List of those executed under Austrian law between 1933 and 1938

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The list of those executed under Austrian law between 1933 and 1938 provides an overview of the 45 men who, due to the legal situation, were sentenced to death in the period between November 10, 1933 ( the Dollfuss II government was granted martial law in Austria ) and March 1938 ( “Anschluss” of Austria to the German Reich ) were sentenced to death and executed (“justified”) in Austria . According to Austrian law it was also possible to execute women between 1934 and 1938, but this never happened.

The legal basis

In the Republic of Austria, which was founded in 1918, an emergency ordinance law from the Habsburg Monarchy still applied, which provided for the death penalty for a number of offenses. The Constitution of the Republic of Austria of 1920 no longer provided for the death penalty as part of the ordinary process. The provisions of the Criminal Law of 1852 relating to the dispute resolution procedure remained unaffected.

1933 to May 1, 1934

Under Federal Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss ( CSP ), who had ruled authoritarian since spring 1933 , at the meeting of the Council of Ministers on November 10, 1933, it was decided to impose martial law in Austria, whereby the death penalty could be imposed again in the case of several offenses in accordance with the criminal law of 1852 ; the corresponding resolution came into force the next day. Proceedings have since been provided for the crimes of murder , arson and for the crime of public violence against persons who were caught in the act or whose guilt could be established without delay.

Notification of the Federal Chancellery about the initiation of the civil proceedings against Peter Strauss (1934).

According to the legal requirements, standing proceedings were conducted by a “flying senate” consisting of four judges and a public prosecutor, who had its seat at the Higher Regional Court of Vienna and, if necessary, traveled to the responsible regional or district court. The duration of the negotiation was three days at the longest, whereby the process had to end either with an acquittal or with the death penalty. If the probable duration of the proceedings was more than three days, the case had to be heard in an ordinary court, which, however, could not impose any death sentences. The procedural proceedings, however, ended with the unanimous affirmation of the question of guilt with the sentence to " death by hanging ". No legal remedy was permitted against the judgment of a court martial, only a pardon for life imprisonment by the Federal President was possible if a pardon was made and the Ministry of Justice presented it to the Federal President. If a corresponding request for clemency was not made or if it was rejected by the Federal President, the death sentence had to be carried out after two hours at the choking alga. At the request of the convicted person, the execution could be postponed for a further hour (the so-called “third hour”). Because of these tight deadlines, the “flying senate” usually traveled to the place of the negotiation together with the executioner and his assistant.

After a death sentence was pronounced, preparations for the execution of the sentence were made immediately; H. the convict was isolated on death row , spiritual assistance and a hangman's meal offered, final visits organized, and the choke barrels set up. If no news of the pardon was received within three hours after the death sentence was pronounced, the sentence was carried out. The executioner at almost all executions in Austria between 1933 and 1938 was Johann Lang from Vienna, a nephew of the imperial executioner Josef Lang, who died in 1925 . He was assisted by two assistants, a carriage driver and a market trader . Individual executions were also carried out by other executioners (e.g. in the cases of Josef Ahrer , Josef Stanek and Anton Bulgari ).

The first trial in the standing trial took place on December 14, 1933 in Wels, but on the recommendation of the Minister of Justice, the Federal President converted the death sentence into a prison sentence. The civil court courts on the legal basis created in 1933 came into use especially after the " February fights 1934 ". By emergency ordinance from February 12 to 21, 1934, the crime of "rioting" according to §§ 73, 74 StG 1852 was also made subject to court jurisdiction, so that people who had been arrested armed in the course of the fighting were sentenced to death could. The urgent trials - mainly against activists of the Social Democratic Party and the Republican Protection Association - ended with 24 death sentences, 15 of which were commuted to prison sentences and 9 were carried out.

May 1, 1934 to 1938

State coat of arms of the federal state of Austria 1934 to 1938

With the “May Constitution ”, which came into force on May 1st, 1934 , the Republic of Austria was also formally transformed into an authoritarian state (see corporate state , Austrofascism ); until the "Anschluss" to the German Reich in March 1938, the state was now officially called the Federal State of Austria . On June 19, 1934, an amendment to the law reintroduced the death penalty through due process. On July 12, 1934, the Austrian court courts were also given responsibility for offenses in connection with bomb attacks and the illegal possession of explosives.

