnerie by François Ravaillac .

Name, duration of use	(46 _fra ) Auxiliary Corps «Easter Egg War» 1606
Year, contractual partner	1606, King Henry IV with the Confederates according to the alliance of 1602.
Stock, formation	6,000 men in 2 regiments.
Origin squad, troop	From the Catholic Confederation.
Owner, commander, namesake	The commanders were Colonels Kaspar Gallati from Glarus and Niklaus von Praroman from Freiburg.
Use, events	When the auxiliary corps arrived in France, the king was already at peace with his adversary, the Duke of Bouillon . The troops were back in May, after three months, and the campaign was given the name "Easter Egg War".

Name, duration of use	(47 _fra ) Auxiliary Corps Netherlands 1609–1610
Year, contractual partner	1609, King Heinrich IV. With the confederates according to the alliance of 1602. However, when the five towns realized that the emperor was the target of the planned campaign, they wanted to call the troops back.
Stock, formation	6,000 men in 2 regiments.
Origin squad, troop	From the Catholic Confederation.
Owner, commander, namesake	The commanders were Colonels Kaspar Gallati from Glarus and Jakob von Fegely from Freiburg.
Use, events	The auxiliary corps was abdicated immediately after the murder of Heinrich IV. In 1610.

Support on France's path to becoming an absolutist leading power in Europe 1610–1643

Louis XIII was just nine years old when he was crowned king in 1610 as the successor to his murdered father, Henry IV. His mother, Maria de Medici, took over the reign on their behalf, and she was friendly to Spain. He turned them off when he was sixteen. He had her First Minister murdered and banished her to Blois. His star began to rise when his first minister died in the fight against the Huguenots, he reconciled himself with Mary and appointed her favorite, Cardinal Richelieu , in his place in 1624. As an advisor and soon the most important statesman, he pursued a nationalist, Gallican course against the supremacy of the Spanish Habsburgs under the motto "the end justifies the means". He pushed back the nobility , eliminated the military strength of the Huguenots, disempowered the official nobility, reformed the administration, established a system of informers, secured information sovereignty through its own newspaper and fought the House of Habsburg with all possible means. His vision of a reorganized Europe under the hegemony of the French crown instead of the Habsburg universal monarchy was almost achieved when he died in 1642, the same year as Maria de Medici, who was now in exile. A year later, in 1643, Louis XIII also passed away.

Name, duration of use	(48 _fra ) Medici Auxiliary Corps 1614–1616
Year, contractual partner	1614, Queen Maria de Medici with the confederates according to the alliance of 1602.
Stock, formation	6,000 men in 2 regiments.
Origin squad, troop	From the Confederation.
Owner, commander, namesake	The commanders were Colonels Kaspar Gallati from Glarus and Jakob von Fegely from Freiburg.
Use, events	Bern was looking for an opportunity to recall his companies. The first opportunity arose when the news came that the troops had not received their pay and that they would fall short after surrender. The rest of the auxiliary corps were deployed in France when the civil war broke out. His military superiority led to the relenting of the rebellious Liguists Condés and the peace of Sainte-Menehoulde with the convocation of the Estates General.

Name, duration of use	(49 _fra ) Swiss Guard Regiment 1616–1792 / 1815–1830
Year, contractual partner	1616, Pierre de Castille, ambassador of King Louis XIII, with the confederates according to the alliance of 1602.
Stock, formation	Initially 1 regiment of 8 companies with 160 men of the royal household troops . The stock grew to 30 companies until it was limited to 16 companies in 2 battalions in 1763. In 1792 the regiment numbered a nominal 2,354 men in 4 battalions with a total of 12 fusilier companies of 175 men and 4 grenadier companies of 56 men, but only about 1,200 men due to recruitment difficulties. The 1st battalion had 611 men including staff (24–30 officers and civil servants) and an artillery division of 8 cannons, the other 3 battalions 561 men each. The companies also included 5 officers (1 captain , 2 lieutenants , 1 sub-lieutenant, 1 ensign ), 8 sergeants , 4 servants (officers' orders) and 5 drummers and whistlers . The guards were 1.75 m for fusiliers and 1.82 m for grenadiers.
Origin squad, troop	After the 14-year-old king had been forced by his mother Maria of Medici last year to marry the Spanish-Habsburg princess Anna of Austria , he decided to stay in Tours, the location of the Gallati regiment of the Medici Auxiliary Corps , from 8 of whose companies form a Swiss Guard Regiment: 1 Kaspar Pfyffer (Lucerne), 2 Hans Schorsch (Gray Bund), 3 Urs Greder (Solothurn), 4 Hans von Gugelberg-Moos (Ten Court Association), 5 Rudolf von Planta (Church Association ), 6 Kaspar Gallati (Glarus), 7 Georg von Reding (Schwyz), 8 Fridolin Hässi (Glarus).	Kaspar Freuler (Museum of the State of Glarus, Freuler Palace ) Louis Auguste Augustin d'Affry Flag of the Swiss Guard Regiment
Owner, commander, namesake	Regimental owner: 1643–1647 François de Bassompierre , 1647–1656 Charles de Schomberg , 1656–1673 Eugen Moritz von Savoyen-Carignan , Count of Soissons, Louis Charles de Bourbon , Count of Eu, 1762–1771 Étienne-François de Choiseul , 1771–1789 Charles Philippe, Count d'Artois . Swiss commanders with the rank of colonel or (from 1815) lieutenant general: 1616–1619 Kaspar Gallati (Glarus), 1619–1628 Fridolin Hässi (Glarus), 1628–1635 Johann Ulrich Greder (Solothurn), 1635–1651 Kaspar Freuler (Glarus), 1651–1655 Johann Melchior Hässi (Glarus), 1655–1685 Laurenz von Stäffis-Molondin (Solothurn), 1655–1701 Peter Stuppa (Graubünden, Chiavenna), 1701–1702 Moritz Wagner (Solothurn), 1702–1722 Franz von Reynold (Freiburg), 1722–1736 Johann Viktor von Besenval (Solothurn), 1736–1742 Johann Jakob von Erlach (Bern), 1742–1743 Rudolf von Castella (Freiburg), 1743–1767 Beat Franz Plazidus Zurlauben (Zug), 1767–1792 Louis Augustin d'Affry (Freiburg), 1815–1819 Heinrich von Salis -Zizers (Graubünden), 1819–1825 François Mallet (Geneva), 1825–1830 Heinrich Höngger (St. Gallen).
Use, events	The Swiss Guard Regiment was the first permanent Swiss regiment in foreign service. While the " Hundertschweizer " were responsible for the guard inside the royal palaces (inner guard), the Swiss guard regiment was responsible for the duty outside (outer guard). The Swiss Guard Regiment formed a brigade together with the French Guards in combat. From the first battle, the siege of Montauban in 1621, to its practically complete sinking in the Tuileries Tower in 1792, it took part in 71 campaigns, 154 battles and 30 sieges during the Ancien Régime . The Lucerne Lion Monument is a reminder of the bloody events of 1792. The unit was built in 1815 after the restoration of Louis XVIII. Newly founded under the name of the “Royal Swiss Guard”, deployed in the Spanish campaign in 1823 and defended the Bourbons at the outbreak of the July Revolution of 1830 , where they lost several hundred men. His successor Louis-Philippe I finally dismissed it in 1830. Other states set up similar units: the Netherlands (one regiment, 1748–1796), the Kingdom of Naples (one battalion , then one regiment , 1734–1789) and the Kingdom of Saxony (without surrender 1730–1757 and 1763–1814). Main article : Gardes suisses (France)

When the Thirty Years' War broke out in 1618 , the Diet in Baden resolved to exercise the strictest neutrality in the dilemma between the interests of local war entrepreneurs, the risk of fratricidal struggles and one's own religious division. But when Habsburg laid hands on the Grisons Valtellina , the Protestant cantons became active. Even Cardinal Richelieu this axis between Austria and the Spanish Milan did not want in the hands of the Habsburgs know the main adversary of France. He commissioned the Marquis de Coeuvres in 1626, with 3,000 infantry and 500 riders the federal intervention corps (1,000 men each from Bern, Zurich, Valais and Graubünden under Niklaus Diesbach, Kaspar Schmid, Angelin de Preux and Rudolf von Salis as well as 200 Neuchâtel under Jakob Guy von Audanger) to strengthen and lead into the field. The Monzone Armistice in 1626 temporarily ended the conflict. It was not until Richelieu intervened with the Duke of Rohan's campaign in 1634 , supported by Jürg Jenatsch , that the Austrians and Spaniards finally drove out of the Valtellina.

The opportunistic foreign policy of Richelieu, who, regardless of religious affiliation, allied himself with anyone who brought him closer to his goals, fueled the domestic political conflicts. To rule them and to advance France as a European leading power, he repeatedly needed Swiss troops. In addition to official immigration, there were also a number of free companies and a large number of travelers .

Name, duration of use	(50 _fra ) Auxiliary Corps Piedmont 1629
Year, contractual partner	1629, Cardinal Richelieu with the confederates according to the alliance of 1602.
Stock, formation	3,000 men in 10 companies.
Origin squad, troop	From Bern.
Owner, commander, namesake	The commandant was Johann Ludwig von Erlach from Bern.
Use, events	The troops served under Marshal François de Bassompierre in the Mantuan War of Succession , which allowed France to regain a foothold in Piedmont and northern Italy.

Name, duration of use	(51 _fra ) Lorraine Auxiliary Corps 1630
Year, contractual partner	1630, Cardinal Richelieu with the confederates according to the alliance of 1602.
Stock, formation	3,000 men in 10 companies.
Origin squad, troop	From Freiburg.
Owner, commander, namesake	The commandant was Franz von Affry from Freiburg.
Use, events	The troops served under Marshal Bassompierre in Lorraine during the occupation of Metz. Shortly afterwards, Bassompierre, falling out of favor with Richelieu, was incarcerated in the Bastille.

