Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development
| Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development
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| legal form | Department of Nintendo |
| founding | Late September 1983 |
| resolution | 16th September 2015 |
| Reason for dissolution | Merger with Nintendo SPD to form Nintendo EPD |
| Seat | Kyoto , Japan |
| management | Shigeru Miyamoto , Takashi Tezuka (until dissolution) |
| Number of employees | > 400 (2005) |
| Branch | Research and Development |
The developer studio Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development ( Japanese 任天堂 情報 開 発 本部 , Nintendō Jōhō Kaihatsu Honbu , German "Nintendo Information and Development Department"), known as Nintendo EAD for short , was the leading and largest internal department of the Japanese video game and console manufacturer Nintendo . She served the development of video games and is responsible for successful series such as Super Mario , The Legend of Zelda and many more.
The company employed more than 400 people. This was divided into departments, which in turn were divided into several groups; Game producer Shigeru Miyamoto was in charge of the entire studio, and Takashi Tezuka was in charge of game development . The core of EAD was the Software Development Department, which was housed in Nintendo's headquarters in Kyoto . It consisted of five groups that develop games independently of each other. Another development department was the Tokyo Software Development Department , also known as EAD Tokyo, which consists of around 65 people.
Aside from the development departments, there is a sound group headed by composer Koji Kondo and a programming department, EAD Technology. EAD is also working on programming with the external company SRD under the direction of Toshihiko Nakago . A SRD studio is located in Nintendo's Kyoto building. The programmer group at SRD consists of 200 people.
Nintendo EAD was founded in 1983 as Nintendo Research & Development 4 , headed by Shigeru Miyamoto, who two years earlier created a very successful game with Donkey Kong . In 1989 his department was renamed EAD. When the company was restructured internally in 2004, Nintendo President Satoru Iwata reassembled the development studio, and some employees from Nintendo Research & Development 1 and Nintendo Research & Development 2 operated under the EAD label from then on. The EAD Tokyo group joined in 2003.
On September 14, 2015, Nintendo announced that Nintendo EAD would merge with Nintendo SPD to become Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development (EPD) on September 16, 2015 . Shinya Takahashi has been the head of department ever since .
Position within the Nintendo company
In addition to Nintendo Software Design & Development , Nintendo Software Planning & Development , Nintendo Network Service Development , Nintendo Integrated Research & Development , Nintendo Technology Development , Nintendo Research Engineering & Development and Nintendo Software Technology, Nintendo EAD is currently one of the 16 first-party development studios and one of the 34 exclusive development studios of Nintendo Co., Ltd. By dividing the department into different development groups with their own areas of responsibility and game series, Nintendo EAD is actually a network of several development studios in the classic sense. Nintendo EAD operates as an independent company that belongs to Nintendo, but plans and develops independently, with only a few specifications from the parent company Nintendo.
history
Creative Department (until 1983)
When Nintendo entered the toy business in the 1970s, the company hired several designers in what is known as the Creative Department. Makoto Kano was one of the first employed designers. At the time he was working on Game & Watch , in the early 1980s, there were five designers in that creative department. Kano worked since 1972 at Nintendo, initially in Research & Development (German: Forschung- & Development ), who was then single development department. R&D comprised around 20 employees and was later split into three departments. Shigeru Miyamoto also started out in the creative department.
Nintendo Research & Development 4 (1983–1990)
After the great success of Donkey Kong , the then Nintendo President Hiroshi Yamauchi decided to set up a new development department around Shigeru Miyamoto in addition to the already existing Research & Development 1, 2 and 3 departments . He founded Research & Development 4 in 1983 . General manager of the new department was Hiroshi Ikeda , who had previously worked at Toei Animation . Miyamoto served as the chief producer in the department.
While the R & D2 and R & D3 departments mainly developed hardware , R & D4 was intended as a pure software development department. R & D4 was in direct competition with R & D1 , which was Nintendo's main developer at the time. One of the first games was Mario Bros. , which Miyamoto developed based on the Donkey Kong game that led to the creation of the division. Still unable to program the game with such an inexperienced team, it was programmed by R & D1 under the direction of Miyamoto and Gunpei Yokoi . One of the first completely self-developed games and one of the first for the Famicom system was Super Mario Bros. (1985), the successor to Mario Bros. The game set standards that had a lasting influence on the jump 'n' run genre, and was also a big success. With the help of this game, Nintendo also managed to end the American video game crisis that began in 1983 .
