Hunter (military)
Hunter is in the German armed forces for a "with the rifle -armed, mainly for use in airborne combat certain branch of service of the infantry ." It was set up for the first time in 1631 in the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel from trained professional hunters and foresters and later also in other German armies. The hunters, who already acted independently in the hunting and forestry professional life, were able to operate independently and without direct contact with the management as part of an order tactic. Recruits, often from relevant families, were usually given jobs in forestry after their training. Due to their job, they had better shooting skills and more pronounced skills for orientation and use of the terrain, which was an advantage in rifle combat as well as in outpost and reconnaissance service .
Branch of service
The importance of the hunter as a branch of the army declined in the 19th century to the extent that the (line) infantry was equipped with rifles with rifled barrels and training for rifle combat became generally accepted.
The hunter troop belongs to the light infantry . The terms grenadier , fusilier and hunter are now used synonymously for motorized infantry and even for mechanized infantry , depending on the country and military tradition. In French, hunters are called Chasseurs à pied , in English as Light Infantry or Rifles and in Italy as Bersaglieri .
The task today is infantry fighting in covered and cut through as well as urban terrain in local and urban combat , also after air landing with helicopters.
The lowest team rank of the hunter troops (Bundeswehr) , mountain troops (Bundeswehr) and paratroopers (Bundeswehr) is the "hunter".
assignment
In the early days, the hunters' troops had the task of clearing up their own army ahead of and on its flanks, and using targeted shots to render officers and gunners incapacitated in order to reduce the combat strength of opposing armies. The drill that applied to the line troops was used less strictly. For the hunters, the focus was not on the "automated" execution of shooting and loading sequences in dense formation and marching in a closed combat column , but on the independent use of the terrain and targeted shots at selected targets. That is why the hunters only used hunting horns and never drums as a signaling instrument. The hunters should operate in a loose setup and in smaller units that were not tied to closed formations, and should make the best possible use of overgrown and cut terrain and cover . Naturally, the targeted, sharp shot was the focus of the training. It was often practiced on targets, which at that time did not or hardly existed in the infantry.
The fighter units operated comparatively independently, as they were directly subordinate to a higher commander. Decisions were shifted by the broken battle to the lower management level with small hunter troops. In contrast to the line troops, whose fight was primarily about covering the enemy from the dense formation with a largely untargeted hail of bullets, the individual hunter should be able to independently select targets and hit them with an aimed shot. In this context, a saying of Frederick the Great has been handed down when his hunters paraded past him in lockstep under Colonel Bouton des Granges - "Do you want to part, you teasers". This novel approach of an independent fighting soldier also manifested itself in a different relationship between the officers and their hunters. If the common soldier in a line regiment was dismissed and occasionally addressed as a " becket ", it was customary in the hunters' troops to address themselves as monsieur (dt. "Lord") in French, which at the time was considered elegant . In this sense, it is still traditional in the English army today that the officers of the rifles, which come from the German hunter troops, eat once a week with the men and the NCOs.
Armament and equipment
This approach was also reflected in the equipment. Hunter fought with rifles , pulled hunting guns they brought in the beginning itself and unlike the muskets allowed accurate objectives of the infantry. Like today's hunting rifles, these rifles were provided with a trigger . It was typical that the hunters did not carry the rifle slung over the right shoulder like the infantry, but in the hunting manner under the right arm with the rifle sling over the shoulder so that the muzzle pointed forward and up. Today 's military hunter-carrying method - under the right arm with the rifle sling over the shoulder, the barrel pointing forward at an angle and "the finger long on the trigger " (extended index finger on the trigger guard ) - only came about with the introduction of assault rifles and allowed one faster readiness to fire or a German shot on a surprisingly emerging enemy.