Name, duration of use	(52 _fra ) Valtellina Auxiliary Corps 1635–1636
Year, contractual partner	1635, Cardinal Richelieu with the confederates according to the alliance of 1602.
Stock, formation	3,200 men in 2 regiments of 1,600 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Zurich and Solothurn.
Owner, commander, namesake	The commanders were Kaspar Schmid from Zurich and Wolfgang Greder from Solothurn.
Use, events	The troops served under the Duke of Rohan in northern Italy and in Valtellina. They decided the battle at Morbegno, essential for the expulsion of the Austrians and Spaniards from the Valtellina.

Name, duration of use	(53 _fra ) Auxiliary Corps Lorraine 1635
Year, contractual partner	1635, Cardinal Richelieu with the confederates according to the alliance of 1602.
Stock, formation	6,000 men in 2 regiments of 3,000 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Bern and Lucerne.
Owner, commander, namesake	The commanders were Rudolf von Erlach von Champvent from Bern and Jost Bircher from Lucerne.
Use, events	The troops served under the Duke of Rohan in Lorraine against the unsuccessful attempt by Duke Charles IV to recapture his native lands.

Name, duration of use	(54 _fra ) Auxiliary Corps Flanders 1635–1635 / 1648
Year, contractual partner	1635, Cardinal Richelieu with the confederates according to the alliance of 1602.
Stock, formation	6,000 men in 2 regiments of 3,000 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Freiburg and Solothurn.
Owner, commander, namesake	The commanders were Franz von Affry from Freiburg and Jakob von Stäffis-Molondin, followed from 1645 by his brother Lorenz from Solothurn.
Use, events	The troops served under the king's younger brother, the Duke of Orleans , in Picardy during the siege of Corbie .

Name, duration of use	(55 _fra ) Auxiliary Corps Picardy 1639–1641 / 1648
Year, contractual partner	1639, Cardinal Richelieu with the confederates according to the alliance of 1602.
Stock, formation	3,600 men in 2 regiments of 1,800 men.
Origin squad, troop	Mainly from Bern and partly from Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Neuchâtel and Solothurn.
Owner, commander, namesake	The commanders were Johann Franz von Wattenwyl (until 1648) from Bern and Wolfgang Greder from Solothurn.
Use, events	The troops served under Colonel d'Aigueberre in Picardy in the month-long defense of Aire-sur-la-Lys . The commanders had to pay their wages out of their own pockets.

Name, duration of use	(56 _fra ) Auxiliary Corps Weimar 1639–1648
Year, contractual partner	1639, Cardinal Richelieu with Johann Ludwig von Erlach -Kastelen zu Bern.
Stock, formation	4,000 men, 1,000 horsemen and some artillery.	Johann Ludwig von Erlach
Origin squad, troop	From the army of Duke Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar .
Owner, commander, namesake	The commandant was Johann Ludwig von Erlach, since 1638 Major General of the Swedish-Weimar Army, City Governor of Breisach and appointed his successor by the dying Duke of Saxe-Weimar in 1639.
Use, events	After the Duke's death, Erlach had placed the Weimar army, a large part of which entered Swedish service, into the service of Richelieu in return for an assurance of salary and maintenance. As major general he was placed under the command of the French forces on the Rhine, the Duke of Longueville . In 1648, at the Battle of Lens , a flank attack by Johann Ludwig von Erlach-Kastelen decided the fight for France and ended the devastating Thirty Years War for Germany ( Peace of Westphalia 1648).

Name,
duration of use

(57 _fra ) Auxiliary Corps Richelieu 1641 / 1643-1648 / 1650/1653

Year,
contractual partner

1641, the French ambassador to the Confederation Caumartin for Cardinal Richelieu with the Confederation in accordance with the contract of 1602. He succeeded in closing the deal despite considerable resistance due to the lack of pay payments of the previous immigration and their use in disregard of the surrenders (deployment against the emperor, division of regiments especially). Caumartin literally promised everything without actually keeping a thing of the past. The Richelieu war on multiple fronts had emptied the king's treasury.

Cardinal Richelieu (1642) and King Louis XIII died shortly afterwards. (1643).

Stock,
formation


Rahn regiment: 2,400 men in 12 companies of 200 men,
Stand 1648 (Lochmann):
1	La Colonelle
2	Hans Jakob Steiner	all five from Zurich
3	Beat Rudolf Leu and Hab
4th	Hans Rudolf Lavater
5	Lochmann
6th	Hans Rudolf von Diesbach	both from Bern
7th	Hans Wagner	both from Bern
8th	Jakob Feldmann and Pfänder	both from Glarus
9	Hans Meder and Heinrich In Thurn	both from Schaffhausen
10	Hans Schmid	all three from Appenzell
11	Samuel Meyer and Karl Jakob Wieser	all three from Appenzell
12	Henri d'Aruffen	from Vaud


Praroman regiment: 2,400 men in 12 companies of 200 men,
As of 1648 (de Reynold):
1	La Colonelle
2	d'Affry and Jakob Vonder Weid	all five from Freiburg
3	Lentzburger
4th	Antoine Python
5	Diesbach
6th	Henri de Chandieu-Villars and Luternau	both from Bern
7th	Hans Wilhelm de Steinbrugg	all five from Solothurn
8th	Jost Greder
9	Baumgartner
10	Sury
11	Peter de Wallier
12	Thellt and Jean Tschiffeli	both from Biel

Ambühl Regiment: 2,000 men in 10 companies;
Von Roll Regiment: 4,000 men in 20 companies.

Origin squad,
troop

Rahn Regiment: Zurich, Bern and from the Protestant parts of Glarus and Appenzell;
Regiment Praroman: Freiburg;
Ambühl Regiment: Valais;
Von Roll Regiment: Solothurn.

1643:

Regiment Guy von Audanger: Neuchâtel and from the Neuchâtel companies of the above regiments.

Owner,
commander,
namesake

Commanders were:

Hans Jakob Rahn, followed in 1648 by Heinrich Lochmann from Zurich;
Nicolas de Praroman, followed in 1647 by Johann Anton von Reynold from Freiburg;
Ludwig von Roll, followed in 1649 by Heinrich Sury from Solothurn;
Balthasar Ambühl from the Valais.
Jakob Guy from Audanger of Neuchâtel.

Use,
events

Rahn / Lochmann regiment: in Catalonia and Flanders until 1653;
Regiment Praroman / von Reynold: in Catalonia and Flanders until 1653;
Ambühl Regiment: in Lorraine, Flanders and Spain until 1648;
Roll / Sury Regiment: in the Ardennes, Lorraine, Italy and Spain until 1650.

Power of the Sun King 1643–1715

When he was enthroned, Louis XIV was younger than his father and predecessor, Louis XIII, at that time, namely four years old! His mother, Anna of Austria, ruled in his place and made Cardinal Mazarin First Minister. Mazarin continued the course of Cardinal Richelieu and the alliance with Sweden and the German princes against the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs. He gradually raised Louis XIV to become an absolutist baroque ruler, the "Sun King", and together with him made France a European superpower. Louis XIV ruled for 72 years and outlived his children and some grandchildren. Only the great-grandchildren's generation became his successors. He consolidated the power of the crown by expanding the administration, suppressing the aristocratic opposition and promoting economy, science and art. The court holding focused on him led to an unprecedented display of splendor, and the aggressive expansion policy made France the leading power on the continent.

When the Queen Mother Anna took over the reign in his place in 1643, she had almost 22,000 Swiss troops in the victorious battle of Rocroi ( of all things as a Habsburg!) , Namely:

French territory 1643-1715

Persisted man	unit	origin
100	Bodyguard "hundred Swiss"	confederation
3,420	Swiss Guard Regiment	confederation
4,000	Stäffis-Molondin regiment	Solothurn
4,000	Von Roll Regiment	Solothurn
2,400	Lochmann Regiment	Zurich
2,400	Praroman regiment	Freiburg
2,000	Ambühl Regiment	Valais
1,800	Wattenwyl Regiment	Bern
1,800	Regiment Guy of Audanger	Neuchâtel
21,920	Total Swiss troops	confederation

The Battle of Rocroi, with the participation of the Swiss regiments of Wattenwyl, Stäffis-Molondin and von Roll, ended in a devastating defeat for the Spanish Habsburgs and was a turning point in the European power game. In 1648, at the Battle of Lens , a flank attack by Johann Ludwig von Erlach-Kastelen decided the fight for France and ended the devastating Thirty Years War for Germany ( Peace of Westphalia 1648).

In 1648 the Fronde , the inner-French opposition, began to shake France's crown, and Mazarin was even temporarily forced into exile. In 1651, the Swiss Guard Regiment had to take action against bloody uprisings in the alleys of Paris, and their Glarus commandant, Colonel Kaspar Freuler (builder of the Freuler Palace in Näfels) was fatally wounded. But in 1654 Mazarin returned, destroyed the last bastions of the rebels and secured Louis XIV absolute sovereignty.

The clashes with Spain were to continue for another decade after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 and let the Swiss regiments Rahn / Lochmann, von Wattenwyl, de Reynold and von Roll / von Sury march against Spain. Since the royal coffers were empty, the arrears of pension and salary payments ran up to 70 million livres. The Queen was forced to hand over her crown jewels to Stäffis-Molondin, de Reynold, Rahn, Lochmann and von Sury as pledge with an immediate payment of 1 million and a repayment plan of 3 million regularly over 6 years. They were kept in Zurich until 1665. The four Swiss regiments and the Swiss Guard Regiment had to endure extreme shortages of equipment and food.

In 1658, Jean de La Barde, the French ambassador in Solothurn, began negotiations to renew the alliance treaty, which had expired in 1651, which was concluded in Paris in spite of all reservations about the outstanding wages and the royal contravention of the capitulations in 1663 . The privileges of the Swiss troops were confirmed: freedom of worship, admission to hospitals, own jurisdiction, war pay and pensions. At the same time Neuchâtel was included in the surrender.

"Red Swiss" 1762

In 1661, upon Mazarin's death, the 22-year-old, well-prepared Louis XIV took over the business of government and began to expand the Palace of Versailles and its sphere of influence. With his reunification policy , he moved the border of French territory to the Rhine from 1668 to 1697, triggered a mass emigration of the Huguenots with the repeal of the Edict of Nantes in 1698 and had comprehensively secured the primacy of France on his death. His Swiss troops made a significant contribution to this; from 1668 on, they were dressed in a red uniform with different colored overlappings to identify the regiment, they became "the red Swiss" and from 1671 became regiments.

