IJmuiden
| province |
 North Holland
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| local community |
 Velsen
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Area - land - water |
13.88 km 2 12.53 km 2 1.35 km 2 |
| Residents | 31,305 (Jan. 1, 2017) |
| Coordinates | 52 ° 27 ' N , 4 ° 36' E |
| prefix | 0255 |
| Postcodes | 1647, 1947, 1951, 1966, 1971 |
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IJmuiden is the largest town in the Dutch municipality of Velsen in the province of North Holland and an important seaport in the Netherlands . The city owes its foundation and name to the construction of the North Sea Canal , which connects the city and the port of Amsterdam directly with the North Sea .
When the canal was built, the IJ Bay of the Zuiderzee was used, which through the canal was given a mouth (in Dutch : Muide ) into the North Sea. The city expanded on the southern edge of the entrance to the North Sea Canal and developed into an important fishing port and supply port for the Dutch oil rigs in the North Sea. The dominant element of the city is the large lock system with the large lighthouse and the steelworks with blast furnaces in the north. In terms of throughput, the port is the third largest in the Netherlands after Rotterdam and Amsterdam.
Port facilities
Until the construction and opening of the North Sea Canal in 1876, there was no port on the Dutch North Sea coast between Den Helder in the north and Rotterdam in the south. The newly created protection area in front of the locks attracted fishermen from the area. Together with the remaining canal construction workers, they formed the first population of the new settlement IJmuiden. Various harbor basins were built on both sides of the canal with the locks so as not to hinder the increasing shipping traffic.
Outer harbor
To protect the canal entrance against the waves and currents of the North Sea, two protective piers were built out into the North Sea. With the prevailing south-north current in the North Sea, the jetties facilitate navigation in the port entrance. The two piers protruded north and south of the canal entrance ( Havenmond in Dutch ) about one kilometer from the coast and there reached the depth of the North Sea of seven meters. This corresponds to the initial expansion water depth of the North Sea Canal, to which the entire outer harbor was dredged. The distance at the entrance between the ends of the pier was 260 meters at the beginning and about one kilometer at the two pier roots, creating a protective harbor.
Two lighthouses ( Vuurtoren in Dutch ) were built in 1878 as an aid to calling at IJmuiden . Due to their different heights, they form a fire guide , the beacons of which must be one above the other when entering the lake. This shows the skipper that he is on the correct course for the port entrance.
Due to the widening and deepening of the North Sea Canal, the port entrance and the approach from the North Sea had to be adapted accordingly. For this purpose, the two piers were lengthened in a semicircular shape in the 1960s, which means that the north pier protrudes 800 meters and the south pier 1500 meters further into the North Sea. The width between the two new pier heads is now 750 meters.
With the dredging of the IJgeul shipping channel in the North Sea, ships with a maximum draft of 17.8 meters from the North Sea's traffic separation area can currently approach the port of IJmuiden. In the outer port of the locks, only the northern outer canal ( Noorderbuitenkanaal ) is designed for this draft. All ships with a draft of over 14.10 meters are required to sail in the IJgeul, which is a straight extension of the fire control line.
Harbor basin south side
The increase in fishing vessels in the outer harbor and the area in front of the locks prompted the Dutch government to build a separate fishing port ( Vissershaven ) in 1887 , which was completed in 1896. The influx of fishermen with their boats made it necessary to enlarge the harbor basin shortly after the opening.
Because the private fish traders disadvantaged fishermen by fixing prices, the government took over the fish trade on July 1, 1899, with the country's first and only fish auction (Dutch : Rijksvisafslag ). This only changed in 1989 with the privatization of the Staatsvissershavenbedrijf with the transfer of all assets and activities. Today Zeehaven IJmuiden NV is the owner and operator of the port and the fish auction and is therefore responsible for the development of the port.
The rail connection of IJmuiden and its port in 1899 supported the growth of the fish trade, which thus reached Amsterdam and the German Empire more quickly. At the beginning of the First World War in 1914, the IJmuiden fishing fleet had 155 trawlers , a third of the entire Dutch fishing fleet. With Haringhavens west of Vissershaven, opened in 1920 , IJmuiden rose to become one of the largest fishing ports in Western Europe. A shipyard installed a double slipway for ship repairs in this harbor basin .
