Grozny

The title of this article is ambiguous. See also: Grozny (Adygeja, Maikopski, Kirowskoje) or Grozny (Adygeja, Maikopski, Pobedenskoje) .

city Grozny Грозный ( Russian ) Соьлжа-ГӀала ( Chechen ) flag coat of arms Federal district North Caucasus republic Chechnya Urban district Grozny mayor Muslim Chuchiev Founded 1818 City since 1870 surface 305  km² population 271,573 inhabitants (as of Oct. 14, 2010) Population density 890 inhabitants / km² Height of the center 130  m Time zone UTC + 3 Telephone code (+7) 8712 Post Code 364000-364068 License Plate 20, 95 OKATO 96 401 Website www.grozmer.ru Geographical location Coordinates 43 ° 19 ′  N , 45 ° 42 ′  E Coordinates: 43 ° 19 ′ 0 ″  N , 45 ° 42 ′ 0 ″  E

Location in the western part of Russia

Situation in Chechnya

List of cities in Russia

Grozny (also Grozny ; Russian Гро́зный ; Chechen Соьлжа-ГӀала Sölscha-Ghala ) is the capital of the Russian republic of Chechnya . The city in the Caucasus has 271,573 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010) and is the economic and cultural center of the autonomous republic .

Administration and geography

Administrative division

Grozny is in four Rajone divided: Sawodskoi, Leninsky, Oktyabrsky and Staropromyslovski. The city of Argun is only a few kilometers east of Grozny . The Sunsha River flows through Grozny and joins the Terek about 40 km northeast of the city .

population

Grozny experienced strong population growth during the time of the Soviet Union , the population increased from about 172,000 to almost 400,000 in 1989. In contrast to the rest of Chechnya, the Russians traditionally made up the majority of the population in Grozny until the collapse of the Soviet Union . In 1939 71% of Grozny's residents were Russians and only 14% Chechens . Other important minorities at that time were Armenians (4.6%) and Ukrainians (2.3%). In the outskirts of the city, however, Chechens were clearly in the majority.

The proportion of Russians has steadily decreased since the 1960s, mainly due to the higher birth rate of the Chechens. In 1989, the population of Grozny was almost 400,000, of which 52.9% were Russians and 30.5% were Chechens. Many non-Chechen residents left the city even before the First Chechen War . In 2002 there were only about 210,000 inhabitants. The city's formerly multicultural character has been lost. In 2002, 95.7% of Grozny's population were ethnic Chechens, while Russians made up 2.5%, followed by Ingush (1%) and other minorities (0.8%). In recent years, Grozny’s population has risen sharply again after the region began to recover.

In 2010 the population of the city was 271,573, of which 93.73% were Chechens, 3.30% Russian, and 2.96% belonged to other minorities, including in particular the Kumyks and Ingush.

year	Pop.	Tsch.	Rus.	Ukr.	Ing.	Poor.	Jud.	Did.
1897	15,564	3.2%	66.5%	6.2%		2.3%	10.8%
1926	172,448	2.0%	70.2%	8.0%		6.0%	2.9%	3.3%
1939	172,448	14.0%	71.0%	2.3%		4.6%
1959	242,068	6.7%	78.1%	3.1%	1.0%	4.6%
1970	341.259	17.4%	67.1%	2.5%	3.5%	3.9%
1979	375.326	24.2%	59.9%	2.3%	4.8%	3.7%
1989	399,688	30.5%	52.9%	2.4%	5.4%	3.6%
2002	210.720	95.7%	2.5%		1.0%
2010	271,573	93.73%	3.3%

Note: The data are taken from the respective official censuses. In the composition all ethnic groups are mentioned that made up at least 1% of the population in the respective census. Abbreviations: Inhabitants; Tsch .: Chechens; Rus .: Russians; Ukr .: Ukrainians; Ing .: Ingush; Arm .: Armenians; Jud .: Jews; Tat .: Tatars

history

Founder of the Groznaya Fortress General Alexei Yermolov

Old Grozny

Grozny early 20th century

The city was founded during the Great Caucasus War in 1818 under General Alexei Yermolow as a Russian fortress on the Terek tributary Sunscha (Су́нжа) and was initially named Groznaja (dt. The fearful ). The population initially consisted of Russian Cossacks . When the fortress grew into a city, the name was changed to Grozny in 1870 (masculine form, corresponding to the word gorod (= city)). During the Russian Civil War, Grozny changed hands several times between 1917 and 1920, until it was finally conquered by the Red Army in 1920. In the 1920s, the city passed the threshold of 100,000 inhabitants. Since 1936 Grozny was the capital of the Chechen-Ingushetan ASSR within the RSFSR . With the Soviet rule, Chechens moved to the city in large numbers for the first time, their share of the population rising from 2% in 1926 to 14% in 1939.