The war against Spain, which was weak under Charles II, and the chronically poor financial situation forced Louis XIV to reduce the number of Swiss regiments, with the exception of the Swiss Guards Regiment. According to a proposal by Johann Peter Stuppa , Lieutenant Colonel of the Swiss Guard Regiment, he instructed him to reinstate the dismissed troop members in free companies at reduced rates. The Tagsatzung reacted to the evasion of the surrender by banning this advertising and threatening the withdrawal of the regular troops. The free companies were very well received, even among officers with blocked opportunities for advancement in the existing regiments. Thanks to influential federal friends (Sigmund von Erlach, Franz Ludwig von Muralt, Colonel Planta-Wildenberg, Baron Fidel de la Tour from St. Gallen), Stuppa was able to defy the daily statute and recruited 12,000 volunteers. Between 1668 and 1690 up to 60 free companies were created. Shortly before the boiling point of the dissatisfaction in the Confederation against Louis XIV. (And probably already with the Dutch plans for conquest in the back of his mind) Stuppa proposed to the king, and he to the Confederates, that permanent Swiss regiments be formed. Bern accepted the suggestion and the other estates followed suit. Initially 5 and later an additional 6 standing Swiss line regiments and one Swiss marine regiment were drafted.

Name, duration of use	(58 _fra ) Erlach Regiment , 1st Swiss Regiment, “Bern Regiment”, 49th Line Regiment, 1671–1792
Year, contractual partner	1671, King Louis XIV with Bern. Extract from the surrender: Article 1: Colonel is always a Bernese; Article 3: Soldiers must be citizens or subjects of Bern; Article 11: The staff has the same pay as the guard regiment (2,000 livres / month); Article 13: The companies may not be separated in the field, if possible; Article 16: The regiment may not be used against Protestants and has its own jurisdiction; The flag should be flamed red, black, and white with a continuous white cross; The drums bear the coat of arms of the Republic of Bern.
Stock, formation	The first Swiss infantry line regiment in French royal service with 2,400 men in 12 companies. The colonel, together with 2-3 battalion commanders with the rank of lieutenant colonels or majors, formed the small staff. The large staff consisted of at least 5 officers and non-commissioned officers: 1 lieutenant as quartermaster, 1–2 field chaplain, 1 surgeon major and 1–2 adjutants. The regiment commander, supported by the staffs, led the regiment as well as the cumbersome entourage. B. in addition to extensive siege material also included women and children: women married to soldiers and the "femmes galantes". He also had a kind of fatherhood for the "regimental children" who were raised in the relevant companies of the assigned soldiers until the boys could be used as drummers. He also dealt with the administrative dealings with the local authorities, especially through recruits and deserters, but also inheritances, paternity acknowledgments and court cases. The colonel always owned the first company of the regiment ("La Colonelle") and the lieutenant colonel of the first battalion owned the second company ("La Lieutenant-Colonelle"). The major's company was called "La Majore". Usually the colonel had to appoint a captain-commander for his company if he had special general duties to perform.
Origin squad, troop	From Bern.
Owner, commander, namesake	Commanders were: 1671: Regiment von Erlach, Guard Captain Johann Jakob von Erlach, promoted to brigadier in 1671, field marshal in 1677 and lieutenant general in 1688; 1694: Manuel Regiment, Colonel Albrecht Manuel, 49th Line Regiment; 1701: Villars-Chandieu Regiment, Lieutenant General Charles de Villars-Chandieu; 1728: Regiment May, Brigadier Beat Ludwig May; 1739: Mannlich-de Bettens Regiment, Lieutenant General Georges Mannlich de Bettens, 49th Line Regiment; 1751: Jenner Regiment, Lieutenant General Samuel Jenner, 49th Line Regiment; 1762: Regiment von Erlach, Lieutenant General Abraham von Erlach von Riggisberg, 49th Line Regiment; 1782: Regiment von Ernst, Field Marshal Beat Rudolf von Ernst, 49th Line Regiment; 1792: Regiment von Wattenwyl, Colonel Beat Ludwig von Wattenwyl, 63rd Infantry Line Regiment. The owner of a regiment did not necessarily become the most capable, but a wealthy officer who was able to pay off his predecessor, although the principle of anciency was not always observed. Bern had the right to propose the colonel and the battalion commanders, but they were certified by the king. Bern hired the company owners and these their subaltern officers. If the company owner was not an officer and captain, he hired a captain commander.
Use, events	Numerous campaigns in Spain and the Netherlands against the Spanish Habsburgs in the Dutch War , on the Rhine against the imperial troops, in action in the War of the Austrian Succession and in the Seven Years War . In 1791 it became part of the 63rd Infantry Line Regiment, disarmed by the revolutionaries in Aix-en-Provence in 1792, the Swiss dismissed and reorganized with French soldiers. Main article : 63e regiment d'infanterie

Repeal of the Edict of Nantes in 1685

Louis XIV often snubbed Bern. He did not stick to his promotion proposals or B. in 1672, against the surrender, the regiment of Erlach against the Dutch Protestants. When von Erlach lost his citizenship in 1684 due to conversion to Catholicism and acquired that of Freiburg, Bern grudgingly had to accept that he could lead his Protestant regiment for another 10 years. When the Edict of Nantes was repealed in 1685, an anti-French party was formed in Bern around Venner and Seckelmeister Niklaus Dachselhofer. In 1689 they passed the "Law of Unequal Service" (in force until 1750), which forbade members of the Small Council to own a company in France. It forced either the candidate to renounce ownership or the next generation to own a company (but not the renunciation of an officer career). It set certain limits for the pro-French party and favored the Dutch service for the opposition. The reaction of Louis XIV was in 1701 that he did not transfer the Bernese regiment, as suggested by Bern, to Colonel Johann Rudolf May, but to Charles de Villars-Chandieu from Lausanne, after all coming from an old Huguenot family.

The Dutch War was a war of expansion of France, triggered by the attack of Louis XIV in 1672 together with his allies (England, Sweden, Munster, Liège) on the Republic of the United Netherlands , which Spain and the Holy Roman Empire sided. The peace treaties of Nijmwegen in 1678 and Saint-Germain in 1679, which were favorable for Louis XIV, brought France the area of the Upper Rhine (Alsace, Lorraine, Freiburg) and the Free County of Burgundy . In addition to a number of federal free companies, the Swiss guards and the first 5 Swiss line regiments were also involved in this campaign.

Name, duration of use	(59 _fra ) Regiment Stuppa, the Elder , 2nd Swiss Regiment, 1672–1792
Year, contractual partner	1672, King Ludwig XIV. With Graubünden.
Stock, formation	2,400 men in 12 companies.
Origin squad, troop	From Graubünden.
Owner, commander, namesake	Commanders were: 1672: Colonel of the Guard Johann Peter Stuppa from Chiavenna, appointed Brigadier in 1672, promoted to Lieutenant General in the French Army in 1676, appointed Colonel General of all Swiss and Graubünden troops from 1674–1688 and in 1685 entrusted with the command of the Swiss Guard Regiment; 1701: Brendlé Regiment, Jost Brändle, 49th Line Regiment; 1738: Regiment von Seedorf, Jean-Balthasar de Fégely de Seedorf; 1752: Regiment of Boccard, François Jean Philippe de Boccard; 1782: Regiment of Salis-Samaden, Vinzenz Guido von Salis-Sils.
Use, events	Numerous campaigns, especially in the Dutch War , the War of Spanish Succession in Oudenaarde 1708, Malplaquet 1709, Douai 1710 and Denain 1712, in the War of the Polish Succession the Rhine Campaign (1734–1735) with the sieges of Philippsburg and Ypres, in Flanders, Alsace and Brabant (1742–1748) and in the War of the Austrian Succession . In 1791, the Salis-Samaden regiment became the 64th Infantry Line Regiment and in 1792 - with the dismissal of the Swiss - with French soldiers.

Name, duration of use	(60 _fra ) Regiment von Salis , 3rd Swiss Regiment, 1672–1792
Year, contractual partner	1672, King Ludwig XIV. With Graubünden.
Stock, formation	2,400 men in 12 companies.
Origin squad, troop	From Graubünden.
Owner, commander, namesake	Commanders were: 1672: Guard Captain Johann Rudolf von Salis-Zizers, promoted to Brigadier of the Infantry in 1674 and to Field Marshal in 1688; 1690: Regiment Polier, Jean François Polier; 1692: Regiment von Reynold, Franz von Reynold; 1702: Regiment de Castellas (Castella), Albert de Castella, 49th Line Regiment; 1722: Regiment de Bettens, Georges Mannlich de Bettens, 48th Line Regiment; 1739: Monnin Regiment, Jean-François Monnin, 50th Line Regiment; 1756: Reding Regiment, Anton Sebastian Reding, 51st Line Regiment; 1763: Pfyffer Regiment, Franz Ludwig Pfyffer von Wyher, 51st Line Regiment; 1768: Regiment von Sonnenberg, Jakob Anton Thüring von Sonnenberg, 68th Line Regiment.
Use, events	Numerous campaigns, in particular in the Dutch War , in the Palatine War of Succession in Fleurus in 1690 , in Mons and Namur in 1692 , in the War of Spanish Succession or in the War of Austrian Succession in Roucoux in 1746 and in Lauffeldt in 1747 . In 1791 the regiment became the 65th Infantry Line Regiment and in 1792 - with the dismissal of the Swiss - with French soldiers. Main article : 65e regiment d'infanterie

Name, duration of use	(61 _fra ) Pfyffer Regiment , 4th Swiss Regiment, 1672–1792
Year, contractual partner	1672, King Ludwig XIV. With Lucerne.
Stock, formation	2,400 men in 12 companies.
Origin squad, troop	From Lucerne.
Owner, commander, namesake	Commanders were: 1672: Franz Pfyffer von Wyher; 1689: Regiment Hessy, Gabriel Hässi; 1729: Burky Regiment, Joseph Protais Burky, 51st Line Regiment; 1737: Regiment Tschudi, Peter Tschudi, 51st Line Regiment; 1740: Vigier Regiment, Franz Joseph Wilhelm Vigier von Steinbrugg, 51st Line Regiment; 1756: Regiment de Castella, Rudolf von Castella, 51st Line Regiment.
Use, events	Numerous campaigns, especially in the Dutch War , the Palatinate War of Succession , the Spanish War of Succession and the Austrian War of Succession . In 1791 the regiment became the 66th Infantry Line Regiment, in 1792 - with the dismissal of the Swiss - with French soldiers, and dissolved in 1966. Main article : 66e regiment d'infanterie