In 1986, R & D4 developed, among other things, The Legend of Zelda , for which Miyamoto acted again as director. Both Mario and Zelda became very commercially successful games for Nintendo. As a result, successors for both games emerged on the NES: In 1986, Super Mario Bros. 2 was released in Japan, a modification of Super Mario Bros. under the direction of Tezuka (the game only appeared in 1993 in North America and Europe as Super Mario Bros. : The Lost Levels on the SNES System). 1987 appeared Yume Kojo: Doki Doki Panic , developed under Kensuke Tanabe , which came out in the following year 1988 in the USA and 1989 in Europe in a modified form under the title Super Mario Bros. 2 . Also in 1987 R & D4 produced a successor to Zelda : Zelda II: The Adventure of Link , the development of which was led by Tadashi Sugiyama . These successors were also successful and ensured that other companies were interested in licenses for the game protagonists. In 1988, after two years of development, another Mario successor for the NES appeared: Super Mario Bros. 3 .
Over time, R & D4 ousted Gunpei's R & D1 department as the most important internal Nintendo developer. At R & D1, titles like Metroid and Kid Icarus were created during the NES era , but they did not build on the success of Mario or Zelda . In 1989 the handheld Game Boy , a creation by Yokoi, was released. From then on, his department took care of the development of Game Boy games - for example, the starting title Super Mario Land came from him - while R & D4 was almost solely responsible for the console games.
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development (1990-2004)
At the time of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (1990–1996)
Super Mario Bros. 3 remained the only game from R&D4 for two years. During this time, the department developed the first games for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), the successor to the NES, which came on the market in 1990. At that time, the department underwent a reorganization: employees from R & D1, R & D2 and a large part of R & D3 were assigned to the department, which was renamed Entertainment Analysis & Development (EAD) and was directly under Miyamoto's direction. In 1990, the newly formed team released three games for the SNES: Pilotwings , F-Zero , which not only showcased the performance of the new consoles but also revolutionized their genres; and Super Mario World , which 16 people worked on for three years, became a launch game for the SNES. In 1991 an SNES port of SimCity came on the market, programmed by R & D4.
Other major EAD developments for the SNES include The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past (1991), which continued the Zelda franchise, Super Mario Kart (1992), which is considered the founder of the fun racer genre, and Super Mario All-Stars (1993), a remake of the four NES Mario games. In 1992, EAD worked with Argonaut Games on the Super FX chip , which was built into a module to improve the graphical capabilities of the SNES. Argonaut Games developed a shooter tech demo for the chip, which Miyamoto liked so much that he had a game developed from it. EAD designed characters and levels, Argonaut Games worked on the 3D programming. The result was Star Fox (1993). Based on the chip, EAD independently developed two successor games: Star Fox 2 , which was completed but never published, and Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island (1995), which is based on the successor to the chip, the Super FX 2.
At the time of the N64 (1996-2001)
In 1996, Nintendo's third home console came out, the N64 , which was specially built for 3D games. EAD was also responsible for an important part of the launch offer and developed a successor to Mario in addition to Wave Race . Super Mario 64 required a large development team. EAD started the development of further successor games a little later than for these two games. The team that was responsible for the unreleased Star Fox 2 developed Star Fox 64 , Yoshi's Story came from the makers of Yoshi's Island , Mario Kart 64 from the rest of the EAD group that had previously produced Super Mario Kart . Super Mario 64 appeared at the start of the N64 and revolutionized the platforming genre, Wave Race 64 came onto the market a few months later, and again months later Star Fox 64 and Mario Kart 64 .
In late 1997, Nintendo finally released Yoshi's Story , which critics rated as one of the worst Nintendo games in years. The team responsible for Wave Race split up to work on 1080 snowboarding and F-Zero X in parallel ; both games were ready for the market in 1998. Together with HAL Laboratory , EAD produced Pokémon Stadium and Super Smash Bros.