After the Second World War , the Haringhaven was expanded in 1962 and extended parallel to the Vissershaven. Today the part of the port is used for the execution of offshore projects in the North Sea. For example, the Prinses Amalia offshore wind farm was built from the port of IJmuiden. Other new companies are taking care of the maintenance of drilling platforms , which can often be seen in the port.
In order to offer more space for this, Zeehaven IJmuiden NV expanded the port facilities to the west around the IJmondhaven in 2004 . Ships up to 300 meters in length can be handled at the quays and the quay areas are suitable for the storage and handling of heavy loads. At the head end of the harbor basin there is a loading bridge for RoRo ships . In addition, the Felison Cruise and Ferry Ship Terminal was built for medium-sized cruise ships. As the “gateway to the Netherlands”, it avoids the long journey through the North Sea Canal to the Passenger Terminal Amsterdam during short stopovers , thus saving shipping companies time and money.
The fourth port basin south of the North Sea Canal was the dredging of the Seaport IJmuiden marina in 1993/1994 . The land area was created by aligning the coastline with the extended south pier with sand filling the gusset between the old and new pier. For the access to the marina from the Havenmond, the old pier was broken through in order to create 650 anchorages for boats of all kinds. The marina is one of the few marinas in the Netherlands that has direct access to the North Sea.
Vissershaven with lighthouse
Haringhaven with speedboat bunker
Marina Marina Seaport IJmuiden
Port basin north side
Due to the founding and construction of the Hoogovens steelworks (German blast furnace ) in the dunes north of the canal locks in 1918 , it became necessary to build the associated Hoogovenhaven in order to be able to land the necessary raw materials, coal and iron ore. A separate access channel , the Noorder Buitenkanaal , connects the port entrance with the blast furnace port north of Fort IJmuiden . It was important to have free access without having to pass the lock system. Construction of the port began in 1919 and was completed in 1923. After enlarging the steelworks, another unloading quay was built in the Hoogovenkanaal in 1968. Due to the influence of the tides at the Erzkai ( Dutch Ertskade ), a sundeck for bulk carriers with a large draft had to be created.
In 1967 it was considered necessary to have a port of disaster ( Averijhaven ) in order to offer damaged ships or ships in need of repair a safe berth without obstructing other ships. After this harbor basin was hardly used, the basin was closed in 1991 with a dam. Until 2012, the Rijkswaterstaat water authority used the basin as a dredging depot for contaminated dredging sludge. This storage area is to be cleared so that the site can be used as a port again.
This takes place against the background that bulk carriers can lie at the IJ dolphins in the Noorder Buitenkanaal and thus obstruct the access to the Nordschleuse. At these dolphins, which are located in front of the Havariehafen, the freighters are partially unloaded with a large draft so that they can then reach the port of Amsterdam with a shallower draft. This lightening is to take place in the future in the port of disaster
The flushing channel ( Spuikanaal in Dutch ) is located between Hoogovenhaven and the access channel to the Nordschleuse . This part of the North Sea Canal is used to drain the excess water that occurs through lock operations and the drainage of the low-lying parts of the country into the North Sea. For this purpose, a sluice structure and a pumping station are arranged in the dam of the flushing channel . Due to the enormous amount of water to be discharged of around 3 billion m³ of water annually, the pumping station is the most powerful in Europe.
Hoogoven harbor left before WWII
Bulk carrier at the Erzkaje
Bulk carriers on IJ dolphins for lightening
Siel and pumping station (right)
Transport links
Railway connection
With the construction of the North Sea Canal, a railway bridge ( Dutch Velserspoorbrug ) had to be built over the canal for the existing Noord-Hollandsche railway line from Haarlem to Alkmaar. Since 1883 the branch line IJmondlijn to IJmuiden has branched off from this line and initially only ran as far as the locks. In 1899 it was extended to Vissershaven with the main station. The line was expanded to double lanes in 1926 and electrified in 1927.