Name, duration of use	(62 _fra ) Greder Regiment , 54th Line Regiment, 5th Swiss Regiment, 1673–1792
Year, contractual partner	1672, King Ludwig XIV. With Solothurn.
Stock, formation	2,400 men in 12 companies.
Origin squad, troop	From Solothurn.	Flag of the Greder Regiment 1673–1714
Owner, commander, namesake	Commanders were: 1673: Colonel Wolfgang Greder, promoted to brigadier in 1688; 1691: Regiment Greder, Ludwig Greder, son of the aforementioned, 54th Line Regiment; 1703: Regiment Greder, Balthasar Greder, younger brother of the aforementioned, 54th Line Regiment; 1714: Regiment d'Affry, Franz d'Affry, 54th Line Regiment; 1734: Regiment Wittmer, Johann-Babptist Andreas Wittmer, 54th Line Regiment; 1757: Waldner Regiment, Christian Friedrich Dagobert Waldner (Count) von Freudenstein, 54th Line Regiment; 1783: Regiment de Vigier, Joseph Robert de Vigier, 54th Line Regiment.
Use, events	Numerous campaigns, especially in the Dutch War , in the Palatine War of Succession in Fleurus , in the Spanish War of Succession , in the Polish War of Succession in 1734 near Parma and in the War of Austrian Succession . In 1791 it became the 69th Infantry Line Regiment and in 1792 - with the remaining 600 voluntary Swiss - it was brought back to the target level by adding French soldiers.

In 1672, during the attack on Holland in the Dutch War , Louis XIV had a conquering army of 40 French infantry regiments with 56,000 men, 12 foreign infantry regiments (5 Swiss, English and Scots each and 1 Italian and German) 30,000 men, 78 cavalry regiments with 25,000 horses, 93 guns and a huge amount of siege material. But he used the Swiss, against the military surrender, for an offensive war and the Bern regiment of Erlach against Protestants. Its mutiny was suppressed in a draconian way, but the mood for Holland changed in the Swiss Confederation. In 1676 Colonel David von Wattenwyl moved with a regiment of 2,400 men (3 battalions with 4 companies of 200 men) from Bern and Zurich with a 10-year (private) particular capitulation in the States General and in 1678 distinguished himself in particular in battle from St. Denis. A growing number of officers from Bern and Graubünden quit their French service and recruited in Holland.

Name, duration of use	(63 _fra ) Regiment Stuppa, the Younger , 6th Swiss Regiment, 1677–1792
Year, contractual partner	1677, King Ludwig XIV. With Johann Baptist Stuppa, without permission from the federal authorities.
Stock, formation	1,600 men from 8 free companies formed.
Origin squad, troop	From the free companies Stuppa and von Salis (Graubünden), the companies Leisler (Bern), Paravicini (Graubünden), Russinger (Basel), Gleresse (Freiburg) and Jaeger and Baumgartner (Solothurn).
Owner, commander, namesake	Commanders were: 1677: Johann Baptist Stuppa, before 1672 owner of a free company in the French service, 1672–1673 lieutenant colonel in the regiment of his older brother Johann Peter Stuppa, promoted to brigadier in 1686, died in 1692 of an injury from the battle of Steenkerke , where he and his brother were had fought; 1692: Regiment Surbeck, Johann Jakob Surbeck, promoted to field marshal from 1696 and represented by Pierre de Grenus from Geneva from 1696–1711; 1714: Regiment von Hemel, Hans Jakob von Hemel, citizen of the Prince Abbey of St. Gallen, 62nd Line Regiment; 1729: Besenval Regiment, Karl Jakob Besenval von Brunnstatt, 62nd Line Regiment; 1739: Regiment de La Cour au Chantre, Abraham-Hubert de Joffrey de la Cour-au-Chantre from Vevey, 62nd Line Regiment; 1748: Regiment de Grandvillars, Gaspard-Etienne de Barbaud de Grandvillars from Mühlhausen, 62nd Line Regiment; 1749: Regiment de Balthazar, Jean-Alexandre de Balthasar>, 62nd Line Regiment; 1754: Regiment von Planta, Ludwig August von Planta-Wildenberg, 62nd Line Regiment; 1760: Regiment d'Arbonnier, Louis-Frédéric d'Arbonnier de Dizy, 62nd regiment of the line; 1763: Jenner Regiment, Samuel Jenner, 62nd Line Regiment; 1774: Regiment d'Aubonne, Paul Rodolphe d'Aubonne, 79th Line Regiment; 1783: Regiment de Châteauvieux, Jacques André Lullin de Châteauvieux from Geneva, 79th regiment of the line.
Use, events	Numerous campaigns, especially in the 1680s fighting in Sicily and on the French southern border against Spain and in 1689 against the United Netherlands, in the Palatinate War of Succession, decisive in Neerwinds , in almost all main battles of the Spanish War of Succession and in the War of Austrian Succession . In 1790, in the absence of the commander, a mutiny broke out in the Châteauvieux regiment in Nancy , which resulted in death sentences. In 1791 the regiment became the 79th Infantry Line Regiment and in 1792 - with the dismissal of the Swiss - with French soldiers. Main article : Régiment de Châteauvieux

In 1678, when the peace treaty in Nijmegen was concluded, 25,400 Swiss were still flying the French flag:

Persisted man	unit	commander
100	Bodyguard "hundred Swiss"	Captain Georg Niklaus von Diesbach
2,900	Swiss Guard Regiment	Colonel Franz Jakob von Stäffis-Molondin
2,400	Swiss regiment from Erlach	Guard Captain Johann Jakob von Erlach
2,400	Swiss regiment Stuppa, the elder	Lieutenant General Johann Peter Stuppa, Colonel General of all Swiss and Graubünden troops in France
2,400	Swiss regiment Pfyffer	Brigadier Franz Pfyffer von Wyher
2,400	Swiss regiment Greder	Colonel Wolfgang Greder
2,400	Swiss regiment Stuppa, the younger	Colonel Johann Baptist Stuppa
8,000	40 free companies of 200 men	Swiss captains
25,400	Total Confederation	Swiss officers

Name, duration of use	(64 _fra ) Salis-Soglio Regiment, 7th Swiss Regiment, 1690–1792
Year, contractual partner	1677, King Ludwig XIV. With Graubünden.
Stock, formation	2,400 men in 12 companies.
Origin squad, troop	From Graubünden.
Owner, commander, namesake	Commanders were: 1690: Johann Baptista von Salis-Soglio, from Casa Antonio in Soglio, "Salis, der Jüngere", 1689 lieutenant colonel in the regiment Stuppa the younger, in 1690 promoted to colonel and in 1693 to brigadier; 1702: Regiment von May, Hans Rudolf von May, 75th Line Regiment; 1715: Buisson Regiment, Amy Buisson , 75th Line Regiment; 1721: Regiment de Diesbach, François Philippe de Diesbach-Steinbrugg, 75th Line Regiment; 1764: Regiment de Diesbach, Romain de Diesbach de Belleroche, 75th Line Regiment; 1785: Regiment de Diesbach, Ladislas de Diesbach de Belleroche, son of the aforementioned, 75th Line Regiment; 1791: von Diesbach Regiment, Rudolf von Diesbach, 75th Line Regiment.
Use, events	Numerous campaigns, especially in the Palatinate War of Succession , in almost all battles of the Spanish War of Succession and - in the interim phase in garrison in the fixed places Huy , Charleroi , Ypres , Namur and Gent - in the War of Austrian Succession near Lauffeld . In 1791 the regiment became the 85th Infantry Line Regiment and in 1792 - with the dismissal of the Swiss - with French soldiers.

Name, duration of use	(65 _fra ) Regiment de Courten , "Walliser Regiment", 8th Swiss Regiment, 1690–1792
Year, contractual partner	1690, King Louis XIV with Valais, based on the treaty of 1663.
Stock, formation	2,400 men in 12 companies.
Origin squad, troop	From the Valais. The 12 companies belonged to: 1 (“La Colonelle”) Jean-Etienne de Courten, 2 (“La Lieutenant-Colonelle”) Melchior-François de Courten, 3 de Marclésy, 4 Morency, 5 Ambüel, 6 Kalbermatten, 7 An den Matten , 8 de Monthey, 9 Hyacinthe de Courten, 10 Burgener, 11 from Riedmatten and 12 from Supersaxo.
Owner, commander, namesake	The six commanders all came from the de Courten family: 1690: Jean Etienne de Courten, Ensign of the Swiss Guards, was promoted to colonel in 1690, to brigadier in 1696, to field marshal in 1704 and to lieutenant general in 1721; 1723: Regiment de Courten, Melchior-François de Courten, cousin of the aforementioned; 1724: Regiment de Courten, Pierre-Anne de Courten, son of the aforementioned; 1744: Regiment de Courten, Maurice de Courten, brother of the aforementioned; 1766: Regiment de Courten, Ignace-Antoine-Pancrace de Courten; 1790: Regiment de Courten, Jean-Antoine de Courten.
Use, events	Numerous campaigns in particular: Map of the Battle of Fontenoy 1745 Courten (22) in the center with the Diesbach Garden (25) and Bettens (26) on the right, lock between Fontenoy and Anthoin in the Palatine War of Succession in Flanders near Namur , Steenkerke , Charleroy, Neerwind , Dixmude, Dense and again Namur ; in almost all battles of the War of the Spanish Succession , where in 1703 in Flanders at Ekeren Melchior-François was wounded and his 15-year-old son François-Louis was killed, later in the Cevennes against the Camisards , from 1706 in the south near Barcelona and during the conquest of the island Mallorca. After the Peace of Baden in 1714, the regiment was reduced to 2 battalions and garrisoned in Landau in the Palatinate. In the War of the Polish Succession - again increased to 4 battalions - the regiment fought in the French army on the Rhine during the conquest of Trier and Tröerbach. In the War of the Austrian Succession the regiment held at Fontenoy with great losses against the English and enabled the French reinforcements to win and was also involved in Lauffeld . After his participation in the Seven Years' War in Germany, a rather monotonous garrison life followed across France. In 1791 the regiment became the 86th Infantry Line Regiment and in 1792 - with the dismissal of the Swiss - with French soldiers. Of the 972 members of the regiment dismissed, 22 officers and 166 NCOs and soldiers volunteered to join the 21st French Jäger Battalion on foot (French: 21e bataillon de chasseurs à pied). The rest returned home. The captains had to pay their wages out of their own pockets or take out loans. It was a few more years before the French government settled the debt with promissory notes, which had already lost half of their original value!