In contrast to the line infantry, which was equipped with a bayonet , the hunters only wore a deer catcher as a side guard . This was not planted until the 19th century, otherwise the barrels would also have been damaged, but only served as a bare sidearm, since a bayonet fight could not be carried out with the shorter rifles. As the weapons technology special position of hunters with their rifled barrels by introducing Minié - or breech-loading rifles lost and for hunters and line infantry mostly uniform rifles were issued, and the bayonet was planted.
In the course of the 19th century, hunter units also had a much smaller amount of equipment, which on the one hand made it possible to largely dispense with baggage vehicles and thus increased mobility in rough terrain, and on the other hand raised problems with the bivouac and the supply of the troops .
Uniforms and tradition
In contrast to the line infantry, the uniform of the hunters was mostly dark green, since the early hunters were recruited from foresters . Their signaling instrument, the hunting horn , can still be found today in the battalion's coat of arms alongside deer antlers, oak leaves and saukopfes.
Traditionally, hunters only wielded the hunting horn , and not kettledrums and drums like the infantry or cavalry. With the brass instruments of the military bands of the hunters, national peculiarities developed, for example in France the trompe de chasse , in England the clairon or the natural trumpet , in Germany the french horn and, like the infantry, the bow horn as a signaling instrument.
The Fürst-Pless-Horn , named after Hans Heinrich XI., Fürst von Pless , the Oberstjägermeister under the emperors Wilhelm I and Wilhelm II , only found its way into the pastures through the hunter and rifle units of the German armed forces , which from this time led the circular signal horn in contrast to the infantry with the bow horn. The foresters and professional hunters serving in the German armed forces took it with them into civilian life like the military signals that were rededicated as hunting signals.
A specialty of the hunters in England as well as in Italy and France is a higher number of steps in the march with 140 steps per minute. In earlier times this compensated for the use in difficult terrain and against the cavalry, as the hunters in the flanks had to keep pace with the line infantry and the mounted troops. This is still cultivated today in the British Army by the Royal Green Jackets, today The Rifles with the express march as a double pass in the parade and with the Bersaglieri , which is accompanied by the horns.
Traditionally greets the German Jägertruppe with Horrido and responds with a joho . From a military perspective , hunter weather is a weather situation with heavy rain and cold, as hunters can fight particularly under these adverse conditions. If one wanted to compare the hunters' troops and their fighting style at the time of absolutism with today's military times, then the hunters (also operating in the flanks) were the special forces of their time for almost 400 years .
Special headgear for the hunter troops of the German armies was the shako , in contrast to the pickled hood of the infantry or other headgear of the cavalry.
Hunters in the cavalry
In the cavalry , newly formed units were referred to as hunters on horseback.
The hunters on horseback under Napoleon Bonaparte and his allies led the battle on horseback in loose formation, but like most of the cavalry were equipped with smooth-barreled long weapons. Only the mounted carabineers had drawn carbine , but most of the heavy cavalry were allocated and how these are used in close formation. The emperor himself usually wore the little uniform of his guard hunters on horseback .
In Italy, where they were assigned to the light cavalry, the Carabinieri, a paramilitary police force that resembled the German Landjäger, developed .
In Prussia, the Reitende Feldjägerkorps served as rider riders , while the 13 regiments of hunters on horseback owed their name primarily to their creation as rider detachments, although the uniform was based on the cuirassiers and the order and equipment hardly differed from that when they were set up strongly unified cavalry. From 1901 to 1913, 13 rider regiments on horseback were set up in the Prussian army . From the regiments No. 2 and No. 6 , together with other cavalry units, the Guard Cavalry Rifle Division was formed in the spring of 1918 .
The "Mounted Rifles" and "Light Horse" of the ANZAC Mounted Division were mounted infantry fighters who generally only used their horses for transport purposes. When they took Be'er Scheva in 1917, they succeeded in the last successful cavalry attack of a large formation on horseback, using their long bayonets like sabers .