During the “ July Putsch ” on July 25, 1934, SS men disguised as soldiers of the federal army and police officers carried out an attack on the Federal Chancellery in Vienna, in the course of which Federal Chancellor Dollfuss was killed. At the same time, another group of National Socialist activists penetrated the RAVAG broadcasting rooms . After the failed coup attempt, the constitutional law on the "introduction of a military tribunal as an exceptional court to judge the criminal acts associated with the attempted coup of July 25, 1934" came into force on July 26, 1934, which in addition to the already existing civil courts a military court martial was created. The military tribunal established in this way was similar in composition, conduct of proceedings and competencies to civil martial arts, except that four officers acted as judges at the military tribunal. The people arrested after the July coup were divorced by the public prosecutor's office into “serious” and “less involved”. Those seriously involved (leaders, militants, couriers, etc.) were referred to the military tribunal to try their coup-related offenses even if proceedings against them were pending before an ordinary court or a civil court martial. The trials against those involved in the July coup, many of whom had come from the ranks of the executive and the armed forces, were once again urgent and ended with numerous death sentences, 13 of which were carried out.

After the "Anschluss" of Austria in March 1938, the legal situation regarding the death penalty was similar to that of the German Reich .

List of executed death sentences

The following table lists the men who were sentenced to death and executed by Austrian courts from 1933 to 1938 - both in application of the martial law and in ordinary proceedings.

A large number of death sentences were converted into prison sentences: In the period between the “ February battles ” in February 1934 and the “Anschluss” in March 1938, 141 death sentences were pronounced in Austria, 44 of which were carried out. In the “Galgenhof” of the Vienna Regional Court alone, 21 executions were carried out on the strangling alga during the period discussed . In 1936, Austrian courts passed 18 death sentences (jury courts 14, standing courts 4), two of which were carried out; In 1937, Austrian courts imposed 30 death sentences (jury courts 23, standing courts 7), 9 of which were carried out.