The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) led to his successor after the death in 1700 of the childless last Spanish Habsburg, King Charles II of Spain. France's Louis XIV. And his allies (Electorate of Cologne, Savoy and the Electorate of Bavaria) fought against the Hague Grand Alliance for the Austro-Habsburg Emperor Leopold I (the Holy Roman Empire, England or Great Britain and the Netherlands). The main acts of war took place simultaneously in the south of the Holy Roman Empire, in Flanders and Brabant, in northern Italy, in Spain and in the North American colonies. Ultimately, France's Bourbons succeeded in enforcing their Philip V as King of Spain. Thus the reigning dynasty of the Spanish Bourbons was founded.

Name, duration of use	(66 _fra ) Auxiliary Corps Spain , 1702–1715
Year, contractual partner	1701, King Ludwig XIV. With Lucerne for an extraordinary auxiliary corps for the War of the Spanish Succession with a limited duration.
Stock, formation	1 regiment of 1,800 men with 9 companies of 200 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Lucerne.
Owner, commander, namesake	Commander was: Colonel Ludwig Christoph Pfyffer von Wyher from Lucerne.
Use, events	Used in the War of the Spanish Succession.

When King Louis XIV died in Versailles in 1715 - of gangrene on his left leg - the supremacy in Europe had finally changed from the Habsburgs to the Bourbons . But two generations of successors had already died before the great king. The throne should pass to the great-grandson of Louis XIV.

Involved in the end of the Franco-Habsburg power struggles and loss of colonies 1733–1763

Marie-Louise O'Murphy , who tried to oust Madame de Pompadour

Louis XV was only five years old in 1715, as the grandson of Louis XIV's only legitimate son and the third living offspring of his eldest male descendant. The reign for the minor fell to Duke Philippe II of Orléans , a cousin of his grandfather. Louis XV came of age at the age of thirteen and two years later married the Polish Princess Maria Leszczyńska . He took over the government in 1726 at the age of sixteen and appointed Cardinal Fleury , his tutor, thanks to whom he is said to have become one of the most intelligent Bourbons, as chief minister. After his death in 1743 the office went to Étienne-François de Choiseul .

Louis XV, known today primarily for his mistress relationships, also had successes to celebrate. At the wedding of Duke Franz Stephan with Maria Theresa of Austria in 1737 and his renunciation of his home country in exchange for the inheritance of Ludwig's Polish wife, he won the Duchy of Lorraine for France. He also found a balance of power with the Habsburgs and ended centuries of conflict. In 1763 he was able to take over Corsica from Genoa and maintain it. In the first few decades he also vigorously developed the American colony of Louisiana . In the Seven Years' War he lost large parts of it and in the Carnatic Wars also his possessions in India to England.

Name,
duration of use

(67 _fra ) Karrer Marine Infantry Regiment , 12th Swiss Regiment, 1719–1763

Year,
contractual partner

1719, the federal authorities tolerated private surrender of the French naval minister Joseph Fleuriau d'Armenonville with Franz Adam Karrer from Solothurn for a free regiment for use at sea and in the French colonies in America ( Louisiana ).

1731 Royal decree (French: Ordonnance du Roy ) for the Karrer regiment.

Stock,
formation

600 men in 3 companies of 200 men, supplemented by a 4th company of 200 men in 1731, led from 1747 by Hans Gregor Volant, son of von Karrer's sister.

Stocks
function
Colonel
major
Chaplain
Captain-lieutenant
lieutenant
Sub-lieutenant
Ensign
Constable
corporal
Trabant
Tambour major
Reel
piper
Feldscher
Sutler
soldier
Total

1st company
"La Colonelle"
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
12
18th
4th
1
6th
2
1
1
147
200

2nd company or 3rd company
Half company 1	Half company 2
-	-
-	-
-	-
1	1
1	1
1	1
1	1
4th	4th
6th	6th
2	2
-	-
2	2
-	-
1	-
1	-
80	82
100	100

4th company
undivided
-
-
-
1
2
1
1
8th
12
4th
-
4th
1
1
1
164
200

Standard
Flag of the Karrer Regiment
Hallwyl Regiment flag

Uniform Regiment Karrer / Wattenwyl

The colonel and the major were of Roman Catholic faith.

The uniform was as follows:

red skirt;
Lining, borders and pants blue;
Pockets lengthways;
Blue crossed vest;
Double buttons and white button placket;
Sleeves folded;
small blue collar;
embossed brass buttons;
white stockings;
Hat with a silver rim.

The drum major wore the Colonel's colors: yellow and blue overcoat.

The drum uniforms were also blue and yellow, and their drums had the same flames as the regimental flag.

The officers' uniform had silver-colored borders and a black, silver-colored, three-flame cockade on the hat.

Origin squad,
troop

From Alsace and the Swiss Confederation, especially a large proportion of deserters from other regiments.

Disliked people were also pushed into the distance, as an anecdote from Bern shows:

« Abraham Stettler, an unlikely good-for-nothing, was picked up in France in 1727 at the request of his father Samuel and taken to Mühlhausen. In 1734 he was sent to North America to the Karrer regiment on the Mississippi . "

Owner,
commander,
namesake

Commanders were:

1719: Franz Adam Karrer from Solothurn, promoted to colonel in 1720 and brigadier in 1734;
1736: Regiment Karrer, Ludwig Ignaz Karrer, son of the aforementioned;
1753: Regiment von Hallwyl, Franz Joseph von Hallwyl from Solothurn, promoted to colonel in 1752, to brigadier in 1760 and to field marshal in 1762.
1763: dissolved and incorporated into the French regiment de Béarn, commanded by Brigadier René Gabriel, Count von Boisgelin.

Use,
events

New France

The regiment, financed by the French India Company , was concentrated in Besançon in the first half of 1720 and moved to Lorient . In 1721, now subordinate to the Navy Ministry, the 1st Company ("La Colonelle") moved to Rochefort as a recruiting base, and the 2nd and 3rd Companies were transferred to New France to serve in the various French bases along the Mississippi and of the St. Lawrence River . In 1736 Karrer's soldiers were involved in the battle of Ackia against the Chickasaw Indians near Tupelo ( Elvis Presley's birthplace ).

In 1730 a detachment of the 1st Company was transferred to the Île Royale (French colony Louisbourg on what is now Cape Breton Island in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia ), the 2nd Company to Martinique and the 3rd Company to Santo Domingo . In 1731 the 4th Company joined the regiment and was deployed in Louisbourg and Quebec. In 1752, after the death of Ludwig Ignaz Karrer, command passed to Franz Joseph von Hallwyl, whose 1st company was increased by 160 men in 1755 and another 80 men in 1758. When the Seven Years War broke out , the locations were still Rochefort, Martinique, Santo Domingo, Louisbourg and Quebec:

Detachment in Louisbourg
year	soldiers	Officers
1722	49	1
1724	98	2
1741-1745	147	3

Detachment in Quebec
year	soldiers	Officers
1747-1749	29	1

In 1763, after the end of the war, the Hallwyl Regiment was incorporated into the French Regiment de Béarn (15th Line Regiment).

Name, duration of use	(68 _fra ) von Travers Regiment , 9th Swiss Regiment, 1734–1792
Year, contractual partner	1734, King Ludwig XIV. With Graubünden.
Stock, formation	1 regiment of 2,400 men with 12 companies of 200 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Graubünden.
Owner, commander, namesake	Commanders were: 1734: Johann Viktor von Travers von Ortenstein; 1740: Regiment of Salis-Soglio, Hieronymus von Salis-Soglio; 1744: Regiment von Salis Mayenfeld, Karl Ulysses von Salis-Maienfeld, 99th line regimes; 1762: Regiment von Salis-Marchlins, Anton von Salis-Marschlins.
Use, events	Used in the Polish and Austrian War of Succession. In 1791 the regiment became the 95th Infantry Line Regiment and in 1792 - with the dismissal of the Swiss - with French soldiers.

Name, duration of use	(69 _fra ) Lochmann Regiment , "Zürcher Regiment", 10th Swiss Regiment, 1752–1792
Year, contractual partner	1752, King Ludwig XIV. With Zurich.
Stock, formation	1 regiment of 2,400 men with 12 companies of 200 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Zurich.
Owner, commander, namesake	Commander was: 1752: Colonel Ulrich Lochmann, from Zurich, promoted to brigadier in 1758 and field marshal in 1761; 1777: Regiment von Muralt, Johannes von Muralt; 1782: Regiment Steiner, Hans Jakob Steiner.
Use, events	Used in garrison service in France. In 1791 the regiment became the 97th Infantry Line Regiment and in 1792 - with the dismissal of the Swiss - with French soldiers.

Name, duration of use	(70 _fra ) Regiment von Eptingen , "Fürstbischöflich", 11th Swiss Regiment, 1758–1792
Year, contractual partner	1758, King Ludwig XIV. With the Prince-Bishop of Basel, Josef Wilhelm Rink von Baldenstein .	Colonel Standard of Eptingen
Stock, formation	1 regiment of 2,400 men with 12 companies of 200 men.
Origin squad, troop	From Basel.
Owner, commander, namesake	Commanders were: 1758: Johann Baptist von Eptingen , promoted to brigadier in 1762 and field marshal in 1770; 1783: Regiment von Schönau (Schonau), Franz Xaver Anton von Schönau; 1786: Regiment von Reinach, Sigismund von Reinach-Steinbrunn.
Use, events	Used in 1769 for the conquest of Corsica and especially in garrison service in France. In 1791 the regiment became the 100th Infantry Line Regiment and in 1792 - with the dismissal of the Swiss - with French soldiers.