With the increase in shipping and rail traffic came the end of the Velserspoorbrug and the replacement by the Velserspoortunnel in 1957. The adapted branch line to IJmuiden still had passenger traffic until September 1983 and subsequently lost the overhead line and the second track. Until 1994, the line remained in operation as Vislijn for the removal of fish from the auction halls . The station was demolished in 1995. The reactivation by Lovers Rail brought again passenger traffic between Amsterdam and IJmuiden between August 1996 and October 1998 as the Kennemer Strand Express . The superstructure was then dismantled and replaced by a bus line. Today there is a cycle path on the railway line between the port and the Velsen-Süd ferry terminal.
Road connection
IJmuiden can be reached via the A22 or the A9. Both motorways ( Rijksweg in the Netherlands ) cross the North Sea Canal as tunnels in the east and have junctions to the north and south. The bridges over the lock system can also be used to get north from the city. However, this crossing is interrupted during the construction of the new large lock. A second option is to take the car ferry at Velsen ( Velserpont ) on the site of the former railway bridge. The two ferry lines 911 and 912 of the City Transport Company of Amsterdam GVB ( Gemeentevervoersbedrijf ) connect the banks of the canal around the clock every 20 minutes and transport pedestrians and cyclists free of charge. Since motorized vehicles can use the tunnels free of charge, fees apply for these ferry services.
A connection of the public transport ( Dutch openbaar vervoer ) from / to Amsterdam offers the bus route 382 from Connexxion . With a journey time of 30 minutes, three journeys per hour are offered. The line ends are in IJmuiden aan Zee and in Amsterdam Station Sloterdijk. There are also bus connections to Haarlem , Beverwijk and Heemskerk .
Ship services
DFDS Seaways has been providing a ferry service for vehicles and passengers between IJmuiden and Newcastle in England since 1995 . The ferry dock is on Sluisplein at the entrance to Vissershaven. Every day a ferry leaves the port in the early evening and docks at the Port of Tyne International Passenger Terminal in Newcastle in the morning . The return arrival in IJmuiden is also in the morning. For short trips to Newcastle, there are guarded parking spaces at the ferry terminal. If you arrive by train, there is a DFDS own bus transfer from and to Amsterdam Centraal (main station).
Right next to the large ferry pier on Sluisplein is a pier for round trips and ferry trips in the port area, which is operated by IJmuidense Rondvaart Maatschappij BV . There are trips through the locks to Velsen and to the fortress island.
In 1998, the service of a high-speed ferry between Amsterdam and Velsen started, which covered the 25-kilometer route in 27 minutes. Four Russian hydrofoil boats operated as Fast Flying Ferry (German: fast flying ferry ) twice an hour at a maximum speed of 65 km / h. After accidents, the speed was reduced to 50 km / h, which decreased the number of passengers. Therefore, the traffic had to be stopped at the end of 2013.
Ferry to Newcastle in Vissershaven
Velsen Velserpont ferry
Excursion boat to the fortress
Hydrofoil Fast Flying Ferry
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Sightseeing and tourism
Lock system
The four sea locks, which can be seen from the west in the adjacent picture, are a special tourist magnet. From left to right (north to south) you can see:
- Blast furnace port with ore quay and 3 unloading bridges
- Flushing channel with pumping station and sewer structure
- to the right of the 3rd lock island is the open north lock
- to the right of the 2nd lock island is the open middle lock
- to the right of the first lock island are the two 'old' structures, the southern lock and the small lock
After the last renovations, the small lock is only available for pleasure craft shipping. It was brought to the same length as the south lock, which is mainly used by inland shipping . The Nordschleuse was 400 meters in length at the time (1929) the biggest lock in the world and even surpassed the Panama Canal locks of 1914. A new superlative is the under construction (2019) New Seeschleuse reached, with a lock chamber of 500 meters in length and 70 Meters wide will be the largest in the world. The second lock island in the area next to the north lock will be used for construction. With the same length, it will surpass the two current 'record holders' in Antwerp ( Berendrechtsluis and Kieldrechtsluis ) by two meters in width.
Pier and outer harbor
In order to observe the entry and exit of the seagoing vessels, the two moles of the outer port can be walked. Free access to the ends of the jetty is around four kilometers. However, when the wind is above 5 Beaufort , access is blocked for security reasons. Each pier head carries a pier light which, as is customary in seafaring, is green on the starboard side (right) when entering a port and red on the port side. The old pier lights are also still on the pier in roughly the same position as before the extension.
Big lighthouse
Small lighthouse
Molenkopf north
Molenkopf south
old pier head south
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Lighthouses
The two red-brown lighthouses of IJmuiden are difficult to spot or find in the middle of the port buildings between the port basins. As they are no longer staffed, a visit is not possible.
IJmuiden fortress
After the construction of the North Sea Canal, the fort at IJmuiden was built between 1881 and 1887 to the north of the approach to the first two locks. The fort belongs to the defense ring around Amsterdam ( Dutch Stelling van Amsterdam ), which was built in accordance with the fortress law of 1874 (Dutch vestingwet ) in the years 1880 to 1920. Within a radius of 10 to 15 kilometers and over a length of 135 kilometers around the capital Amsterdam there were 45 fortresses, which were equipped with batteries , dykes , weirs and moats in order to trigger a targeted flood ( inundation ) in the event of defeat .
Due to the construction of the Nordschleuse, a new and deeper access channel ( Noorder Buitenkanaal ) had to be dug, which turned the area of the fort into an island ( Forteiland in Dutch ). Due to its location on the North Sea Canal, the fort was very important for the fortress ring and was therefore developed into one of the strongest fortresses. The fort was given a triangular shape with an armored coastal battery on the sea side with five cannons with a caliber of 24 centimeters to cover the entrance of the canal, most of the port and part of the North Sea outside the port mouth. It was built of bricks and has three floors.
During the Second World War with the construction of the Atlantic Wall , the fortress was equipped with heavy artillery and 37 bunkers were built on the fortress island. After the World War, the fortress fell into disrepair and was no longer of strategic importance. Part of the island and parts of the fort were demolished. In 1996 the Stelling van Amsterdam was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List and the fort was restored. The island and fort can be reached and visited via a ferry.
Sea and port museum
The IJmuider Sea and Harbor Museum shows the history and development of the North Sea Canal and IJmuiden. All fishing and seafaring activities are shown with towing services, rescue services and pilotage services as well as the industrial facilities in and around IJmuiden. The Stichting IJmuider Zee- en Havenmuseum de Visserijschool is located at Havenkade 55 behind the Vissershaven and the KNRM headquarters.
Hoogovensmuseum
North of the IJmuiden locks, the Dutch state founded a steelworks with blast furnaces ( Koninklijke Hoogovens ) in 1918 . Today the production site belongs to Tata Steel . Outside the company premises, behind the Tata Steel Convention Center, there is the Hoogovensmuseum in the old pipe foundry. The museum of the Stichting Industrieel Erfgoed Hoogovens shows the history of steel production with the presentation of historical objects, documents, photos and film material. There is a free car park for visitors by the museum, which can be reached via Wenckebachstraat.
The museum is also open during public rides on the Hoogovens Excursion Train . This museum railway runs as a steam train once a month or on open days for 15 kilometers through the company premises. The starting point is the Velserbosch train station near the main entrance of Tata Steel IJmuiden.
Bunker systems
Various contemporary witnesses of the Second World War can be seen or visited in and near IJmuiden, which were built by the Todt Organization as part of the Atlantic Wall . At the exit of Haringshaven there is still the speedboat bunker , which cannot be visited because the area is used by a company for drilling platform accessories. The associated torpedo bunker IJmuiden is located nearby on the Kromhoutstraat . Further towards the beach, the Bunker Museum IJmuiden is located on Badweg and can be visited. Further fortifications can be found in the dune area on the North Sea, such as B. the coastal battery Heerenduin .
Beaches and National Park
For recreation and leisure by the sea, IJmuiden has beaches north and south of the canal entrance. There windsurfers and kite surfers will find a good area. A beach resort with beach pavilions , shops, cafes and a hotel was built on the beach of IJmuiden aan Zee behind the marina . South of this is the Zuid-Kennemerland National Park ( Kennemerduinen ), in which the Kennemermeer was created. The artificial lake was created by the sand movements as part of the redesign of the dunes that are supposed to protect the nature reserve.