The N64 still relied on modules, although CD-ROMs were common among competitors at the time. Nintendo used modules because the loading time was much shorter than CDs, but the possible storage capacity was very limited. Because of this, the console was not well received by third-party developers, which is why Nintendo tried to fix this bug with the Nintendo 64DD accessory that could read discs.
The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time became another EAD project that required a huge team of around 120 employees for the time. The game represented the transition of the Zelda series from 2D to 3D, which is why the development process dragged on. At first it was specially designed for the N64 DD, later again as a regular N64 module. Ocarina of Time came out in November 1998 and revolutionized its series of games and its own genre, just as Super Mario 64 had already done. Not only was it commercially successful, but it still ranks as the best video game of all time.
After Ocarina of Time , a time of experimentation began for EAD, the aim was to create new types of experiences instead of constant offshoots of the same series of games. This decision was significantly influenced by the fact that Nintendo lost more and more of its popularity and importance in the N64 era. Nintendo worked with other development studios on new game lines, Sin and Punishment , Mario Party , Mario Golf, and Mario Tennis ; Capcom's Studio Flagship worked on two Zelda games for the Game Boy. EAD itself began to experiment with well-known game series, some of which were intended for the N64 DD. Most of these experiments never saw the light of day. Super Mario 64 2 was announced, but development was canceled; Ura Zelda was supposed to be an extension of Ocarina of Time and enable ideas that were not possible on a module, but never appeared either. At the same time as Ura Zelda , Nintendo was also working on Zelda: Gaiden , which became the 1999 game The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask . It was based on the Ocarina of Time engine .
EAD created a series of programs for the N64 DD under the Mario Artist label , which were published in 1999/2000. Another game for the hardware was the F-Zero X Expansion Kit . The additional device itself was postponed again and again during this time and ultimately became a commercial failure, Nintendo never even let it appear outside of Japan. As a result, Nintendo was forced to cancel several N64 DD titles, including Pilotwings 64 II , 1080 Snowboarding II , Super Mario 64 2 , Ura Zelda , Cabbage and Emperor of the Jungle . The development interruptions were partly due to a lack of time and the fact that Nintendo wanted to use its resources elsewhere. EAD's last N64 game is Animal Crossing , which was released in Japan in April 2001 and outside Japan in 2002/2004 for the GameCube .
Beginning of the GameCube era (2001-2003)
The N64 was replaced in 2001 or in Europe in 2002 by the successor GameCube, in the same year the Game Boy Advance (GBA) replaced the previous Game Boy models. For the GBA, EAD developed Super Mario Advance , a four-part series of new editions of old Mario games. At the start of the GameCube, there was for the first time no Mario game available, but the EAD game Luigi's Mansion , the protagonist of which is Mario's brother. In the same year Pikmin made his debut on the dice. A Mario game came out in 2002 for the GameCube, Super Mario Sunshine , and at the end of the year the Zelda offshoot The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker . In 2003 Mario Kart followed: Double Dash !! .
Restructuring (2004)
In 2002, Satoru Iwata became president of Nintendo, who had been president of HAL Laboratory from 1993 to 2000. Iwata replaced Hiroshi Yamauchi, who had headed the company for about half a century. In 2004, under Iwata's direction, the company introduced the handheld Nintendo DS , which has two screens, one of which is a touchscreen . The aim was to enable innovative game ideas and appeal to new groups of buyers. Nintendo followed the same strategy with the Wii console, which appeared in 2006. Originally known under the project name Revolution , Nintendo did not rely on technical performance with its new console, but on innovative game ideas made possible by motion control.
To prepare Nintendo for this change in philosophy, Iwata reorganized the internal development departments in 2004. R & D1, R & D2 and Special Planning & Development were dissolved. The employees in this department have been assigned to EAD, so that the focus of software development at EAD is under Miyamoto's direction. The huge EAD department was divided into several smaller groups. Each group is under the direction of a producer, for which Iwata raised several long-term directors, such as Eiji Aonuma, Hideki Konno, Tadashi Sugiyama, Takao Shimizu or Shinya Takahashi, to the producer status.