Grozny before World War II

During the Second World War , the Chechens and Ingush were flatly accused of collaborating with the German invaders and the TschIASSR was dissolved. Both ethnic groups were almost completely deported to Central Asia .

In Grozny there was a POW camp 237 for German prisoners of war of the Second World War.

It was not until 1957 that the deported population groups were allowed to return to their homeland during the thaw under Nikita Khrushchev . After their return, there were repeated ethnic tensions between the Russians and Chechens living in Grozny. In fact, society in the city was now divided. Russians, Ukrainians and Armenians mostly worked in higher positions, while Chechens were often disadvantaged in the labor market.

In 1989 Grozny had 397,000 inhabitants.

When the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991 , a movement formed around Jokhar Dudayev in Chechnya demanding Chechnya independence. The independent Chechen Republic of Ichkeria was proclaimed in 1991, with Dudayev as its first president. However, this was not recognized by Russia , on whose territory Chechnya was located, or by the international community. A “Chechenization” of all areas of life began, which, coupled with ethnically colored violence and criminality, resulted in a mass exodus of non-Chechen population groups, especially Russians, Ukrainians and Armenians.

A Chechen fighter near the Presidential Palace, January 1995

Modern high-rise buildings in Grozny

On November 29, 1994, the Security Council of the Russian Federation under its First Secretary Oleg Lobov decided to attack Chechnya in order to regain control of the region without consulting the other institutions. About 40,000 soldiers marched into Chechnya and, after two months of fighting, also took Grozny. When the city was besieged in January 1995, it is estimated that around 25,000 people died from days of artillery fire. The First Chechen War , however, took a surprising turn for Russia. Through targeted guerrilla tactics , Chechen rebels succeeded in demoralizing the Russian troops . In August 1996, Grozny was retaken by Chechen rebels. In the same year, the Russian troops finally withdrew from Chechnya, the country was de facto independent. After the death of Dzhokhar Dudayev Grozny was temporarily in whose honor also 'Джовхар-ГӀала' / 1998-1999 Dschowchar Ghala called.

In 1999, however, the Second Chechen War began after an attack by Chechen Islamists on the neighboring province of Dagestan . In the course of the war, Russia under Vladimir Putin quickly managed to regain control of all of Chechnya for good.

The Chechen rebel groups went underground, Chechnya became an autonomous republic within the Russian Federation as the Chechen Republic and a Moscow-loyal government under Akhmat Kadyrov was established. Although there was hardly any open fighting after the spring of 2000, the Second Chechnya War was officially declared over by the Russian government in 2009 .

Square in the center of the city

Much of Grozny and its infrastructure were destroyed by the two wars, including the tram and trolleybus networks .

In recent years, however, large amounts of Russian tax money have been poured into Chechen reconstruction. Grozny’s sewage, water, electricity and district heating networks have been repaired. There are also 250 kilometers of repaired roads, 13 bridges and around 900 new shops. The number of inhabitants has now also increased sharply again.

In December 2005 the Chechen parliament turned to the Russian leadership to rename Grozny Akhmadkala ( Akhmadburg ). "The darkest chapters of the Chechen people are connected with the old name," the motion says. The new name should be reminiscent of the Moscow-loyal President Akhmat Kadyrov , who was killed in 2004. Ultimately, however, there was no renaming.

In 2008, the new Akhmat Kadyrov Mosque was opened in Grozny . In deference to those who support his rule, the Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov had Victory Avenue renamed Putin Prospect .

Newly laid out promenade

Sports

The football club Terek Grozny , founded in 1946 , won the Russian Cup in 2004 and was allowed to compete in the UEFA Cup. He plays his home games in the Achmat Arena, which has a capacity of over 30,000 and which opened in 2011 . Grozny is also an important center for wrestling and weightlifting . The local volleyball club was also multiple Soviet champions.

In July 2011, Grozny hosted the 9th European Schoolchildren Championships in amateur boxing .

economy

Grozny is the center of an important oil production area , which explains the strategic importance of the city. There are also numerous manufacturing companies in the city.

Attractions

Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque

The Archangel Michael Church in 2015

The Akhmat Kadyrov Mosque , inaugurated on October 17, 2008, is the largest mosque in Russia with ten thousand seats . Their minarets are 62 m high. The Orthodox Archangel Michael Church , built by the Terek Cossacks in 1868 , was badly damaged during the two wars, but the renovation work was completed in 2009 and the church was ceremoniously rededicated.

In recent years, Grozny-City (Грозный-Сити) has also become a modern high-rise center in the city. The Achmat Tower has been under construction here since 2017. With a height of 435 m, it is expected to be one of the tallest buildings in Europe when completed in 2021.