History of the hunter troop in Germany
From the beginning to the Revolutionary Wars
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The formation of the hunter troop took place in the 17th century from the endeavor to increase the effectiveness of the firefight of the infantry. The first hunter units as snipers were set up as early as the Thirty Years' War . The hunters , also known as snipers or rifle shooters , were the first to use rifles with a rifled barrel , which significantly increased their accuracy. The hunters brought these with them in the early days of the troops. The hunter troop, made up of hunters and foresters as early as 1631 under the reign of Landgrave Wilhelm V of Hessen-Kassel , is the oldest in the German-speaking area. The soldiers of the hunter troop were recruited in particular from the rural population. Comparable to these were the rifle battalions, which were recruited from middle-class soldiers and had shooting experience from rifle associations in the cities.
The first volunteer hunters were set up in Bavaria in 1645 and in Brandenburg in 1674. The concept of the Hessian units went back to the later in Prussia with the Feldjägerregiment on foot from 1756/15, later the Guard-Jäger-Battalion and other units for each Prussian army corps as corps troops as well as the units of the hunters set up in the other German states.
The officer positions were more frequently filled with commoners than in the "higher-ranking" older infantry regiments, in which the officer corps consisted almost exclusively of nobles.
The soldiers of the hunter troop were used as scouts , snipers and skirmishers outside the regular battle order. In the light infantry , as elite companies, they formed the counterpart to the grenadiers of the line infantry . Its counterpart in the cavalry were the carabineers , with a more targeted carbines were fitted that with trains equipped. The disadvantage of the rifles with their better accuracy was the longer loading time, as the lead bullet had to be pushed into the rifled barrel with the ramrod.
In contrast to the insecure cantonists or many strangers to the armies of that time who were often recruited with false promises, the hunters were voluntary children of the country with particular loyalty to their sovereign. "Throwing the gun in the grain" was almost impossible with the hunter battalions.
The later royal Prussian major general Philipp Ludwig Siegmund Bouton des Granges became company commander in the Jägerkorps in 1759 and rose to head of the Jägerkorps on foot until 1786 . In 1760 the two companies near Charlottenburg were wiped out by Russian Cossacks through incorrect leadership and evasion across open terrain, but immediately afterwards they were re-established as four companies.
The numerous Prussian free battalions of the Seven Years' War included various formations of hunters, although they were of very different quality. Such an association was set up in Kurhannover with the Freytag Corps .
In 1780, the then major and later General Field Marshal Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg (1759-1830) took over the military police regiment and developed principles for the combat training of the troops, using the experience from the American War of Independence (1775-1773) and the experience in the use of the Tirailleurs in France. At Altenzaun , north of Stendal, the Yorckschen Jäger successfully fought retreats on October 26, 1806 . The nine hunter companies that were still in existence after 1806 formed the trunk for the hunter and rifle battalions that were formed during and after the national war of independence in 1813/14 .
The hunters deployed as subsidiary troops on the English side as part of the American War of Independence 1775–1783 , mainly from Hesse - known in America as Greencoats - became well known among the Americans and were feared. Braunschweig was another German country that provided hunter troops for the battle of the British in North America, and here they met their North American counterpart, the American rangers , whose first units under Major Robert Rogers were set up as light infantry in the French and Indian War .
The call "Have mercy, let Hesse come" is more likely to be traced back to the attacks by Hessian grenadiers than to the fighting style of the hunters. The former often killed captured colonists because they had fired at the grenadiers in the line - from a grenadier's point of view, illegal from cover.
The earliest military history contribution about the war outside the battle order of the line - Treatise on the Little War (Kassel 1785) - comes from the Hessian military police captain and later General Johann von Ewald and primarily uses his experiences from the American uprising. After the British surrender he was granted the honor of visiting Fort West Point as a prisoner of the American side .