Current company structure
EAD is led by Shigeru Miyamoto, who holds the positions of Senior Managing Director and General Manager. The studio is divided into two development departments, which Takashi Tezuka is responsible for managing: the Software Development Department in Kyoto and the Tokyo Software Development Department. The former is divided into five groups, the Tokyo department into two groups, each of which operates independently and under the leadership of a responsible producer. At the same time there is a sound group under the supervision of Kōji Kondō and the EAD Technology department, headed by Takao Sawano. EAD Technology is split into the Technology Design Group and the Development Environment Group, which in turn have their own managers. The Comprehensive Group, which takes care of the administration and is managed by Miyamoto and Tezuka, acts as the higher-level authority.
The following is a schematic overview of the internal structure of EAD since the restructuring in 2004.
| EAD Comprehensive Group | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tokyo Software Development Department | Software Development Department | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tokyo Software Development 1 | Tokyo Software Development 2 | Software development 1 | Software development 2 | Software development 3 | Software development 4 | Software development 5 | EAD Technology | EAD sound group | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Technology Design Group | Development Environment Group | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes: There is hardly any official information about the individual development groups, but several sources speak of the following breakdown. Games are assigned to a group based on the producers listed in the credits, since a group producer is always named as the producer in the group’s games.
The English names of the groups come from official Nintendo reports and documents written in German and have therefore not been translated.
EAD Comprehensive Group
Manager / Producer: Shigeru Miyamoto , Takashi Tezuka
The Comprehensive Group (German as: line group ) is a cross-administrative body is headed by Miyamoto and Tezuka.. The employees take care of the administration of the budget, assign employees to projects and adopt new concepts. Although the group is not a development department but a management department, it is said to have developed Super Mario 64 DS directly. Miyamoto also testified that he was working on a new project with a smaller team. From this it is assumed that he is developing a game with the Comprehensive Group.
Software Development Department
The Software Development Department (German: Software-Entwicklungsabteilung ) is the most important and largest department within Nintendo EAD. This department develops at least part of the software architecture or game engine for the games. This includes the graphics engine , the controller and various other program code parts. For the complete game engine, we usually work with EAD Technology, another EAD department. In addition, they mainly create the level design and the plot of the games. As usual with computer games, the plot is usually written by one or more authors who are also part of the Nintendo EAD team.
Software development group 1
Manager / Producer: Hideki Konno
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The software development group 1 in the Kyoto development department is headed by Hideki Konno, who has been working on the Mario series since Super Mario Bros. 2 . He has been the director of these games since the first part of the Mario Kart series. As the producer of this development department, he directs the creation of new Mario Kart offshoots. He was also a producer at the first Nintendogs . A successor to this game was released in 2011 by Nintendogs + Cats . When the game was being developed, the department was working on Mario Kart 7 at the same time , but was commissioned to finish Nintendogs first. Since there was no staff for Mario Kart 7 , they worked together with Retro Studios .
The end of 2011 confirmed Konno, on a new Mario Kart game for the Wii U to work.
Software development group 2
Manager / Producer: Katsuya Eguchi
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The second Kyoto studio is managed by Katsuya Eguchi, who started his work at Nintendo as a designer on Super Mario Bros. 3 . He later became director of the first Animal Crossing part and also for the subsequent games. As a result of the restructuring, he became the producer of the series. In addition to the Animal Crossing games, the studio has developed extremely successful games such as Wii Sports . The group released their last game in 2009. They are currently working on a 3DS offshoot of Animal Crossing , which is due to appear in Japan in 2012, has now been confirmed for Europe for the first half of 2013, and Nintendo Land , a mini-game collection that will be launched at the start of the Wii U should appear.
Software development group 3
Manager / Producer: Eiji Aonuma
The third software development group is responsible for the Zelda series. Eiji Aonuma is the group's producer and has been on the series since Ocarina of Time . The group is divided into two teams, one developing handheld , the other stationary console Zelda offshoot.
Software development group 4
Manager / Producer: Hiroyuki Kimura
EAD Group 4 is headed by Hiroyuki Kimura. The group is responsible for different series, such as Big Brain Academy or remakes of Pikmin . She also developed the last two 2D Mario offshoots. New Super Mario Bros. Wii was released in 2009 and was the last published game by EAD 4. In 2008, Miyamoto confirmed the work on Pikmin 3 . It will be released for the Wii U. The group is also working on New Super Mario Bros. 2 and New Super Mario Bros. U , both of which are due to appear in 2012, the first for 3DS and the second for Wii U.
Software development group 5
Manager / Producer: Tadashi Sugiyama
Headed by former Nintendo employee Tadashi Sugiyama, Wii Fit and its successor come from this department. For these commercially successful games, they worked with the hardware department on the additional hardware Balance Board. The group also developed Steel Diver and the 3D remake of Lylat Wars (Star Fox 64). Currently, the group operates Wii Fit U .
Tokyo Software Development Department
The Nintendo EAD branch, founded in 2003, is often referred to simply as EAD Tokyo or EAD Tokyo. It is Nintendo's first in-house division located outside of Kyoto. The department has around 65 employees and is divided into two groups.
Tokyo Development Group 1
Manager / Producer: Takao Shimizu
The first group from EAD Tokyo is led by Takao Shimizu. Her first game, Donkey Kong Jungle Beat , won several innovation awards. After that, the team wanted to develop a game with new characters, but Miyamoto said the group was ready to develop a new Mario game. Based on a concept that can be traced back to the Super Mario 128 demo from 2000, Super Mario Galaxy was created , which was released for the Wii in 2007. Since then, the team has not published a larger project of its own, but has participated in projects such as Ocarina of Time 3D .
Tokyo Development Group 2
Manager / Producer: Yoshiaki Koizumi
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Yoshiaki Koizumi, who has been with Nintendo since 1991, heads the second Tokyo-based development team. After the download program Flipnote Studio and a new edition, the group developed Super Mario Galaxy 2 . Immediately after the release in summer 2010, work began on Super Mario 3D Land , which came out at the end of 2011. In mid-2011, Koizumi confirmed work on a 3D Super Mario game for the Wii U.
EAD sound group
Manager / Producer: Kōji Kondō
The EAD sound group is a flexible team of around 40 composers, sound effects artists and developers. The group is headed by Kōji Kondō, who has been composing for the Mario and Zelda series since their inception. The main melody from Super Mario Bros. (NES 1985) is considered the most popular video game melody . The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time (N64 1998) is considered to be Kondo's most important game, for which he composed alone . The successor Majora's Mask (N64 2000) is the last game whose tone Kondō was single-handedly responsible for. After this game he took care of the direction of the sound group and controls the work of other composers, for some games he composes a few songs.
The sound group first worked with an orchestra for The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess (GameCube / Wii 2006). The game was created at EAD Kyōto, while the two orchestrated pieces of the game were composed by EAD Tokyo employee Mahito Yokota . For the music of the game, EAD Kyōto cooperated with EAD Tokyo. EAD then used orchestral music again in Super Mario Galaxy (Wii 2007), which was developed in-house at EAD Tokyo. Yokota composed most of the pieces, while Kondō was responsible for four pieces. The successor Super Mario Galaxy 2 (Wii 2010), also EAD Tokyo, was largely accompanied by music from Yokota using an orchestra. In the latest offshoot of the Zelda series, Skyward Sword (Wii 2011), EAD Kyōto again worked with EAD Tokyo for the sound. The game contains almost 200 songs, most of them orchestrated. Ten employees were responsible for the play music, five of them as composers, including again Yokota and Kondo, who contributed a piece. This makes it the EAD game with most sound workers.
EAD Technology
Head: Takao Sawano
EAD Technology (German: EAD Technik ) is partly responsible for the programming of the EAD projects. In contrast to the external company SRD, which also works with EAD on programming, EAD Technology is an internal department and takes care of prototype development, developer tools or technical support, for example. In an interview, department head Takao Sawano said that he often works directly with Miyamoto. He and his team either provide technical support or planning.
In some cases, employees from EAD Technology are assigned directly to the software development department, for example in the development of Wii Fit. For this game, Sawano was subordinated to the Software Development Department and worked with Takeshi Nagareda from Nintendo Integrated Research & Development on the additional hardware Wii Balance Board .
EAD Technology is again divided into two groups:
Technology Design Group
Head: Keizo Ota
The Technology Design Group (German: Technik-Designgruppe ) is headed by Keizo Ota and mainly takes care of the development of prototypes. For example, Keizo Ota was responsible for the GameCube demo Super Mario 128 , whose director was Yoshiaki Koizumi. Although it was said to be a full game for a long time, Super Mario 128 was never released. Instead, parts of the demo went into titles like Pikmin or Super Mario Galaxy .
Under the direction of Keizo Ota, the Technology Design Group also developed a software development kit (SDK) for the additional hardware Wii Motion Plus .
The team was also responsible for tech demos for the Wii. Ota experimented with his team even before it was established that the Wii controller was a remote control. In this context, Ota led the development of tennis at Wii Sports . For this project he was assigned to the Software Development Department.
Development Environment Group
Head: Yasunari Nishida
Another section of EAD Technology is the Development Environment Group (German about: Environment Development Group ). Its leader is Yasunari Nishida. He was originally a member of SRD and programmed games such as Super Mario Bros. and The Legend of Zelda , but later joined EAD.
SRD
The KK SRD ( 株式会社 SRD , Kabushiki kaisha SRD ), short for Systems Research & Development (German: "Systemforschung und -entwicklung"), is a Japanese company that develops CAD packages and programs games to order. The head office is in Osaka , a branch is in Kyoto and is housed in Nintendo's headquarters. The president of SRD is Toshihiko Nakagō , he was one of the founding members of the company. SRD was founded in 1979 and Nakagō programmed, for example, spreadsheet applications. In 1982 we started working with Nintendo R & D2 , the department responsible for developing the hardware. Nakago programmed arcade ports for the Famicom because he was familiar with the variant of the 6502 chip that was built into the Famicom. For example, he was responsible for the Famicom port of Donkey Kong . Through the Donkey Kong porting Miyamoto became aware of Nakagō and instructed him to work with him on Excitebike .
While Miyamoto was developing Excitebike with Nakagō, he also worked with Tezuka on Devil World , which appeared first and was R&D4's first game. The department's next project was Super Mario Bros. , on which Miyamoto first worked simultaneously with Tezuka and Nakago. The Legend of Zelda was created at the same time . Since then, Miyamoto and his R&D4 team have worked very closely with SRD and Nakagō.
The collaboration between SRD and R & D4, later EAD, still exists today. Among other things, SRD was responsible for the programming of the other Mario and Zelda offshoots. Because of the 25-year cooperation, Miyamoto, Tezuka and Nakago are considered the golden triangle .
Kazuaki Morita , a board member of SRD, has also been programming for Nintendo since Super Mario Bros. and designed the fishing game in The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time , for example . He is the manager of the SRD Kyōto branch.
reception
"Led by Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka, EAD is known as one of the pioneers in revolutionizing the way the public plays and perceives videogames. The team is much more than a group of designers, artists, and programmers thrown together. EAD is the Pablo Picasso of the videogame industry, with a record of creating the Mona Lisa on numerous occasions. "
“Led by Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka, EAD is known as a pioneer in revolutionizing the way the public plays and perceives video games. The team is far more than a group of designers, artists, and programmers thrown together. EAD is the Pablo Picasso of the video game industry, with the accomplishment of creating the Mona Lisa on multiple occasions. "
Many of EAD's games have been extremely successful and have received extremely good reviews. Some of the studio's games completely revolutionized the game industry.
As of March 2012, Wii Sports had sold almost 79 million times - some of it was sold together with the Wii console - making it by far the best-selling video game to date. It is followed by Super Mario Bros. with 40 million units sold and Mario Kart Wii with just under 32 million.
With a Metascore of 99/100, The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time is considered the best quality video game ever. Ocarina of Time also tops the list of best gamer rankings ; Super Mario Galaxy and Super Mario Galaxy 2 , which are in 4th and 5th place at Metacritic, follow in second and third place.
The 1985 NES game Super Mario Bros. is considered a milestone in video game history, as it had a lasting impact on the platforming genre and spreading techniques such as scrolling . Due to its success, the game ended the so-called video game crash , the collapse of the home video game market from 1983. In 1992, Super Mario Kart created the genre of fun racers. Super Mario 64 from 1996 founded the genre of 3D platformer and shaped the development of subsequent 3D games for a long time; Another example for 3D games was The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time , published two years later . Many later EAD games were also praised for their innovative gameplay, including Pikmin (2001), Nintendogs (2005), Wii Sports ( 2006). The two games Super Mario 3D Land and The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword , which were launched in 2011 , were described by IGN Entertainment as groundbreaking for the future of autostereoscopic 3D or motion control games.
List of games developed by EAD
Individual evidence
- ↑ William Audureau: The History of Mario . 1981-1991: The rise of an icon, from myths to reality. Pix'n Love Publishing, 2014, ISBN 978-2-918272-23-6 , pp. 189 .
- ↑ http://nintendo-online.de/news/22971/nintendo-umstrukturierung-ead-umbenannt-miyamoto-nicht-mehr-abteilungsleiter
- ↑ http://www.nintendo.de/NOE/de_DE/news/iwata/iwata_fragt_game_watch_44907_44908.html ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.nintendo.co.uk/NOE/en_GB/systems/volume_8_14207.html#top
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Gamecube Developer Profile: EAD. Retrieved March 4, 2012 .
- ↑ a b http://www.n-sider.com/contentview.php?contentid=319
- ↑ a b c What Are Nintendo's Developers Doing? EAD Groups. February 2, 2011, accessed February 2, 2012 .
- ↑ resume Hideki Konno at mediasrc.nintendo.com (PDF). (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved March 30, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.shacknews.com/article/71287/retros-help-with-mario-kart-7-an-act-of-emergency
- ↑ http://wiiu.nintendo-online.de/news/9335/hideki-konno-bestaetigt-mario-kart-fuer-wii-u/ ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically saved as marked defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ CV of Katsuya Eguchi at mediasrc.nintendo.com (PDF). (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved March 30, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Curriculum Vitae Eiji Aonuma at mediasrc.nintendo.com (PDF). (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved March 30, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://wii.ign.com/articles/891/891395p1.html
- ↑ a b IGN: Nintendo EAD Tokyo. (No longer available online.) IGN, archived from the original on January 19, 2012 ; accessed on February 4, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.nintendo.de/NOE/de_DE/news/iwata/iwata_fragt_super_mario_galaxy_16785_16865.html ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ CV of Yoshiaki Koizumi at media.nintendo.com (PDF). (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 8, 2011 ; Retrieved March 30, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from January 2, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Edge editorial team: Soundtracking Mario. EDGE (magazine), archived from the original on September 16, 2013 ; accessed on January 31, 2012 (English).
- ↑ http://www.glitterberri.com/ocarina-of-time/special-interview-koji-kondo/
- ↑ Squareenixmusic.com : Biography Kondo. Retrieved February 27, 2012 .
- ↑ Iwata asks: The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved February 27, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Iwata asks: The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved February 27, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Profile Takao Sawano. Retrieved February 27, 2012 .
- ↑ Iwata asks: Wii Fit. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved February 27, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Iwata asks: Wii Motionplus. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved February 27, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ N-sider: Overview GameCube. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 9, 2015 ; Retrieved February 27, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Iwata asks: Wii. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved February 27, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Iwata asks: Wii. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved February 27, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ gamespot: Wii Sports. Retrieved February 27, 2012 .
- ^ Profile of Yasunari Nishida. Retrieved February 27, 2012 .
- ↑ a b 会 社 概要 SRD . (No longer available online.) SRD, formerly in the original ; Retrieved April 23, 2013 (Japanese). ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Iwata asks: New Super Mario Bros. Wii. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved February 27, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Iwata asks: New Super Mario Bros. Wii. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved February 27, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Iwata Asks: The History of Zelda Games for the Handheld Console. (No longer available online.) Formerly in the original ; Retrieved February 27, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ http://www.vgchartz.com/gamedb/
- ↑ http://www.metacritic.com/game/nintendo-64/the-legend-of-zelda-ocarina-of-time
- ↑ http://www.gamerankings.com/browse.html