On October 7, 2015 - Vladimir Putin's birthday - the supposedly largest fountain in the world was inaugurated in Grozny . There are numerous fountains on an area of ​​40 × 300 meters, the three highest of which reach 100, 80 and 60 meters. A water screen with an area of ​​18 by 25 meters on which video clips can be shown is generated at high pressure. The cost is given as 60 billion rubles , which allegedly does not come from the state budget . The cost of the facility, which also includes hotels , was criticized at the inauguration.

Educational institutions

• M. D. Millionschikow Academic Petroleum Institute Grozny
• Open Humanities Institute
• Chechen State University
• Chechen State Pedagogical Institute

Administration building in Grozny

sons and daughters of the town

• Islambek Albijew (* 1988), wrestler
• Tatiana Anissimowa (* 1949), hurdler
• Israil Arsamakov (* 1962), weightlifter
• Ruslan Chasbulatow (* 1942), politician and professor of economics
• Serge Chermayeff (1900–1996), American architect
• Timur Enejew (1924–2019), physicist and mathematician
• Kanta Ibragimow (* 1960), writer
• Julija Jefimowa (* 1992), swimmer
• Lidija Jussupowa (* 1961), human rights activist
• Anatoli Karazuba (1937–2008), mathematician
• Alexei Kallima (* 1969), artist
• Mamed Khalidov (* 1980), Polish MMA fighter of Chechen descent
• Islam Mazijew (* 1973), judoka
• Mikhail Millionschtschikow (1913–1973), physicist, professor and vice-president of the USSR Academy of Sciences
• Juri Radonjak (1935-2013), boxer
• Makka Sagaipowa (* 1987), singer and dancer
• Ivan Sawizki (* 1992), racing cyclist
• Polina Scherebzowa (* 1985), writer
• Lyudmila Turishcheva (* 1952), gymnast, three-time Olympic champion, world and European champion
• Baschir Warajew (* 1964), judoka

Honorary citizen

• Mohamed Salah (* 1992), Egyptian soccer player

Climate table

Grozny
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.     19th   1 -6     21st   3 -5     23   9 -1     33   18th 5     57   24 11     72   28 15th     57   31 18th     44   30th 17th     33   25th 13     30th   17th 6th     26th   9 2     24   3 -3 Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm Source: Roshydromet

Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Grozny Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 0.6 2.5 8.7 17.9 23.7 27.9 30.5 29.7 24.7 16.6 9.3 3.2 O 16.3 Min. Temperature (° C) −6.2 −4.9 −0.5 5.4 11.0 15.4 18.2 17.2 12.7 6.1 1.8 −3.0 O 6.2 Precipitation ( mm ) 19th 21st 23 33 57 72 57 44 33 30th 26th 24 Σ 439 Rainy days ( d ) 5 5 5 5 7th 8th 6th 6th 5 6th 6th 6th Σ 70 Source: Roshydromet

Web links

Commons : Grozny  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Grozny  - explanations of meanings, origins of words, synonyms, translations

• Grozny. Photo gallery
• Portal of the city of Grozny
• Grozny on mojgorod.ru
• Recent photos from Grozny
• Peace has no chance in Grozny , article in the Taz of 25 May 2004
• Money wins the battle for Grozny , article in Spiegel from February 29, 2008
• Business trip to death: Russian special forces in Grozny , short documentary by Hessischer Rundfunk from 1996 about Russian Spetsnaz in Grozny during the First Chechen War, on YouTube

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda po Čečenskoj respublike. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010 for the Chechen Republic. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Grozny 2012. ( Download from the website of the Chechen Republic territorial organ of the Federal Service of State Statistics)
2. ↑ ^{a b} http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rnchechenia.html
3. ↑ Maschke, Erich (ed.): On the history of the German prisoners of war of the Second World War. Verlag Ernst and Werner Gieseking, Bielefeld 1962–1977.
4. ↑ Derluguyan, Georgi (2005). Bourdieu's Secret Admirer in the Caucasus. University of Chicago Press. Pp. 244-245. ISBN 978-0-226-14283-8 .
5. ^ Roland Götz / Uwe Halbach: Political Lexicon Russia. Verlag CH Beck, Munich 1994, p. 331.
6. ↑ BBC, December 15, 2005, Chechnya wants Grozny name change
7. ↑ Friedrich Schmidt: Caucasian Revenge Trades In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung of December 12, 2014, p. 8.
8. ↑ WOSTOK , No. 3/2008, Wostok Verlag , Berlin 2008; P. 4
9. ↑ https://app.handelsblatt.com/finanzen/immobilien/kadyrows-turm-zu-babel-europas-groesstes-hochhaus-entstands-in-tschetschenien/20957246.html?ticket=ST-2906992-cZizA5VRoO0zhlVZ0oB3-ap5
10. ↑ ^{a b} http://www.rosbalt.ru/federal/2015/10/07/1448479.html