Name, duration of use	(0 _fra ) Swiss Guard of the Princes , Compagnie des Suisses de Monsieur / Compagnie des Suisses de Monsieur le Comte d'Artois, 1771 / 1773–1792
Year, contractual partner	1771 and 1773, permission from King Louis XV. for one company of Swiss Guards each for two grandchildren, with special requirements in terms of origin and appearance (!) of the officers, their own ranks as well as special privileges, in particular for pay, food, medical care and accommodation.
Stock, formation	1 company each of 28 - 32 men.
Origin squad, troop	No real Swiss troop. The officer corps was recruited from selected families of the French high nobility and the other cadres also from the nobility of France. The team was formed by so-called Swiss Guard .
Owner, commander, namesake	The commanders were Prince Louis Stanislas Xavier and Charles Philippe .
Use, events	Armed with ornamental swords and pikes , these two Swiss guards were only suitable as palace guards. They were dissolved in 1791 at the latest. Main article : Gardes des princes

Louis XV met throughout the reign. to great resistance in the nobility, who resisted any state reform. In 1753 he was even assassinated .

After he had reduced all Swiss regiments (with the exception of the Guards) to 2 battalions with 720 men due to tight finances in 1756, Louis XV. in the surrender of 1764 with the Catholic cantons, the holdings for all standing regiments were newly established. In peacetime they should consist of 2 battalions with 9 companies (1 grenadier and 8 fusilier companies ). A company had 66 men (3 officers, 4 sergeants, 1 Fourier, 8 corporals, 8 private, 40 soldiers, 2 drums) and 103 men in wartime. The hereditary company privilege was abolished. In 1772 the Protestant towns also joined this agreement, which promoted the Colonel of the Guard to Lieutenant General, the captains to Field Marshal (Colonel Sergeants, Brigadier Generals) and the lieutenants to Lieutenant Colonels.

Finally, when he believed the situation in France was turning against his throne, he banned the Jesuit order, in 1770 even the parliaments and sent the chief judges and officials to prison or exile. In 1774, at the age of sixty-four, he succumbed to smallpox. With it, however, absolutism had already passed its zenith.

Companion in the downfall 1774–1792

1774 was with the 19-year-old Louis XVI. finally a Bourbon King of France and Navarre of legal age again. Through the death of his father and older brother he became a Dauphin and the successor of his grandfather Louis XV. become. Four years earlier he had been married to the Austrian Princess Marie Antoinette . When he took office, he met a France with high national debt, which several ministers commissioned by him failed to restore.

In terms of Swiss troops, he had the Swiss Guards and the eleven permanent Swiss regiments of his predecessor, which had already been reduced in inventory in 1764 for cost reasons. He last renewed the alliance with the Swiss Confederation in 1777, but left the number of regiments unchanged:

Persisted in peace	Was war	unit
100	100	Bodyguard "hundred Swiss"
2,900	2,900	Swiss Guard Regiment
594	927	Swiss regiment from Erlach
594	927	Swiss regiment from Boccard
594	927	Swiss regiment from Sonnenberg
594	927	Swiss Regiment de Castella
594	927	Swiss Waldner Regiment
594	927	Swiss Regiment d'Aubonne
594	927	Swiss regiment de Diesbach
594	927	Swiss Regiment de Courten
594	927	Swiss regiment of Salis-Marschlins
594	927	Swiss Regiment Lochmann
594	927	Swiss regiment from Eptingen
9,534	13,5197	Total Confederation

Louis XVI focused on expanding the French Navy , which could now again compete with Great Britain in the American War of Independence . France intervened militarily on the American side and was one of the victorious powers in the Peace of Paris in 1783 , which granted independence to the Thirteen Colonies of North America .

His initial popularity led him to re-admit parliaments. But as a result of the victorious war against England, the national debt had increased enormously again, and the ranks of the nobility, administration and church were not ready to give up their privileges. The revolutionary ideas that his soldiers from America brought to the public consciousness, the so-called collar affair , two bad harvests and supply difficulties in an exceptionally hard winter ultimately triggered the French Revolution of 1789. After his own attempts to resolve the national crisis had not worked, Louis XVI called. the General Estates, the Third Estate of which eventually developed into the National Assembly .

After the storming of the Bastille, the latter took more and more control of what was happening and without further ado declared the absolutist monarchy of the King of France and Navarre to be over and proclaimed the constitutional monarchy of the King of France . Louis XVI became more and more incapable of action, also through his own indecision, clumsiness, and after a failed attempt to escape in 1791.

Tuileries storm , the red Swiss are massacred by the French blue guards

When the National Assembly released all Swiss troops in March 1792, the Diet called all 11 permanent regiments (von Wattenwyl, von Salis-Samaden, von Sonnenberg, de Castella, de Vigier, de Châteauvieux, von Diesbach, de Courten, von Salis-Marschlins, von Steiner, von Reinach) and the «Hundertschweizer» back. The king was left with only the Guard Regiment, whose number had fallen to around 1,200 men due to difficulties in recruiting. Its commander, Charles Philippe , the Count of Artois and brother of the king, had fled abroad. He was represented by Lieutenant General Ludwig Augustin d'Affry from Freiburg, who was also the sworn in command of the military division of Paris and the Île-de-France by the National Assembly. D'Affry, a political opponent of the Queen, had handed over command of the guard in the Tuileries Palace to Colonel Jean Roch Frédéric de Maillardoz, also from Friborg, in August 1792 "for health reasons". However, before the outbreak of hostilities, he was arrested together with Field Marshal Karl Leodegar von Bachmann with an escort of the king in the riding school there. The command in the Tuileries was therefore with Captain Jost Dürler from Lucerne when the massacre in the Tuileries broke out in 1792 . The remnants of the Swiss Guard Regiment were practically completely destroyed during this and later in the September massacres. The National Convention thereupon proclaimed the republic on September 21, 1792 , arrested the king and his family in the large defense tower and put him on trial.

It ended on January 21, 1793 with the beheading of Louis XVI. under the guillotine by the executioner Charles Henri Sanson . Queen Marie-Antoinette suffered the same fate ten months later.

Execution of Louis XVI.

It was the brutal, bloody end of the Bourbons of the Ancien Régime . The history of the Swiss troops in French service was to continue in the Napoleonic era .

literature

Beat Fidel Zurlauben : Histoire militaire des Suisses au service de la France. 8 tomes, chez Desaint & Saillant, Jean-Thomas Herissant & Vincent, Paris 1751–1753, OCLC 718299696 .
Beat Emmanuel May (by Romainmotier): Histoire Militaire de la Suisse et celle des Suisses dans les différents services de l'Europe. Tome VII, JP Heubach et Comp., Lausanne 1788, OCLC 832583553 .
Karl Müller von Friedberg : Chronological representation of the federal surrender of troops to foreign powers. Huber and Compagnie, St. Gallen 1793, OCLC 716940663 .
Heinrich Türler, Viktor Attinger, Marcel Godet: Historical-Biographical Lexicon of Switzerland. Fourth volume, Neuchâtel 1927, OCLC 899085687 .
Moritz von Wattenwyl: The Swiss in foreign military service. Separately printed from the Berner Tagblatt , Bern 1930, OCLC 72379925 .
Paul de Vallière, Henry Guisan , Ulrich Wille : Loyalty and honor, history of the Swiss in foreign service (translated by Walter Sandoz). Les Editions d'art ancien, Lausanne 1940, OCLC 610616869 .
Gérard Miège: Le sang des Suisses du Roy: histoire des relations militaires entre la Confédération helvétique et le royaume de France, 1444–1789. Edition G. Miège, Versoix 2012, OCLC 851625872 .

Web links

War tactics 16./17. Century (model Prussia)
Museum of the Swiss Garden (French)
Database of the Swiss Elite in the 20th Century (French)
Naval Minister d'Armenonville (French)
Marine Infantry Regiment Karrer / Hallwyl (French)
Hans Gregor Volant (French)