Beach in the IJmond
IJmuiden south beach with marina
Dune lake Kennemermeer
Dunes in the Kennemerland National Park
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Trivia
- For many years IJmuiden was the seat of Scheveningen Radio , one of the most famous international coastal radio stations . After the Second World War, the premises and transmission systems were on the second lock island until the employees moved to the "bunker" in the center of IJmuiden. With the formation of the Nederlandse Kustwacht , the Kustwachtcentrum also moved in at Scheveningen Radio. In 1995 the coast guard was assigned to the Ministry of Defense and therefore the headquarters moved to the local naval base in 2001 as JRCC Den Helder .
- During the Second World War, the Dutch royal couple fled from IJmuiden to England on May 12, 1940 from the German invasion with the HMS Codrington .
- At the head of the Vissershaven is the headquarters of the Dutch sea rescue organization Koninklijke Nederlandse Redding Maatschappij . This is where the boats of the historic fleet and the two boats of constant readiness lie, which can cast off within 15 minutes in the event of an alarm.
- On November 4th, 1896, the first telephone connection from IJmuiden to Amsterdam was made by the Nederlandsche Bell Telephoon Maatschappij , which was very important for the fishmongers. The characteristic building of the Bell Society at the harbor in the Visseringstraat survived the Second World War unscathed and has been a listed building since 1987.
- The Ulysses submarine cable connects IJmuiden with Lowestoft, England, for traffic with the United Kingdom .
- The 213-kilometer Dutch Coastal Path (Dutch: Hollands Kustpad ) runs over the canal ferry at Velsen ( Velserpont ) as part of the European long-distance hiking trail E9 .
Lifeboats of the KNRM Vissershaven
Bell telephone building
Model of Scheveningen Radio transmission systems in the Havenmuseum
Sons and daughters of the place
- Cornelis Vreeswijk (1937–1987), songwriter, composer and poet
- Dick Schoon (* 1958), Old Catholic Bishop
- Gert-Jan Prins (* 1961), jazz and improvisation musician
- Loona , d. i. Marie-José van der Kolk (* 1974), singer
- Joël Veltman (* 1992), football player
Web links
- Tourist board website (German, Dutch, English)
- Map IJmuiden Site plan and port map IJmuiden (PDF)
- Pictures of IJmuiden in the North Holland archive Pictures of IJmuiden in the North Holland archive
Individual evidence
- ↑ Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2017 Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek , accessed on May 19, 2018 (Dutch)
- ^ Port of IJmuiden in: lepsusuber.com
- ^ History of the fish auction IJmuiden ( Memento from June 7, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) PDF (Dutch) accessed on May 23, 2019
- ↑ The origin of IJmuiden in: ijmuidenactueel.nl (Dutch)
- ↑ De aanlop tot het Noordzeekanaal PDF from theobakker.net p. 30/31 (Dutch) accessed on May 23, 2019
- ↑ Der IJmonshaven in: Zeehaven IJmuiden NV (Dutch)
- ↑ Conversion of the port on: maritiemnederland.nl (Dutch)
- ↑ The pumping station on the North Sea Canal. In: gemalen.nl (Dutch).
- ↑ Railway line to IJmuiden on: railronatiek.nl (Dutch)
- ^ DFDS ferry IJmuiden-Newcastle
- ↑ Hightec for the largest ships in the world in: detechniekachternederland.nl (Dutch)
- ↑ Die Molen IJmuiden in: velsen-ijmuiden.nl (Dutch)
- ↑ https://www.vvvijmuidenaanzee.nl/de/activiteitenkaart/detail/leuchtturm--6eba5a9f-0eeb-4118-9d9f-57e40f8c9be8
- ↑ IJmuiden fortress island on: stellingvanamsterdam.nl
- ^ Blast furnace museum at: VVV IJmuidenannzee
- ↑ Hoogovens steam train IJmuiden (Dutch)
- ↑ The bunkers at IJmuiden at: velsen-ijmuiden.nl (Dutch)
- ↑ The beach at IJmuiden at: velsen-ijmuiden.nl (Dutch)