From the Scharnhorst reforms to 1919
After the debacle of 1806 and the subsequent Scharnhorst reforms , the hunter troops were to be given a prominent position in the Wars of Liberation . As early as 1809, Ferdinand von Schill had organized the infantry of his Freikorps mainly as hunters. With a decree of the Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III. At the beginning of the war in 1813, numerous voluntary hunter detachments were formed. They had to take care of equipment and armament themselves, but in return were authorized to choose their officers themselves. In the line and guard troops, the volunteer hunters wore the uniform with the cut and the badge of the respective regiment, but of a dark green basic color, only the hunters wore black uniforms in the Lützow Freikorps . Another peculiarity was that Jews who could not do arms service at the time were allowed to join these detachments.
In the New Prussian Army Organization , the four existing battalions of rifle and rifle troops of the line troops were dissolved as a unit in 1821 and subordinated to the army corps in sections of two companies . The equipment and mission of hunters and riflemen were identical, only the name was different due to tradition. In addition, the Guard Corps consisted of a battalion of hunters and riflemen.
During the Roon army reform in 1860, the divisions were increased to form battalions and uniformly named as hunters. Only the Guard Rifle Battalion kept its name by tradition.
The importance of the hunters as a branch of the army decreased in the late 19th century as the column tactics were replaced by the rifle battle with the infantry and the entire infantry was equipped with rifled weapons . The Jäger Battalions in Germany were deployed after 1871 as direct combat troops at corps level for the main points of the battle or in unfavorable terrain.
Before the outbreak of the First World War , the German field army had a Guard Jäger Battalion , a “Guard Rifle Battalion” and 18 Jäger battalions , as well as a curiosity within the line infantry, the Rifle (Fusilier) Regiment “Prince Georg” (Royal Saxon) No. 108 . As a rule, an infantry brigade with a rifle battalion was reinforced each army corps, it is not so These were directly to the corps command subordinate Corps troops . During the war, they were occasionally formed into "Jägerregiments" and the Jäger Division . They also made important parts of the Baltic Sea Division , which was deployed in the Baltic States, or in the Asia Corps for Palestine.
The different fighting style of the hunter associations repeatedly gave rise to innovative impulses for infantry tactics, which, however, can be classified in a stagnating overall context in the Prussian army of that time with its imperial maneuvers. In 1899 the machine gun was tested and introduced in separate machine gun departments with the same serial number, and from 1913 the bicycle was introduced to the hunter troops when the infantry was still marching on foot. Both were incorporated into the Jäger Battalions in 1913 as the 5th / Machine Gun Company and the 6th / Cyclist Company . As with the Hanoverian Jäger Battalion No. 10 in Goslar, ski training began around 1900. As planned, snipers were only integrated into the hunter battalions in 1915 during the First World War. From the beginning, however, some hunters wielded telescopic rifles on their own initiative. During the First World War, the hunters were first reclassified into the machine gun and sniper divisions and then, together with pioneers, mostly into the assault battalions .
In the German army, each hunter battalion had 10 to 12 trained war dogs , whose use became important again in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of the trench warfare . Medical dogs helped locate the injured. Outpost dogs assisted guards and carried reports back from field posts or patrols. Pull dogs were used to supply the soldiers at the front with ammunition.
This structure and equipment has proven itself to the present day as the basic structure of infantry in general, together with the new combat service in the attack by the raiding force procedure . In the hunter battalions, later assault battalions, one in 1916 mortars - Department incorporated.
Erwin Rommel wrote the book "Infanterie attack" about the special kind of combat management of the hunters' troops , which deals with his experiences in the First World War as company commander of the Württemberg mountain battalion , the WGB .
Until the First World War, hunter units were often used in conjunction with cavalry to secure flanks and in open areas between large units and in advance as a rifle veil; in this way they secured their own large association to which they were subordinate from being encircled . At the same time, they were always used as an infantry focal point, especially in difficult terrain (such as the Hartmannsweiler Kopf in the Vosges). With the advent of shock troop tactics , parts of the hunters were used to form assault battalions , which were essentially developed as new tactics by Major Willy Rohr at Hartmannsweiler Kopf and by General Oskar von Hutier on the Eastern Front .
