List of composers persecuted by the Nazi regime or its allies

During the time of National Socialism , numerous musicians and composers in Germany and in the areas occupied by Germany during World War II were exposed to state persecution by those in power. Allies of the German Empire such as Slovakia or the Kingdom of Hungary under Admiral Horthy also undertook persecution and had their own persecution strategies.

The Lexicon of Jews in Music , published since 1940, also made an important contribution to persecution . In the work published by Herbert Gerigk , all " Jewish " and " half-Jewish " musicians in the Third Reich were listed according to the National Socialist definition .

"The loss to music caused by the Holocaust is a catastrophe, the extent of which will remain unknown forever."

- Sarah Nathan-Davis (musicologist)

Composers murdered by the National Socialists or their allies

• Heinz Alt (1922–1945)
• Richard Altmann (1888–1942)
• Ernst Bachrich (1892–1942)
• Elkan Bauer (1852–1942)
• Emil Bauer (composer) (1874–1941)
• David Beigelman (1887-1945)
• Daniël Belinfante (1893-1945)
• Alfons Josef Biron (1893–1942)
• Arthur Chitz (1882-1944)
• Robert Dauber (1922-1945)
• Hans Walter David (1893–1942)
• Gustav Ernest (1858–1941)
• Ralph Erwin (1896–1943)
• Richard Fall (1882-1945)
• Siegfried Fall (1877–1943)
• Mordechaj Gebirtig (1877–1942)
• Sim Gokkes (1897-1943)
• Gerhard Goldschlag (1889–1944)
• Pavel Haas (1899-1944)
• Bob Hanf (1894-1944)
• Pál Hermann (1902–1944)
• Žiga Hirschler (1894–1941)
• Leon Jessel (1871-1942)
• Rudolf Karel (1880–1945)
• Dick Kattenburg (1919-1944)
• Franz Eugen Klein (1912–1944)
• Gideon Klein (1919-1945)
• Josef Koffler (1896–1944)
• Viktor Kohn (1901–1944)
• Hans Krása (1899-1944)
• Jirí Kummerman (1927-1944)
• Egon Ledec (1899-1944)
• Erich Liebermann-Roßwiese (1886–1942)
• Arno Nadel (1878–1943)
• Roman Padlewski (1915-1944)
• Valentin Pinner (1876-1943)
• Ruth Poritzky (1902–1942)
• Nico Richter (1915-1945)
• Andries de Rosa (1869–1943)
• Samuel Schuijer (1873-1942)
• Zikmund Schul (1916–1944)
• Erwin (Ervín) Schulhoff (1894–1942)
• Philipp Silber (1876–1942)
• James Simon (1880-1944)
• Leo Smit (1900-1943)
• Martin Spanjaard (1892-1942)
• Karl Stimmer (1901–1943)
• Karel Švenk (1917–1945)
• Carlo Sigmund Taube (1897–1944)
• Siegfried Translator (1875–1944)
• Marcel Tyberg (1893-1944)
• Viktor Ullmann (1898–1944)
• László Weiner (1916–1944)
• Fritz Weiss (1919–1944)
• Franz (Ferenc) Weisz (1893–1944)
• Kurt Zorlig (1893–1941)
• Vilém Zrzavý (1895–1942)

Composers persecuted or forced into exile by the National Socialists

The following list contains composers living at the time whose music was banned by the National Socialists and who were persecuted, imprisoned and / or forced into exile or internal emigration :

• Paul Abraham (1892-1960)
• Theodor W. Adorno (1903–1969)
• Leni Alexander (1924-2005)
• Paul Arma (1905-1987)
• Paul Aron (1886–1955)
• Lev Aronson (1912–1988)
• Leo Ascher (1880–1942)
• Andre Asriel (1922-2019)
• Jizchak Barsam (1922-2016)
• Béla Bartók (1881–1945)
• Joseph Beer (1908-1987)
• Paul Ben-Haim (1897-1984)
• Rudolf Berdach (1899–1962)
• Fritz Berens (1907-2010)
• Armin Berg (1883–1956)
• Jimmy Berg (1909–1988)
• Bernd Bergel (1909–1967)
• Paul Berl (1907–1974)
• Herman Berlinski (1910-2001)
• Karel Berman (1919–1995)
• Leo Blech (1871–1958)
• Frederick Block (1899-1945)
• Siegfried Borris (1906–1987)
• Max Brand (1896–1980)
• Walter Braunfels (1882–1954)
• Gustav Brecher (1879–1940)
• Walter Bricht (1904–1970)
• Max Brod (1884–1968)
• Gerhard Bronner (1922-2007)
• Julius Bürger (1897–1995)
• Paul Büttner (1870-1943)
• Dol Dauber (1894-1950)
• Lex van Delden (1919–1988)
• Max Deutsch (1892–1982)
• Peter Deutsch (1901–1965)
• Marcel Dick (1898–1991)
• Antal Doráti (1906–1988)
• Sem Dresden (1881–1957)
• Abel Ehrlich (1915-2003)
• Hanns Eisler (1898–1962)
• Paul Emerich (1895-1977)
• Max Ettinger (1874–1951)
• Edmund Eysler (1874-1949)
• Frederick Fall (1901–1974)
• Grzegorz Fitelberg (1879–1953)
• Marius Flothuis (1914-2001)
• Marco Frank (1881–1961)
• Paul Josef Frankl (1892–1976)
• Oskar Fried (1871-1941)
• Ignaz Friedman (1882-1948)
• Hans Gál (1890–1987)
• Gyula Geiger (1886–1967)
• Isy Geiger (1886–1977)
• Leo Geitner (1898–1984)
• Peter Gellhorn (1912-2004)
• Michael Gielen (1927-2019)
• Jan van Gilse (1881-1944)
• Norbert Glanzberg (1910-2001)
• Werner Wolf Glaser (1913-2006)
• Ernest Gold (1921–1999)
• Berthold Goldschmidt (1903–1996)
• Émile Goué (1904-1946)
• Bruno Granichstaedten (1879–1944)
• Guillermo (Wilhelm) Grätzer (1914–1993)
• Felix Greissle (1894–1982)
• Wilhelm Grosz (1894–1939)
• Bernard Green (1901–1972)
• Karl Amadeus Hartmann (1905–1963)
• Peter Heilbut (1920-2005)
• Robert Franz Richard Hernried (1883–1951)
• Philip Herschkowitz (1906–1989)
• Maria Herz (1878–1950)
• Werner Richard Heymann (1896–1961)
• Paul Hindemith (1895–1963)
• Friedrich Hollaender (1896–1976)
• Victor Hollaender (1866–1940)
• Franz Ippisch (1883-1958)
• Wolfgang Jacobi (1894–1972)
• Heinrich Jalowetz (1882–1946)
• Otto Janowitz (1888-1965)
• Oskar Jascha (1881–1948)
• Georg Jokl (1896–1954)
• Walter Jurmann (1903–1971)
• Emil L. Kahn (1896–1985)
• Erich Itor Kahn (1905–1956)
• Robert Kahn (1865–1951)
• Emmerich Kálmán (1882–1953)
• Joseph Kaminski (1903–1972)
• Heinrich Kaminski (1886–1946)
• Ernst Kanitz (1894–1978)
• Bronislau Kaper (1902–1983)
• Václav Kaprál (1889–1947)
• Vítězslava Kaprálová (1915–1940)
• Alfred Kastner (1870–1948)
• Robert Katscher (1894–1942)
• Hugo Kauder (1888–1972)
• Louis Kentner (1905-1987)
• Erika Kickton (1896–1967)
• Wilhelm Walter Klein (1882–1961)
• Arthur Kleiner (1903–1980)
• Paul Kletzki (1900–1973)
• Paul Knepler (1879-1967)
• Robert Konta (1880-1953)
• Herman David Koppel (1908-1998)
• Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897–1957)
• Michael Krasznay-Krausz (1897–1940)
• Fritz Kreisler (1875–1962)
• Georg Kreisler (1922–2011)
• Ernst Krenek (1900–1991)
• Felicitas Kukuck (1914-2001)
• Hans Lachman (1906–1990)
• Szymon (Simon) Laks (1901-1983)
• Ernst Landl (1914–1983)
• René Leibowitz (1913–1972)
• Peter Erwin Lendvai (1882–1949)
• Hans Lengsfelder (1903–1979)
• Hermann Leopoldi (1888–1959)
• Wolfgang Lesser (1923-1999)
• Bertus van Lier (1906–1972)
• Ilja Livschakoff (1903–1990)
• Arthur Löwenstein (1890–1939)
• Egon Lustgarten (1887–1961)
• Fritz Mahler (1901–1973)
• Ursula Mamlok (1923-2016)
• Paul Mann (1910-1983)
• Bohuslav Martinů (1890-1959)
• Hans May (1886-1958)
• Ernst Hermann Meyer (1905–1988)
• Darius Milhaud (1892–1974)
• Franz Mittler (1893–1970)
• Richard Mohaupt (1904–1957)
• Oskar Morawetz (1917-2007)
• Paul Pallos (1870-1943)
• Ödön Pártos (1907–1977)
• Bernhard Paumgartner (1887–1971)
• Ferdinand Piesen (1909–1994)
• Paul Amadeus Pisk (1893–1990)
• Julius Prüwer (1874–1943)
• Karl Rankl (1898–1968)
• Günter Raphael (1903-1960)
• Karol Town Hall (1895–1954)
• Arthur Rebner (1890-1949)
• Hans Ferdinand Redlich (1903–1968)
• Paul Reif (1910–1978)
• Karel Reiner (1910–1979)
• Franz Reizenstein (1911–1968)
• Rudolph Reti (1885–1957)
• Wilhelm Rettich (1892–1988)
• Nico Richter (1915-1945)
• Hugo Riesenfeld (1879–1939)
• Trude Rittmann (1908-2005)
• Kurt Robitschek (1890–1950)
• Martin Roman (1910-1996)
• Ernst Römer (1893–1974)
• Alfred Rosé (1902–1975)
• Richard Rosenberg (1894–1987)
• Moriz Rosenthal (1862-1946)
• Marko Rothmüller (1908–1993)
• Fritz Rotter (1900–1984)
• Karel Salmon (1897–1974)
• Hans Julius Salter (1896–1994)
• Efim chess master (1894–1944)
• Heinrich Schalit (1886–1976)
• Julius Castle (1902–1972)
• Artur Schnabel (1882–1951)
• Arnold Schönberg (1874–1951)
• Ruth Schönthal (1924-2006)
• Franz Schreker (1878–1934)
• Otto Schulhof (1889–1958)
• Kurt Schwaen (1909-2007)
• Gregor Schwake (1892–1967)
• Mátyás Seiber (1905–1960)
• Bernhard Sekles (1872–1934)
• Rudolf Serkin (1903-1991)
• Bert Silving (1887-1948)
• Fritz Spielmann (1906–1997)
• Ljerko Spiller (1908-2008)
• Leopold Spinner (1906–1980)
• Mischa Spoliansky (1898–1985)
• Siegfried Sonnenschein (1909–1980)
• Robert Starer (1924-2001)
• Ernst Steffan (1896–1967)
• Max Steiner (1888–1971)
• Erich Paul Stekel (1898–1978)
• Eduard Steuermann (1892–1964)
• Fritz Stiedry (1883–1968)
• Richard Stöhr (1874–1967)
• Ignace Strasfogel (1909-1994)
• Oscar Straus (1870-1954)
• Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971)
• Joachim Stutschewsky (1891–1982)
• George Szell (1897–1970)
• Alfred Szendrei (1884–1976)
• Władysław Szpilman (1911-2000)
• Josef Tal (1910-2008)
• Alexandre Tansman (1897-1986)
• Vilém Tausky (1910-2004)
• Georg Tintner (1917–1999)
• Ernst Toch (1887–1964)
• Stefania Turkewytsch (1898–1977)
• Victor Urbancic (1903-1958)
• Ashley Vernon (1902-1968)
• Wladimir Rudolfowitsch Vogel (1896–1984)
• Franz Wachsmann (1906–1967)
• Ignatz Waghalter (1881–1949)
• Herwarth Walden (1878–1941)
• Arnold Maria Walter (1902–1973)
• Bruno Walter (1876–1962)
• Anton Webern (1883–1945)
• Karl Weigl (1881-1949)
• Vally Weigl (1894–1982)
• Kurt Weill (1900–1950)
• Mieczysław Weinberg (1919–1996)
• Jaromír Weinberger (1896–1967)
• Erwin Weiss (1912-2004)
• Hans Weisse (1892-1940)
• Frieder Weissmann (1893–1984)
• Egon Wellesz (1885–1974)
• Eric Werner (1901–1988)
• Rosy Wertheim (1888-1949)
• Hermann Hans Wetzler (1870–1943)
• Arthur Willner (1881-1959)
• Hans Winterberg (1901–1991)
• Pantscho Wladigerow (1899–1978)
• Juliusz Wolfsohn (1880–1944)
• Stefan Wolpe (1902–1972)
• Eugene Zador (1894–1977)
• Erich Zeisl (1905-1959)
• Alexander von Zemlinsky (1871–1942)
• Herbert Zipper (1904–1997)
• Fritz Zweig (1893–1984)

See also

• Degenerate music
• Operations staff Reichsleiter Rosenberg
• Herbert Gerigk
• Fred K. Prieberg
• Lexicon of persecuted musicians from the Nazi era

Web links

• Lexicon of persecuted musicians from the Nazi era , Musicological Institute of the University of Hamburg
• musica reanimata Association for the rediscovery of Nazi persecuted composers and their works
• Orpheus Trust: Association for the research and publication of displaced and forgotten art
• Orel Foundation (Engl.)
• exil.arte center
• International Center for Suppressed Music (English) Forum of the Jewish Music Institute at SOAS University of London
• Music and the Holocaust (EN, ES, RU, FR)