No. execution person annotation
1 January 12, 1934 Peter Strauss
(* 1900) 		Day laborer , sentenced to death for arson and executed in the courtyard of the Graz Regional Court at the Würgegalgen , executioner Johann Lang .
2 February 14, 1934 Karl Münichreiter
(* 1891) 		Shoemaker's assistant, sentenced to death as a Schutzbund group leader after the February fights and executed in the "Galgenhof" of the Vienna Regional Court on the choking algae.
3 February 15, 1934 Georg Weissel
(* 1899) 		Officer of the Viennese professional fire brigade , sentenced to death as a Schutzbündler after the February fighting and on that day he was the first to be executed in the “Galgenhof” of the Vienna Regional Court at the Würgegalgen .
4th February 15, 1934 Emil Swoboda
(* 1898) 		A locksmith's assistant, sentenced to death as a Schutzbund group leader after the February fights and executed on that day as the second in the “Galgenhof” of the Vienna Regional Court at the Würgegalgen .
5 February 16, 1934 Viktor Rauchberger
(* 1908) 		Bricklayer's assistant from Rohrbach an der Gölsen , sentenced to death as a Schutzbündler after the February fighting in Ob der Kirche near Hainfeld and was the first to be executed on that day in St. Pölten am Würgegalgen .
6th February 16, 1934 Johann Hois
(* 1891) 		Factory workers from Rohrbach an der Gölsen , sentenced to death as a Schutzbündler after the February fighting in Ob der Kirche near Hainfeld and executed on that day as the second in St. Pölten am Würgegalgen .
7th February 17, 1934 Josef Stanek
(* 1883) 		Chamber of Labor secretary in Graz, sentenced to death as a Schutzbündler after the February fights and executed in the courtyard of the Graz Regional Court at the choke barn, executioner Julius Fuchs.
8th February 17, 1934 Josef Ahrer
(* 1908) 		Sentenced to death as a Schutzbundler after the February fighting and executed in the judicial prison in Steyr am Würgegalgen , executioner Franz Wurm.
9 February 19, 1934 Koloman Wallisch
(* 1889) 		Member of the National Council , sentenced to death as a Social Democrat after the February fighting and executed in the courtyard of the Leoben District Court ( Dominikanergasse 13 ) on the Würgegalgen , executioner Johann Lang.
10 February 22, 1934 Anton Bulgari
(* 1877) 		A painter's assistant and worker Samaritan , sentenced to death as a Schutzbündler after the February fighting and executed in the courtyard of the Linz Regional Court at the choke barge, a former seaman of the Austro-Hungarian Navy named Abele acted as executioner .
11 July 24, 1934 Josef Gerl
(* 1912) 		Goldsmith and social democrat, sentenced to death after an explosive attack on the Danube riverbank and executed in the “Galgenhof” of the Vienna Regional Court on the Würgegalgen .
12 July 31, 1934 Franz Holzweber
(* 1904) 		Involved in the attack on the Federal Chancellery during the July coup ; Sentenced to death as a National Socialist and on that day he was the first to be executed in the “Galgenhof” of the Vienna Regional Court at the Würgegalgen .
13 July 31, 1934 Otto Planetta
(* 1899) 		Chancellor Dollfuss was murdered in the July coup; Sentenced to death as a National Socialist and executed on that day as the second in the "Galgenhof" of the Vienna Regional Court on the Würgegalgen .
14th 0August 1, 1934 Friedrich Wurnig
(* 1908) 		During the July coup, murder of Innsbruck police commander Franz Hickl ; Sentenced to death as a National Socialist and executed in the small courtyard of the Innsbruck prison on the Würgegalgen .
15th 0August 7, 1934 Ernst Feike
(* 1911) 		Involved in the attack on the Federal Chancellery during the July coup as an active army soldier; Sentenced to death as a National Socialist and executed in the “Galgenhof” of the Vienna Regional Court at the Würgegalgen .
16 August 13, 1934 Erich Wohlraab
(* 1908) 		During July Putsch as an active policeman in the attack involved at the Federal Chancellery; Sentenced to death as a National Socialist and on that day he was the first to be executed in the “Galgenhof” of the Vienna Regional Court at the Würgegalgen .
17th August 13, 1934 Josef Hackl
(* 1906) 		During July Putsch as an active policeman in the attack involved at the Federal Chancellery; Sentenced to death as a National Socialist and executed on that day as the second in the "Galgenhof" of the Vienna Regional Court on the Würgegalgen .
18th August 13, 1934 Franz Leeb
(* 1902) 		When July Putsch as an active policeman in the attack involved at the Federal Chancellery, Sentenced to death as a National Socialist and executed on that day as the third party in the “Galgenhof” of the Vienna Regional Court on Würgegalgen .
19th August 13, 1934 Ludwig Maitzen
(* 1905) 		During July Putsch as an active policeman in the attack involved at the Federal Chancellery; Sentenced to death as a National Socialist and executed on that day as fourth in the “Galgenhof” of the Vienna Regional Court on the Würgegalgen .
20th August 18, 1934 Johann Domes
(* 1901) 		During the July coup leader of the attack on RAVAG ; Sentenced to death as a National Socialist and executed in the “Galgenhof” of the Vienna Regional Court at the Würgegalgen .
21st August 20, 1934 Franz Saureis
(* 1904) 		Agricultural worker from Bad Ischl , in possession of explosives during the July coup. Sentenced to death as a National Socialist and on that day he was the first to be executed in the “Galgenhof” of the Vienna Regional Court on the Würgegalgen .
22nd August 20, 1934 Franz Unterberger
(* 1907) 		Agricultural worker from Bad Ischl , in possession of explosives during the July coup. Sentenced to death as a National Socialist and executed on that day as the second in the “Galgenhof” of the Vienna Regional Court on Würgegalgen .
23 August 22, 1934 Rudolf Erlbacher
(* 1906) 		Involved in the uprising in the Ennstal during the July coup as a National Socialist ; Sentenced to death for murder in Klachau near Bad Mitterndorf and executed in the courtyard of the Leoben District Court ( Dominikanergasse 13 ) at the choke barn.
24 August 29, 1934 Franz Ebner
(* 1902) 		Involved in the uprising in the Ennstal during the July coup as a National Socialist ; Sentenced to death for the murder of a gendarme in St. Gallen and executed in the courtyard of the Leoben District Court ( Dominikanergasse 13 ) at the Würgegalgen .
25th 0September 3, 1934 Willibald Bendinger
(* 1912) 		Laborer from Kapfenberg , for robbery at the hut landlord and a guest at 2,481  m above sea level. A. in the Felbertauern situated St. Pölten hut sentenced to death and in "Galgenhof" Regional Court Vienna on Würgegalgen executed.
26th September 13, 1934 Johann Fleischer
(* 1908) 		Laborer from Schottwien , sentenced to death for robbery of a couple on Sonnwendstein and of a girl in Haidbachgraben ( Semmering area ) and executed in the "Galgenhof" of the Vienna Regional Court on the choking algae.
27 November 21, 1934 Alois Gaidosch jun.
(* 1913) 		For the murder of his father, the farmer and farm owner Alois Gaidosch sen. in Ollern , Tulln district , sentenced to death and executed in the “Galgenhof” of the Vienna Regional Court at the Würgegalgen .
28 04th January 1935 Johann Bogensperger
(* 1905) 		Laborer from Pusterwald , Judicial District Judenburg , sentenced to death for robbery and murder of seven-year-old Viktor Heinisser and executed in the courtyard of the Leoben District Court ( Dominikanergasse 13 ) at the Würgegalgen .
29 February 27, 1935 Anton Pribauer
(* 1912) 		Laborer from Gänserndorf , sentenced to death for the robbery of the retired security guard Jakob Pollak in Matzen , district of Gänserndorf , and executed in the "Galgenhof" of the Vienna Regional Court at the choking algae.
30th 0March 7, 1935 Franz Böck
(* 1895) 		Master blacksmith, for robbery and murder at the hostess Catherine Hicker in Oberstinkenbrunn , District Hollabrunn , sentenced to death and on that day the first "Galgenhof" of the Regional Court of Vienna on Würgegalgen executed.
31 0March 7, 1935 Alois Sedlak
(* 1882) 		Laborers, for robbery and murder at the hostess Catherine Hicker in Oberstinkenbrunn , District Hollabrunn , sentenced to death and on that day as runner-up in "Galgenhof" of the Regional Court of Vienna on Würgegalgen executed.
32 0November 9, 1935 Wilhelm Neubauer
(* 1914) 		Clerk (unemployed at the time of the crime), sentenced to death for the robbery and murder of the architect widow Marie Flohr and executed in the courtyard of the Graz Regional Court at the Würgegalgen .
33 November 30, 1935 Johann Neudorfer
(* 1904) 		Laborer from Zell am See , sentenced to death for the murder of his girlfriend Elise Trauner in Kehlbach near Saalfelden and executed in the "Galgenhof" of the Salzburg regional court on the choking algae.
34 04th August 1936 Peter Weichselbaum
(* 1904) 		Sentenced to death for the murder of Josef Fercher, the husband of his lover, and arson, committed together with accomplices on an alpine pasture near Mallnitz , and executed in the courtyard of the Graz Regional Court at the Würgegalgen .
35 December 14, 1936 Hermann Leitner
(* 1885) 		Hammer smith owner from Sarleinsbach , Rohrbach district , sentenced to death for the murder of his wife Marie in November 1936 and executed in the courtyard of the Linz Regional Court at the Würgegalgen , executioner Johann Lang.
36 0January 8, 1937 Alois Strigl
(* 1893) 		Laborer from Au bei Marchtrenk , as a National Socialist partisan for the railway attack on the Ostend-Wien-Express (D-Zug 117) near Oftering on April 10, 1934, as well as an explosives attack in Kematen an der Krems, sentenced to death and on that day as the first in the Executioner Johann Lang executed at the court of the Linz Regional Court at the Würgegalgen .
37 0January 8, 1937 Josef Scheinecker
(* 1897) 		Factory worker, as a National Socialist partisan, sentenced to death on April 10, 1934 in Mitterbachham near Oftering in the railway attack on the Ostend-Wien-Express (D-Zug 117) and an explosives attack in Kematen an der Krems and on that day as second in the yard the Regional Court of Linz on Würgegalgen executed executioner Johann Lang.
38 March 12, 1937 Eduard Pritz
(* 1902) 		Hunting employee from Münichreith , Melk district , sentenced to death for the robbery and murder of Leopold Moser in Mayerhof near Purgstall on the Erlauf in November 1934 and the attempted murder of his wife Katharina Pritz and executed in the courtyard of the Krems district court on the Würgegalgen , his body the Viennese Passed anatomy.
39 May 12, 1937 Herbert Schlögl
(* 1916) 		Shoemaker's assistant, sentenced to death for the robbery and murder of the Paraguayan diplomat's daughter Ingrid Wiengreen (a friend of Hans Sterneder and Karl Steiner ) on Neunkirchner Allee in April 1937 , and on that day he was the first to be executed in the courtyard of the district court Wiener Neustadt am Würgegalgen , executioner Johann Lang .
40 May 12, 1937 Fritz Fleck
(* 1917) 		Müller's assistant, sentenced to death for the robbery and murder of the Paraguayan diplomat's daughter Ingrid Wiengreen (a friend of Hans Sterneder and Karl Steiner ) in April 1937 on Neunkirchner Allee and executed on that day as the second in the court of the district court of Wiener Neustadt am Würgegalgen , executioner Johann Lang .
41 0June 2, 1937 Karl Dörr
(* 1896) 		Employee of the Federal Railway from Vienna, sentenced to death for the murder of his divorced wife and executed in the “Galgenhof” of the Vienna Regional Court on the choke barge.
42 0June 5, 1937 Alois Eder
(* 1912) 		Former policeman on trial for the crimes committed in 1936 murder of the post office-manager Anna Freytag in Großpertholz sentenced (Gmund) to death in the courtyard of Regional Court Krems Würgegalgen executed executioner Johann Lang.
43 0August 9, 1937 Johann Fuchs
(* 1911) 		Farmer's son, condemned to death for the Schachen bei Vorau committed murder of his pregnant lover Juliane Frauenthaler and executed in the courtyard of the Graz Regional Court at the strangling algae.
44 October 13, 1937 Anton Einböck
(* 1904) 		Farmer ( commonly known as “Schmiedbauer in Sittling”) in Taiskirchen , sentenced to death by a jury on July 20, 1937 for the murder of his wife Karoline and arson in December 1936 and executed in the courtyard of the district court in Ried im Innkreis am Würgegalgen , executioner Johann Long.
45 0February 9, 1938 Josef Eibl
(* 1914) 		Laborer from St. Johann (Tyrol) , sentenced to death for the robbery of the housewife Katharina Neuner in the vicinity of Fieberbrunn in September 1937 , during which he stole a rucksack full of cranberries , and executed in the courtyard of the Innsbruck Regional Court at the Würgegalgen , executioner Johann Lang.

Martin Scherer (* 1899) from St. Georgen near Salzburg who was responsible for a series of offenses (poisoning in Bruck an der Glocknerstrasse , arson, insurance fraud and inciting other people to commit serious crimes ) on November 11, 1937 by a jury in Salzburg according to the Austrian Right had been sentenced to death, was only executed on September 24, 1938, after Austria's "annexation" to the German Reich (see the list of people executed in the German Reich ). Since death sentences in the German Reich were carried out with the guillotine at that time (execution by hanging was permitted since 1933, but was not used until 1942), it can be assumed that Scherer was executed by beheading .

Distribution according to place and time

(Executions in connection with the "February fights" in 1934 are marked with a "†", those in connection with the "July coup" in 1934 with a "‡".)

  • Lower Austria - 6 executions
    • Krems, district court : Pritz (1937), Eder (1937).
    • St. Pölten : Rauchberger (1934 †), Hois (1934 †).
    • Wiener Neustadt, District Court : Schlögl (1937), Fleck (1937).
  • Upper Austria - 6 executions
    • Linz, Regional Court : Bulgari (1934 †), Leitner (1936), Strigl (1937), Scheinecker (1937).
    • Ried im Innkreis, district court : Einböck (1937).
    • Steyr, prison : Ahrer (1934 †).
  • Salzburg - 1 execution
    • Salzburg, Regional Court : Neudorfer (1935).
  • Tyrol - 2 executions
    • Innsbruck, Regional Court : Wurnig (1934 ‡), Eibl (1938).
  • Vienna - 21 executions
    • Vienna, Regional Court : Münichreiter (1934 †), Weissel (1934 †), Swoboda (1934 †), Gerl (1934), Holzweber (1934 ‡), Planetta (1934 ‡), Feike (1934 ‡), Wohlraab (1934 ‡) , Hackl (1934 ‡), Leeb (1934 ‡), Maitzen (1934 ‡), Domes (1934 ‡), Saureis (1934 ‡), Unterberger (1934 ‡), Bendinger (1934), Fleischer (1934), Gaidosch (1934 ), Pribauer (1935), Böck (1935), Sedlak (1935), Dörr (1937).