The 27th Jägerbataillon (Battalion of Finnish Hunters ) formed the core of the later Finnish army . Its troop flag is still carried by the Finnish army today.
In Germany during the First World War, the mountain troops emerged from the hunters ' troops through extended training .
Reichswehr
In the Reichswehr , battalions in the infantry regiments took over the tradition of the hunter battalions of the old army. Each division of the Reichswehr , which consisted of 3 infantry regiments, had a hunter battalion. The I./IR 2, II./IR 4, III./IR 7, I./IR 10, III./IR 15 and III./IR 17. The III./IR 19 was designated as the Jäger Battalion led as a mountain troop battalion, the soldiers received appropriate mountain training. The remaining hunter units were specially trained for combat in wooded areas, including use on skis in winter .
Wehrmacht
After the expansion of the Wehrmacht up to the summer of 1939, the III./IR 7 was dropped, but the IR 83 was given the III. Battalion a hunter battalion. The III. (Born in the year) / IR 19 was dissolved in 1935 and in part provided the trunk for the first two mountain hunter regiments 99 and 100 of the mountain brigade of the Wehrmacht. This was reclassified to the 1st Mountain Division on January 1, 1938 after the establishment and subordination of the 98 Mountain Jäger Regiment .
The Air Force paratrooper troops, set up in 1936 , relied on hunting traditions and referred to the lowest team rank as "Jäger".
During the Second World War, Jäger divisions were set up which, in contrast to the division of an infantry division of the Wehrmacht with three infantry regiments, only had two Jäger regiments . In addition, the divisional artillery regiment had no heavy and only two medium artillery departments. Both the infantry divisions and the Jäger divisions were not motorized and marched into action on foot or were moved over long distances by rail. From parts of the hunter battalions, special equipment such as paratrooper helmets, assault gun blouses and mountain boots were formed into ski hunters as special departments for combat in unfavorable terrain such as swamps or large forest areas.
Situated were due to reclassification in the 12th line-up wave the 5th Fighter Division , 8th Jäger Division , the 28th Fighter Division , 97th Jäger Division , 100th Jäger Division , 101st Jäger Division , 104th hunter Division and the 1st Skijäger Division . In the course of operations in the east, however, there was no significant difference in the orders and operational areas to normal infantry divisions.
Federal Border Guard
In the Federal Border Guard the officials of the official designation of the simple service as Grenzjäger - designated with the ranks of Grenztruppjäger, Grenzoberjäger and Grenzhauptjäger. As part of the reform of the border guard service law in 1976, the BGS lost its paramilitary orientation, the members of this rank group were transferred to the middle service and appointed police superintendent regardless of their previous rank.
armed forces
The hunter troop is a type of service in the army of the Bundeswehr . The Jägertruppe one of the combat troops of the army and, together with the paratroopers and mountain units are the infantry of the army. The task of the hunter troop is to fight infantry in low mountain ranges , in forests and in urban areas.
Since Army Structure III , each division was assigned as division troops and a. subordinated to two cadreed hunter battalions. Only the 6th Panzer Grenadier Division, with its 66 and 67 Jäger Battalions, were active units.
From 1972, one of the partially active homeland security commandos 13 to 18 were set up in the military area commands in the territorial army and u. a. Subordinate to Jäger battalions. In 1982 these were renamed to Homeland Security Brigades 51 to 56, and the first and last Homeland Security Brigade were subordinated to active hunter battalions and a. the Jägerbataillon 511 of the Homeland Security Brigade 51. All other hunter associations were mobilization dependent.
Traditions of the hunter associations such as the Kassel hunters and the Marburg hunters in Hesse were continued under these designations of the Prussian army in the hunter battalions of the territorial army of the Bundeswehr.
The Franco-German Brigade was established in 1989. Their German infantry units consist of the Jäger Battalions 292 and 291 ( TPz ).
In the course of the division of the Army of the German Armed Forces into the New Army structure in the period from 2003 to 2010, the hunter troop was reclassified, the bulk of the few active and all inactive hunter battalions dissolved. In 2006, following the tradition of the hunter troop, the Bundeswehr stationed the new type of air-deployable Jägerregiment 1 , its main contingent and staff in Schwarzenborn , North Hesse. A garrison was deliberately chosen that is located in the historical area of origin of the hunter troop.
The hunter troop - Jägerbataillon 91, Rotenburg (Wümme), Jägerbataillon 1, Schwarzenborn and Jägerbataillon 413, Torgelow - will be reclassified with the reorganization of HEER2011 into the infantry equipped with GTK armored vehicles. Like the grenadiers MTW previously within the tank grenadier battalion, one battalion is subordinated to one of the mechanized brigades of the 1st Panzer Division . The Jäger Battalions 291 and 292 remain under the Franco-German Brigade , and thus under the 10th Panzer Division , and are also equipped with TPz Fuchs and GTK. This is also subordinate to the Mountain Infantry Brigade 23 with a battalion also equipped with GTK.
Until the 60 years in the infantry branch has the name given to the lowest was commissioned officer ranks Oberjäger and bar top hunters . However, there was no legal basis for this informal and widespread practice in the form of a corresponding order from the Federal President .
In the German Bundeswehr , soldiers in the lowest rank of the paratroopers, mountain troops and hunters, and until 1991 also soldiers in the guard battalion at the Federal Ministry of Defense , are referred to as hunters .
National Peoples Army
In the National People's Army of the GDR was no Jägertruppe erected. The only known unit infantry was the mechanized infantry , which was referred to as motorized riflemen ( motorized riflemen ) and was based on the model of the Soviet army in terms of strength and equipment. Together with the armored forces, they represented the backbone of the land forces.
Armed forces other countries
Great Britain
Snipers first appeared in the ranger companies under Robert Rogers during the Seven Years' War in North America and in the later American War of Independence . After the excellent experience of the British with the hunters of their Braunschweig and Hessian subsidiary troops in this war, the British Army set up two regular hunter regiments in the coalition wars : The King's Royal Rifle Corps (by converting the 60th Regiment of Foot) and the Rifle Brigade . Both were initially equipped with the Baker Rifle . There were also two battalions of hunters in the King's German Legion from 1807 to 1814, and one battalion with the Braunschweig-Lüneburg hunters in the Black Squad, also fighting under British command . It has been a tradition of the Rifles since the Peninsula Battle that the officers eat with the men once a week, which is an early form of Inner Leadership. After the Napoleonic Wars, a few line regiments were converted into hunters, but these were gradually merged in the following army reforms since the Second World War, so that today only the regiment " The Rifles " exists, in addition to the large unit " The Rifles " recruited from Nepalese mercenaries Gurkha Brigade ”, whose combat troop core is attributable to the hunters.
North America and USA
In North America and the USA, the His Majesty's Independent Companies of American Rangers under Robert Rogers and in the US Army the United States Army Rangers and subsequently the United States Army Special Forces Command (Airborne) their successors.
Russia
A special feature of the Russian armed forces since the 18th century was the military police, made up of Prussian military police officers who had transferred to Russian service. The term has survived in word formations such as the Feldjägerkurierdienst ( Russian: Фельдъегерская почтовая связь / de: feldjägerskaja potschtowaja swjas) to this day.
Austria
Austria-Hungary (1867-1918)
In the Austro-Hungarian army there was traditionally also a pro forma hunting force consisting of the
A list of the Austrian hunters can be found in the list of Austro-Hungarian combat troops in July 1914 .
The lowest rank (also for the Imperial and Royal Landesschützen not counting among the hunters ) was hunters, the corporal as the lowest rank of NCO was called "Unterjäger". This can be seen analogously with the rank designation Oberjäger for the non-commissioned officer, who is above the corporal as a non-commissioned officer. Above the platoon leader stood the Oberjäger (Sergeant) and above the Stabsoberjäger (Stabsfeldwebel).