Individual evidence

^ "Paris vaut bien une messe" (German: Paris is worth a fair ). The statement was put into Henry IV's mouth by the Protestants.
↑ Title in Latin: HENRICUS QUARTUS D (EI) G (RATIA) REX FRANCORUM ET NAVARRAE.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Abbé François Girard: Histoire Abrégée Des Officiers Suisses Qui Se Sont Distingués Aux Service Étranges Dans Des Grades Supérieurs. Tome II., Louis Piller Imprimeur, Friborg en Suisse 1781.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Louis Vuillemin: History of the Confederates during the 16th and 17th centuries. From the French, Part 2, Orell, Füssli and Compagnie, Zurich 1844.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab Paul de Vallière, Henry Guisan, Ulrich Wille: Treue und Ehre, history of the Swiss in foreign service ( translated by Walter Sandoz). Les Editions d'art ancien, Lausanne 1940.
^ Max Banholzer: Tugginer, Wilhelm. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Erich Meyer: Balthasar von Grissach († 1602). The splendor and ruin of a diplomat and mercenary leader . Yearbook for Solothurn History, Volume 67, Nord-West-Druck, Trimbach 1994.
^ Barbara Braun-Bucher: Erlach, Ludwig von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Veronika Keller-Vest: Wanker, Ludwig. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Silvio Färber: Hartmannis, Hartmann von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Veronika Feller-Vest: Gallati, Kaspar. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Erich Meyer: Cressier, Balthasar de (Grissach, Balthasar von). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Alain-Jacques Tornare Czouz-: Lanthen-Heid, Jean de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Mark Lischer: Pfyffer, Ludwig (Altishofen). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Fabian Hodel: Lussy (Lussy), Melchior, Sebastian von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Markus Lischer: Pfyffer, Rudolf (von Altishofen). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Urs Kälin: Beroldingen, Sebastian von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Hubert Förster: Praroman, Nikolaus von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b Sébastien Rial: Fegely, Jacques de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Pierre de Castille 1581–1629, Lord von Blancbuisson, Baron von Montjeu, Dracy and Chagny, French ambassador to Switzerland 1611–1616.
↑ Mark Lischer: Pfyffer. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Florian Hitz: Schorsch. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Erich Meyer: Greder. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Franziska Hälg-Steffen: Gugelberg. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Peter Conradin von Planta: Planta, from. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Veronika Feller-Vest: Gallati. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Franz Auf der Maur, Josef Wiget: Reding (from Reding, Reding from Biberegg). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b Veronika Feller-Vest: Hässi, Fridolin. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Erich Meyer: Greder, Hans Ulrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b Veronika Feller-Vest: Freuler, Kaspar. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Veronika Feller-Vest: Hässi. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Erich Meyer: Stäffis, Lorenz von (Montet). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Martin Bundi: Stuppa (Stoppa), Johann Peter. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Erich Meyer: Wagner (SO). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ ^A ^b Georges Andrey: Reynold, Franz von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Andreas Fankhauser: Besenval, Johann Viktor (von Brunnstatt). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Barbara Braun-Bucher: Erlach, Johann Jakob von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b Pierre de Castella: Castella, Rodolphe de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Urs Amacher: Zurlauben, Beat Franz Plazidus. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b Alain-Jacques Czouz-Tornare: Affry, Ludwig August Augustin von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Jürg Simonett: Salis, Heinrich von (Zizers). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Jean de Senarclens: Mallet. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Philippe Henry: Swiss Guard. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Alain-Jacques Tornare Czouz-: Tuileries. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Arthur Fibicher: Preux, Angelin de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ ^A ^b Anne-Françoise Schaller-Jeanneret: Guy (Guy d'Audanger), Jacques. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Marco Jorio: Erlach, Johann Ludwig von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Karl Müller von Friedberg: Chronological representation of the federal surrender of troops to foreign powers. Huber and Compagnie, St. Gallen 1793.
↑ ^a ^b Eric-André Klauser: Affry, Franz von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b Erich Meyer: Greder, Wolfgang. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Gregor Egloff: Bircher, Jost. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Eric-André Klauser: Stäffis, Jakob von (Molondin). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Marco Jorio: Erlach, Johann Ludwig von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Jacques Lefèvre de Caumartin, lord of Saint-Port, Baron de Cailly
↑ ^a ^b Beat Fidel Zurlauben : Histoire militaire des Suisses au service de la France. 8 tomes, chez Desaint & Saillant, Jean-Thomas Herissant & Vincent, Paris 1751–1753, OCLC 718299696
^ Katja Hürlimann: Lochmann, Heinrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Hubert Förster: Reynold, Anton von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Erich Meyer: Roll, Ludwig von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Erich Meyer: Sury, Heinrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Hans-Robert Ammann: Ambühl (Am Biel, Ambuel), Balthasar. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ André Schluchter : La Barde, Jean de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Barbara Braun-Bucher: Erlach, Sigmund von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Christian Müller: Muralt, Franz Ludwig von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Barbara Braun-Bucher: Erlach, Johann Jakob von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b Fabienne Abetel-Béguelin: Chandieu de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Hans Braun: May, Beat Ludwig. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ ^A ^b Fabienne Abetel-Béguelin: Mannlich, Georges (de Bettens). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ ^A ^b Hans Braun: Jenner, Samuel. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Barbara Braun-Bucher: Erlach, Abraham von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Barbara Braun-Bucher: Ernst, Beat Rudolf von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Hans Braun: Wattenwyl, Beat Ludwig von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Annelies Hüssy: Dachselhofer, Niklaus. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ ^A ^b Hans Braun: May, Hans Rudolf von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Veronika Feller-Vest: Brändle (Brendlé), Jost. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Sébastien Rial: Fegely, Jean-Balthasar de (de Seedorf). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Dominic Pedrazzini: Boccard, François Jean Philippe de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Adolf Collenberg: Salis, Vincenz Guido von (Sils). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Silvio Färber: Salis, Johann Rudolf. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Emmanuel Abetel: Polier, Jean François. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Pierre de Castella: Castella, Albert de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Cyrille Gigandet: Monnin, Jean-François de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Franz, Auf der Maur: Reding, Anton Sebastian. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Mark Lischer: Pfyffer, Franz Ludwig (of Wyher). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Stefan Jäggi: Sonnenberg, Jakob Anton Thuring from. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Markus Lischer: Pfyffer, Franz (von Wyher). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Veronika Feller-Vest: Hässi, Gabriel. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Veronika Feller-Vest: Tschudi von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Andreas Fankhauser: Vigier von Steinbrugg, Franz Joseph Wilhelm. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Erich Meyer: Greder, Wolfgang. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Erich Meyer: Greder, Hans Ludwig. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Erich Meyer: Greder, Balthasar. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Dominic Pedrazzini: d'Affry, Franz. In: Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz .
^ Andreas Fankhauser: Vigier von Steinbrugg, Joseph Robert Wilhelm. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Emil Heller: The mutiny of Nancy. In: Figurina Helvetica, newsletter of the Swiss friends of the tin figure. 2002.
^ Adolf Collenberg: Stuppa (Stoppa), Johann Baptist. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Paul Fravi: Johann Peter Stuppa and Stuppishaus in Chur . Article in Bündner Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift für Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte Graubünden, Volume 16, 1974, p. 117-122.
^ Urban Fink: Surbeck, Johann Jakob. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Jacques Barrelet: Grenus, Pierre de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Andreas Fankhauser: Besenval, Karl Jakob (von Brunnstatt). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Cédric Rossier: Joffrey, Abraham-Hubert de (de la Cour-au-Chantre). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Hansjürg Gredig: Planta, Ludwig August von (Wildenberg). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Vincent Perret: Aubonne, Paul Rodolphe d '. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Hervé de Weck: Lullin, Jacques André (de Châteauvieux). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Vincent Perret: Buisson, Ami. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Benoît de Diesbach Belleroche: Diesbach, François Philippe de (Steinbrugg). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Alain-Jacques Tornare Czouz-: This Bach, Romain de (de Belle Roche). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Alain-Jacques Tornare Czouz-: This Bach, Ladislas de (de Belle Roche). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Benoît de Diesbach Belleroche: Diesbach, Rudolf von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Gérard Miège, Antoine de Courten: Le sang des Suisses du Roy: histoire des relations militaires entre la Confédération helvétique et le royaume de France, 1444–1789. Edition G. Miège, Versoix 2012.
↑ Pierre-Alain Putallaz: Courten, Jean-Etienne de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Pierre-Alain Putallaz: Courten, Melchior de-François. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Pierre-Alain Putallaz: Courten, Pierre-Anne de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Pierre-Alain Putallaz: Courten, Maurice de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Louiselle de Riedmatten: Courten, Antoine-Pancrace de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Louis Elle de Riedmatten: Courten, Jean-Antoine de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Mark Lischer: Pfyffer, Ludwig Christoph (of Wyher). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Peter Claus Hartmann : French kings and emperors of the modern age - From Ludwig XII. until Napoleon III. 1498–1870: Louis XV. Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-54740-0 , p. 242.
^ ^A ^b Louis XV .: Ordonnance du Roy Pour l'entretenement du Régiment Suisse de Karrer au Service de la Marine. Imprimerie Royale, Paris 1731, The New York Public Library, Digital Collections .
↑ Bernese families
^ Samuel Stettler (1667–1748), salt treasurer, Vogt zu Bonmont, from Bern.
^ Andreas Fankhauser: Karrer, Franz Adam. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Andreas Fankhauser: Karrer, Ludwig Ignaz. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Thomas Frei: Hallwyl, Franz Joseph von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Charles Gayarre: History of Louisiana. Redfield, New York 1854.
↑ Karrer's Swiss Regiment ( Memento from May 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
^ Silvio Färber: Salis, Anton von (Marschlins). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Katja Hürlimann: Lochmann, Ulrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Martin Illi: Steiner, Hans Jakob. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Damien Bregnard: Eptingen, Johann Baptist von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ ^a ^b the prefix / appendix "Swiss" stands here as a synonym for a royal guard soldier of any nation.
↑ Hervé de Weck: Maillardoz, Jean Roch Frédéric de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Hans Laupper: Bachmann, Karl Josef Anton Leodegar von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Josef Brülisauer: Dürler, Jost. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
↑ Urs Amacher: Zurlauben, Beat Fidel. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . March 4, 2014 , accessed January 10, 2019 .
↑ Marti-Weissenbach, Karin: May, Beat Emmanuel (from Romainmotier). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
^ Meuwly, Olivier: Valliere, Paul de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[1] "Paris vaut bien une messe" (German: Paris is worth a fair ). The statement was put into Henry IV's mouth by the Protestants.

[2] Title in Latin: HENRICUS QUARTUS D (EI) G (RATIA) REX FRANCORUM ET NAVARRAE.

[Girard-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Abbé François Girard: Histoire Abrégée Des Officiers Suisses Qui Se Sont Distingués Aux Service Étranges Dans Des Grades Supérieurs. Tome II., Louis Piller Imprimeur, Friborg en Suisse 1781.

[Vuillemin-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Louis Vuillemin: History of the Confederates during the 16th and 17th centuries. From the French, Part 2, Orell, Füssli and Compagnie, Zurich 1844.

[Vallière-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab Paul de Vallière, Henry Guisan, Ulrich Wille: Treue und Ehre, history of the Swiss in foreign service ( translated by Walter Sandoz). Les Editions d'art ancien, Lausanne 1940.

[6] Max Banholzer: Tugginer, Wilhelm. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[7] Erich Meyer: Balthasar von Grissach († 1602). The splendor and ruin of a diplomat and mercenary leader . Yearbook for Solothurn History, Volume 67, Nord-West-Druck, Trimbach 1994.