Graves

See also

literature

  • Winfried R. Garscha : The number of victims is taboo. Commemoration of the dead and propaganda after the February Uprising and July Putsch 1934 , in: Ilse Reiter-Zatloukal , Christiane Rothländer, Pia Schölnberger (ed.): Austria 1933–1938. Interdisciplinary approaches to the Dollfuss / Schuschnigg regime . Böhlau, Vienna 2012, pp. 111–128.
  • Harald Seyrl (ed.): The memories of the Austrian executioner. Extended, annotated and illustrated new edition of the memoirs of the kk executioner Josef Lang published in 1920. Edition Seyrl, Vienna 1996, ISBN 3-901697-02-0 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Announcement of the Federal Government of November 10, 1933 on the imposition of the death penalty for the crimes of murder, arson and public violence through malicious damage to property of others. In: BGBl . No. 505/1933 . Vienna November 11, 1933 ( online at ALEX ).
  2. ↑ The then 26-year-old farmer's son Johann Breitwieser injured the 19-year-old maid Hilde Strasser, who was impregnated by him, so badly with knife stabs on his parents' farm in Mitterfils, Pennewang municipality that she died of it shortly after fleeing to a neighbor. The death sentence against Breitwieser for murder was made the day after the trial began, what justice minister Kurt Schuschnigg said at that time in Mallnitz , who remained President submitted the clemency petition and the death penalty five minutes before the scheduled execution Breitwieser by executioners long in a life sentence was converted. At the time, the stand trial was reported in detail in all of the major Austrian newspapers - see ANNO - AustriaN Newspapers Online for 1933.
  3. ^ Austrofascism and memory: Josef Ahrer , accessed on August 21, 2018
  4. ↑ Emmerich Tálos : The Austrofascist system of rule: Austria 1933–1938 , 2nd edition, Vienna 2013, p. 48 f .; Wolfgang Neugebauer : Repression apparatus and measures 1933–1938 , in: Emmerich Tálos (ed.): Austrofaschismus: Politik, Ökonomie, Kultur, 1933–1938 , 7th edition, Vienna 2014, pp. 301 f.
  5. ^ Garscha, numbers of victims as taboo , p. 117.
  6. ↑ Federal Act of June 19, 1934 on the Reintroduction of the Death Penalty in the Ordinary Procedure and the Reorganization of the Jury Courts (Criminal Law Amendment Act 1934). In: BGBl . No. 77/1934 . Vienna June 23, 1934 ( online at ALEX ).
  7. ↑ Federal Constitutional Law of July 26, 1934 on the introduction of a military tribunal as an exceptional court to judge the criminal acts associated with the attempted coup of July 25, 1934 . In: BGBl . No. 152/1934 . Vienna July 26, 1934 ( online at ALEX ).
  8. ↑ Descriptions of the offenses concerned as well as the executions, as they were printed in the current reporting at the time, can be read via ANNO - AustriaN Newspapers Online (1933 to 1938).
  9. ^ Background_Die-Todesstrafe-in-Oesterreich Background: The death penalty in Austria , DiePresse.com , September 5, 2013, accessed on October 14, 2018.
  10. ↑ The death penalty in 1937 , in: Salzburger Volksblatt No. 296 (December 27, 1937), p. 4 (online on ANNO , accessed on August 15, 2018)
  11. ↑ Biography Viktor Rauchberger , www.aktionfreikunst.com - Austrofaschismus und remembrance, accessed on December 24, 2018.
  12. ^ Biography Johann Hois / Hoys , www.aktionfreikunst.com - Austrofaschismus und remembrance, accessed on December 24, 2018.
  13. ^ Kurt Bauer : The February uprising 1934. Facts and myths. Böhlau, Vienna 2019, ISBN 978-3-205-23229-2 (as e-book: ISBN 978-3-205-23231-5 ), pp. 98–99.
  14. ↑ School year 1934/1935. (No longer available online.) In: http://www.direle.at . August 2, 2015, archived from the original on August 12, 2018 ; accessed on August 11, 2018 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.direle.at
  15. ↑ NN, Heavy atonement for a terrible deed. The murderer of the husband, Einsteins, executed , in: Rieder Volkszeitung (57th vol., No. 41), October 14, 1937, p. 10.