- kuk hunter distinction badge
Subjugator
Deputy officer of the hunter troop (field blouse M16)
Federal Army
The Austrian Armed Forces refer to their infantry as hunters. Traditionally, they wear the green weapon color on their lapels and a green beret . But these are mechanized like grenadiers and fight together with the armored forces in the combined arms battle. Even after the implementation of the federal army reform by 2010, hunters will make up the largest part of the federal army with around 10,000 soldiers (eight hunter battalions and the guard battalion ). In addition to these active units, there will also be ten mob hunter battalions (one per federal state, two in Vienna). In the course of the militia reform, a militia company will be set up for each district , which will be affiliated to the territorially responsible mob battalion and military command.
They are also part of the Austrian hunter troop
- Mountain hunters of the 6th Jägerbrigade (mountain cap with edelweiss instead of beret), their hunting school is in Saalfelden , the
- Guard of the Armed Forces (weapon color: scarlet red), which is stationed in the Maria-Theresien-Kaserne in Vienna and mainly performs representational tasks and is also trained in house-to-house fighting and the
- Paratroopers of Jägerbataillon 25 (weapon color: burgundy red).
Belgium
The Ardennesjäger are still part of the Belgian army with a battalion . The original regiment was set up under this name in 1933. In trilingual Belgium there was also a German-speaking association in the army with the Ardennes Jäger battalion in Vielsalm until 1994. The emblem of the battalion and original regiment is a boar's head.
France
The German officer Johann Christian Fischer set up a hunter corps named after him during the Silesian Wars, which was disbanded in 1776. In the battalions of the light infantry formed shortly before the revolution of 1789, the soldiers of the center companies were called hunters. They could fight in open formation, but were only equipped with muskets. The same applied to the regiments of hunters on foot, which belonged to the old Imperial Guard. When the National Guard merged with the old royal army, the hunters had adopted the blue basic color of the skirt, but were given blue instead of white trousers and discounts.
The Armée de terre has even today with the Chasseur à pied about hunters troops. In the new army, they are still involved as mechanized hunters like fusiliers of other army forces in the 2nd brigade blindée - (2nd armored brigade) with the 16th bataillon de chasseurs - (16th hunter battalion) with "VBCI" in Bitche.
literature
- Otto Münter: Short story of the German hunter troop . Festschrift Jägertage 1986, Deutscher Jägerbund e. V.
- K.-u.-K.-Heer: Technical instruction for the Austro-Hungarian infantry and hunter troops. (TUJ). Attachment. Technical equipment of the infantry and fighter troops.
- Carl Friedrich Gumtau, The Hunters and Riflemen of the Prussian Army
- The hunters and riflemen of the Prussian Army Part 1 What they were, what they are and what they will be. Carl Friedrich Gumtau 1835
- The hunters and riflemen of the Prussian Army Part 2 What they were, what they are and what they will be. Carl Friedrich Gumtau 1835
Web links
- The German Army, branch profile of the hunter troop
- Federation of German Infantry
- Comradeship Hammelburg training battalion
Individual evidence
- ^ Dictionary of German military history . 1st edition. tape 1 A-Me. Military Publishing House of the German Democratic Republic, Berlin 1985, ISBN 978-3-327-00239-1 , p. 334 .
- ↑ Uwe Bartels: The Fürst-Pless-Horn and its tradition. Pictures, reports and documents on cultural history . Landbuch-Verlag, Hannover 1999, ISBN 3-7842-0580-1
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIDsM8PE6yk 150th- QOR double past the Princess
- ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0kBETseDmQ La corsa dei Bersaglieri
- ↑ cf. Iller disaster . The death of Kempten . In: Der Spiegel . No. 24 , 1957 ( online ).
- ↑ BGBl. I p. 452
- ↑ Federal Law Gazette I p. 63
- ↑ BGBl. I p. 422
- ↑ BGBl. I p. 1056