[8] Barbara Braun-Bucher: Erlach, Ludwig von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[9] Veronika Keller-Vest: Wanker, Ludwig. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[10] Silvio Färber: Hartmannis, Hartmann von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Gallati-11] Veronika Feller-Vest: Gallati, Kaspar. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[12] Erich Meyer: Cressier, Balthasar de (Grissach, Balthasar von). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[13] Alain-Jacques Tornare Czouz-: Lanthen-Heid, Jean de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[14] Mark Lischer: Pfyffer, Ludwig (Altishofen). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[15] Fabian Hodel: Lussy (Lussy), Melchior, Sebastian von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[16] Markus Lischer: Pfyffer, Rudolf (von Altishofen). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[17] Urs Kälin: Beroldingen, Sebastian von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[18] Hubert Förster: Praroman, Nikolaus von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Fegely-19] Sébastien Rial: Fegely, Jacques de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[20] Pierre de Castille 1581–1629, Lord von Blancbuisson, Baron von Montjeu, Dracy and Chagny, French ambassador to Switzerland 1611–1616.

[21] Mark Lischer: Pfyffer. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[22] Florian Hitz: Schorsch. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[23] Erich Meyer: Greder. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[24] Franziska Hälg-Steffen: Gugelberg. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[25] Peter Conradin von Planta: Planta, from. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[26] Veronika Feller-Vest: Gallati. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[27] Franz Auf der Maur, Josef Wiget: Reding (from Reding, Reding from Biberegg). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Hässi-28] Veronika Feller-Vest: Hässi, Fridolin. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[29] Erich Meyer: Greder, Hans Ulrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Freuler-30] Veronika Feller-Vest: Freuler, Kaspar. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[31] Veronika Feller-Vest: Hässi. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[32] Erich Meyer: Stäffis, Lorenz von (Montet). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Stuppa-33] Martin Bundi: Stuppa (Stoppa), Johann Peter. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[34] Erich Meyer: Wagner (SO). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Reynold-35] A ^b Georges Andrey: Reynold, Franz von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[36] Andreas Fankhauser: Besenval, Johann Viktor (von Brunnstatt). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[37] Barbara Braun-Bucher: Erlach, Johann Jakob von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Castella-38] Pierre de Castella: Castella, Rodolphe de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[39] Urs Amacher: Zurlauben, Beat Franz Plazidus. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Affry-40] Alain-Jacques Czouz-Tornare: Affry, Ludwig August Augustin von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[41] Jürg Simonett: Salis, Heinrich von (Zizers). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[42] Jean de Senarclens: Mallet. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[43] Philippe Henry: Swiss Guard. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[44] Alain-Jacques Tornare Czouz-: Tuileries. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[45] Arthur Fibicher: Preux, Angelin de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Guy-46] A ^b Anne-Françoise Schaller-Jeanneret: Guy (Guy d'Audanger), Jacques. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Ludwig_Erlach-47] Marco Jorio: Erlach, Johann Ludwig von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Müller-48] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Karl Müller von Friedberg: Chronological representation of the federal surrender of troops to foreign powers. Huber and Compagnie, St. Gallen 1793.

[Franz_Affry-49] Eric-André Klauser: Affry, Franz von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Greder-50] Erich Meyer: Greder, Wolfgang. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[51] Gregor Egloff: Bircher, Jost. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[52] Eric-André Klauser: Stäffis, Jakob von (Molondin). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Erlach_Johann_Ludwig-53] Marco Jorio: Erlach, Johann Ludwig von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[54] Jacques Lefèvre de Caumartin, lord of Saint-Port, Baron de Cailly

[Fidel-55] Beat Fidel Zurlauben : Histoire militaire des Suisses au service de la France. 8 tomes, chez Desaint & Saillant, Jean-Thomas Herissant & Vincent, Paris 1751–1753, OCLC 718299696

[56] Katja Hürlimann: Lochmann, Heinrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[57] Hubert Förster: Reynold, Anton von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[58] Erich Meyer: Roll, Ludwig von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[59] Erich Meyer: Sury, Heinrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[60] Hans-Robert Ammann: Ambühl (Am Biel, Ambuel), Balthasar. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[61] André Schluchter : La Barde, Jean de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[62] Barbara Braun-Bucher: Erlach, Sigmund von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[63] Christian Müller: Muralt, Franz Ludwig von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[64] Barbara Braun-Bucher: Erlach, Johann Jakob von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Chandieu-65] Fabienne Abetel-Béguelin: Chandieu de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[66] Hans Braun: May, Beat Ludwig. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Bettens-67] A ^b Fabienne Abetel-Béguelin: Mannlich, Georges (de Bettens). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Jenner-68] A ^b Hans Braun: Jenner, Samuel. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[69] Barbara Braun-Bucher: Erlach, Abraham von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[70] Barbara Braun-Bucher: Ernst, Beat Rudolf von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[71] Hans Braun: Wattenwyl, Beat Ludwig von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[72] Annelies Hüssy: Dachselhofer, Niklaus. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[May-73] A ^b Hans Braun: May, Hans Rudolf von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[74] Veronika Feller-Vest: Brändle (Brendlé), Jost. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[75] Sébastien Rial: Fegely, Jean-Balthasar de (de Seedorf). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[76] Dominic Pedrazzini: Boccard, François Jean Philippe de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[77] Adolf Collenberg: Salis, Vincenz Guido von (Sils). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[78] Silvio Färber: Salis, Johann Rudolf. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[79] Emmanuel Abetel: Polier, Jean François. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[80] Pierre de Castella: Castella, Albert de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[81] Cyrille Gigandet: Monnin, Jean-François de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[82] Franz, Auf der Maur: Reding, Anton Sebastian. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[83] Mark Lischer: Pfyffer, Franz Ludwig (of Wyher). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[84] Stefan Jäggi: Sonnenberg, Jakob Anton Thuring from. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[85] Markus Lischer: Pfyffer, Franz (von Wyher). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[86] Veronika Feller-Vest: Hässi, Gabriel. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[87] Veronika Feller-Vest: Tschudi von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[88] Andreas Fankhauser: Vigier von Steinbrugg, Franz Joseph Wilhelm. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[89] Erich Meyer: Greder, Wolfgang. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[90] Erich Meyer: Greder, Hans Ludwig. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[91] Erich Meyer: Greder, Balthasar. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[92] Dominic Pedrazzini: d'Affry, Franz. In: Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz .

[93] Andreas Fankhauser: Vigier von Steinbrugg, Joseph Robert Wilhelm. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[94] Emil Heller: The mutiny of Nancy. In: Figurina Helvetica, newsletter of the Swiss friends of the tin figure. 2002.

[95] Adolf Collenberg: Stuppa (Stoppa), Johann Baptist. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Fravi-96] Paul Fravi: Johann Peter Stuppa and Stuppishaus in Chur . Article in Bündner Jahrbuch: Zeitschrift für Kunst, Kultur und Geschichte Graubünden, Volume 16, 1974, p. 117-122.

[97] Urban Fink: Surbeck, Johann Jakob. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[98] Jacques Barrelet: Grenus, Pierre de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[99] Andreas Fankhauser: Besenval, Karl Jakob (von Brunnstatt). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[100] Cédric Rossier: Joffrey, Abraham-Hubert de (de la Cour-au-Chantre). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[101] Hansjürg Gredig: Planta, Ludwig August von (Wildenberg). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[102] Vincent Perret: Aubonne, Paul Rodolphe d '. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[103] Hervé de Weck: Lullin, Jacques André (de Châteauvieux). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[104] Vincent Perret: Buisson, Ami. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[105] Benoît de Diesbach Belleroche: Diesbach, François Philippe de (Steinbrugg). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[106] Alain-Jacques Tornare Czouz-: This Bach, Romain de (de Belle Roche). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[107] Alain-Jacques Tornare Czouz-: This Bach, Ladislas de (de Belle Roche). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[108] Benoît de Diesbach Belleroche: Diesbach, Rudolf von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Miège-109] Gérard Miège, Antoine de Courten: Le sang des Suisses du Roy: histoire des relations militaires entre la Confédération helvétique et le royaume de France, 1444–1789. Edition G. Miège, Versoix 2012.

[110] Pierre-Alain Putallaz: Courten, Jean-Etienne de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[111] Pierre-Alain Putallaz: Courten, Melchior de-François. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[112] Pierre-Alain Putallaz: Courten, Pierre-Anne de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[113] Pierre-Alain Putallaz: Courten, Maurice de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[114] Louiselle de Riedmatten: Courten, Antoine-Pancrace de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[115] Louis Elle de Riedmatten: Courten, Jean-Antoine de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[116] Mark Lischer: Pfyffer, Ludwig Christoph (of Wyher). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[117] Peter Claus Hartmann : French kings and emperors of the modern age - From Ludwig XII. until Napoleon III. 1498–1870: Louis XV. Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-54740-0 , p. 242.

[Ludwig-118] A ^b Louis XV .: Ordonnance du Roy Pour l'entretenement du Régiment Suisse de Karrer au Service de la Marine. Imprimerie Royale, Paris 1731, The New York Public Library, Digital Collections .

[119] Bernese families

[120] Samuel Stettler (1667–1748), salt treasurer, Vogt zu Bonmont, from Bern.

[121] Andreas Fankhauser: Karrer, Franz Adam. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[122] Andreas Fankhauser: Karrer, Ludwig Ignaz. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[123] Thomas Frei: Hallwyl, Franz Joseph von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[124] Charles Gayarre: History of Louisiana. Redfield, New York 1854.

[125] Karrer's Swiss Regiment ( Memento from May 3, 2016 in the Internet Archive )

[126] Silvio Färber: Salis, Anton von (Marschlins). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[127] Katja Hürlimann: Lochmann, Ulrich. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[128] Martin Illi: Steiner, Hans Jakob. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[129] Damien Bregnard: Eptingen, Johann Baptist von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[Schweizer-130] the prefix / appendix "Swiss" stands here as a synonym for a royal guard soldier of any nation.

[131] Hervé de Weck: Maillardoz, Jean Roch Frédéric de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[132] Hans Laupper: Bachmann, Karl Josef Anton Leodegar von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[133] Josef Brülisauer: Dürler, Jost. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[134] Urs Amacher: Zurlauben, Beat Fidel. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . March 4, 2014 , accessed January 10, 2019 .

[135] Marti-Weissenbach, Karin: May, Beat Emmanuel (from Romainmotier). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

[136] Meuwly, Olivier: Valliere, Paul de. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .